Download or read book Hydrothermal microbial ecosystems written by Andreas Teske and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-11-24 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers in the "Hydrothermal Vent" e-book cover a range of microbiological research in deep and shallow hydrothermal environments, from high temperature “black smokers,” to diffuse flow habitats and episodically discharging subsurface fluids, to the hydrothermal plumes. Together they provide a snapshot of current research interests in a field that has evolved rapidly since the discovery of hydrothermal vents in 1977. Hydrothermally influenced microbial habitats and communities represent a wide spectrum of geological setting, chemical in-situ regimes, and biotic communities; the classical examples of basalt-hosted black smoker chimneys at active mid-ocean spreading centers have been augmented by hydrothermally heated and chemically altered sediments, microbiota fueled by serpentinization reactions, and low-temperature vents with unusual menus of electron donors. Environmental gradients and niches provide habitats for unusual or unprecedented microorganisms and microbial ecosystems. The discovery of novel extremophiles underscores untapped microbial diversity in hydrothermal vent microbial communities. Different stages of hydrothermal activity, from early onset to peak activity, gradual decline, and persistence of cold and fossil vent sites, correspond to different colonization waves by microorganisms as well as megafauna. Perhaps no other field in microbiology is so intertwined with the geological and geochemical evolution of the oceans, and promises so many biochemical and physiological discoveries still to be made within the unexhausted richness of extreme microbial life.
Download or read book The Microbiology of Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents written by David M. Karl and published by Springer. This book was released on 1995-07-14 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Microbiology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents is the first comprehensive treatment of the microbiology of these unusual deep-sea ecosystems. It includes information on microbial biodiversity, ecology, physiology, and the origin of life. It is the first volume available on the subject. All chapters are written by leaders in their respective fields who have made substantial contributions to the current understanding of these novel deep-sea habitats. Much of the book's material is entirely new and forward looking. Individual chapters examine the geologic setting and chemistry of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, growth at high temperatures, microbe-metal interactions and mineral deposition, stable isotopes, and more. This reference presents a unique interdisciplinary approach to the study of hydrothermal vents. Because of its thorough coverage of the subject, the book will continue to be a valuable resource for researchers in this field for the next decade.
Download or read book Microbial Symbioses written by Sebastien Duperron and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-11-30 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants and animals have evolved ever since their appearance in a largely microbial world. Their own cells are less numerous than the microorganisms that they host and with whom they interact closely. The study of these interactions, termed microbial symbioses, has benefited from the development of new conceptual and technical tools. We are gaining an increasing understanding of the functioning, evolution and central importance of symbiosis in the biosphere. Since the origin of eukaryotic cells, microscopic organisms of our planet have integrated our very existence into their ways of life. The interaction between host and symbiont brings into question the notion of the individual and the traditional representation of the evolution of species, and the manipulation of symbioses facilitates fascinating new perspectives in biotechnology and health. Recent discoveries show that association is one of the main properties of organisms, making a more integrated view of biology necessary. Microbial Symbioses provides a deliberately “symbiocentric outlook, to exhibit how the exploration of microbial symbioses enriches our understanding of life, and the potential future for this discipline. Offers a concise summary of the most recent discoveries in the field Shows how symbiosis is acquiring a central role in the biology of the 21st century by transforming our understanding of living things Presents scientific issues, but also societal and economic related issues (biodiversity, biotechnology) through examples from all branches of the tree of life
Download or read book The Ecology of Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Cindy Lee Van Dover and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teeming with weird and wonderful life--giant clams and mussels, tubeworms, "eyeless" shrimp, and bacteria that survive on sulfur--deep-sea hot-water springs are found along rifts where sea-floor spreading occurs. The theory of plate tectonics predicted the existence of these hydrothermal vents, but they were discovered only in 1977. Since then the sites have attracted teams of scientists seeking to understand how life can thrive in what would seem to be intolerable or extreme conditions of temperature and fluid chemistry. Some suspect that these vents even hold the key to understanding the very origins of life. Here a leading expert provides the first authoritative and comprehensive account of this research in a book intended for students, professionals, and general readers. Cindy Lee Van Dover, an ecologist, brings nearly two decades of experience and a lively writing style to the text, which is further enhanced by two hundred illustrations, including photographs of vent communities taken in situ. The book begins by explaining what is known about hydrothermal systems in terms of their deep-sea environment and their geological and chemical makeup. The coverage of microbial ecology includes a chapter on symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships are further developed in a section on physiological ecology, which includes discussions of adaptations to sulfide, thermal tolerances, and sensory adaptations. Separate chapters are devoted to trophic relationships and reproductive ecology. A chapter on community dynamics reveals what has been learned about the ways in which vent communities become established and why they persist, while a chapter on evolution and biogeography examines patterns of species diversity and evolutionary relationships within chemosynthetic ecosystems. Cognate communities such as seeps and whale skeletons come under scrutiny for their ability to support microbial and invertebrate communities that are ecologically and evolutionarily related to hydrothermal faunas. The book concludes by exploring the possibility that life originated at hydrothermal vents, a hypothesis that has had tremendous impact on our ideas about the potential for life on other planets or planetary bodies in our solar system.
Download or read book The Vent and Seep Biota written by Steffen Kiel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-21 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oases of life around black smokers and hydrocarbon seeps in the deep-sea were among the most surprising scientific discoveries of the past three decades. These ecosystems are dominated by animals having symbiotic relationships with chemoautotrophic bacteria. Their study developed into an international, interdisciplinary venture where scientists develop new technologies to work in some of the most extreme places on Earth. This book highlights discoveries, developments, and advances made during the past 10 years, including remarkable cases of host-symbiont coevolution, worms living on frozen methane, and a fossil record providing insights into the dynamic history of these ecosystems since the Paleozoic.
Download or read book The Ecology of Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Cindy Van Dover and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teeming with weird and wonderful life--giant clams and mussels, tubeworms, "eyeless" shrimp, and bacteria that survive on sulfur--deep-sea hot-water springs are found along rifts where sea-floor spreading occurs. The theory of plate tectonics predicted the existence of these hydrothermal vents, but they were discovered only in 1977. Since then the sites have attracted teams of scientists seeking to understand how life can thrive in what would seem to be intolerable or extreme conditions of temperature and fluid chemistry. Some suspect that these vents even hold the key to understanding the very origins of life. Here a leading expert provides the first authoritative and comprehensive account of this research in a book intended for students, professionals, and general readers. Cindy Lee Van Dover, an ecologist, brings nearly two decades of experience and a lively writing style to the text, which is further enhanced by two hundred illustrations, including photographs of vent communities taken in situ. The book begins by explaining what is known about hydrothermal systems in terms of their deep-sea environment and their geological and chemical makeup. The coverage of microbial ecology includes a chapter on symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships are further developed in a section on physiological ecology, which includes discussions of adaptations to sulfide, thermal tolerances, and sensory adaptations. Separate chapters are devoted to trophic relationships and reproductive ecology. A chapter on community dynamics reveals what has been learned about the ways in which vent communities become established and why they persist, while a chapter on evolution and biogeography examines patterns of species diversity and evolutionary relationships within chemosynthetic ecosystems. Cognate communities such as seeps and whale skeletons come under scrutiny for their ability to support microbial and invertebrate communities that are ecologically and evolutionarily related to hydrothermal faunas. The book concludes by exploring the possibility that life originated at hydrothermal vents, a hypothesis that has had tremendous impact on our ideas about the potential for life on other planets or planetary bodies in our solar system.
Download or read book Thermophiles Biodiversity Ecology and Evolution written by Anna-Louise Reysenbach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These are indeed exciting times to be a microbiologist. With one of the buzzwords of the past decade-"Biodiversity," and microbes are reveling in the attention as they represent by far most of the biodiversity on Earth. Microbes can thrive in almost any environment where there is an exploitable energy source, and, as a result, the possible existence of microbial life elsewhere in the solar system has stimulated the imaginations of many. Extremophiles have taken center stage in these investigations, and thermophiles have taken on the lead roles. Consequently, in the past decade there has been a surge of interest and research in the Ecology, Biology, and Biotechnology of microorganisms from thermal environments. Many of the foundations of thermophile research were laid in Yellowstone National Park, primarily by the research of Professor Thomas Brock's laboratory in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The upper temperature for life was debated, the first thermophilic archeum discovered (although it was only later shown to be an archeum by ribosomal cataloging), and the extremes of light, temperature, pH on the physiology of microorga nisms were explored. Interest in thermophiles increased steadily in the 1970s, and with the discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977, thermophilic research began its expo nential explosion. The development of Taq polymerase in the polymerase chain reaction (peR) focused interest on the biotechnological potential of thermophilic microorganisms and on the thermal features in Yellowstone National Park.
Download or read book Phylogenetic and Metabolic Diversity of Microbial Communities Inhabiting Deep sea Hydrothermal Ecosystems written by Elizabeth McCliment and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Life at Vents and Seeps written by Jens Kallmeyer and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-11-07 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vents and seeps are the epitome of life in extreme environments, but there is much more to these systems than just black smokers or hydrocarbon seeps. Many other ecosystems are characterized by moving fluids and this book provides an overview of the different habitats, their specific conditions as well as the technical challenges that have to be met when studying them. The book provides the current state of the art and will be a valuable resource for everybody that has an interest in such environments.
Download or read book Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers written by Peter A. Rona and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past ten years, evidence has developed to indicate that seawater convects through oceanic crust driven by heat derived from creation of lithosphere at the Earth-encircling oceanic ridge-rift system of seafloor spreading centers. This has stimulated multiple lines of research with profound implications for the earth and life sciences. The lines of research comprise the role of hydrothermal convection at seafloor spreading centers in the Earth's thermal regime by cooling of newly formed litho sphere (oceanic crust and upper mantle); in global geochemical cycles and mass balances of certain elements by chemical exchange between circulating seawater and basaltic rocks of oceanic crust; in the concentration of metallic mineral deposits by ore-forming processes; and in adaptation of biological communities based on a previously unrecognized form of chemosynthesis. The first work shop devoted to interdisciplinary consideration of this field was organized by a committee consisting of the co-editors of this volume under the auspices of a NATO Advanced Research Institute (ARI) held 5-8 April 1982 at the Department of Earth Sciences of Cambridge University in England. This volume is a product of that workshop. The papers were written by members of a pioneering research community of marine geologists, geophysicists, geochemists and biologists whose work is at the stage of initial description and interpretation of hydrothermal and associated phenomena at seafloor spreading centers.
Download or read book Abiotic Influences on Free living Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems written by Heather Craig Olins and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combination of metabolic rate measurements, metatranscriptomics, and colonization experiments presented here, all with co-registered geochemistry, underscore the substantial heterogeneity of these systems and offer insights into the relative strengths of the abiotic forces that help to govern these ecosystems.
Download or read book Evolution of Hydrothermal Ecosystems on Earth and Mars written by Gregory R. Bock and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the possibility that life exists on Mars. It provides an interdisciplinary overview of the early evolution of life in hydrothermal ecosystems on Earth, focusing on the problem of remote sensing and incorporating geological work relevant to the search for evidence of early life on Earth and Mars. It discusses the belief that studying thermal spring deposits as part of this search may be the best opportunity to test whether life on earth is a "unique experiment," or whether there is life elsewhere in the solar system.
Download or read book Microbial Evolution and Co Adaptation written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-05-10 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr. Joshua Lederberg - scientist, Nobel laureate, visionary thinker, and friend of the Forum on Microbial Threats - died on February 2, 2008. It was in his honor that the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop on May 20-21, 2008, to examine Dr. Lederberg's scientific and policy contributions to the marketplace of ideas in the life sciences, medicine, and public policy. The resulting workshop summary, Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation, demonstrates the extent to which conceptual and technological developments have, within a few short years, advanced our collective understanding of the microbiome, microbial genetics, microbial communities, and microbe-host-environment interactions.
Download or read book Microbial Ecology of Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Ileana Pérez-Rodríguez and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global influence of mid-oceanic ridges (MOR) first became apparent through continental drifting--its immanent force easily appreciated in today's resulting continents. The role of MORs as a source of global-ocean chemistry is less apparent but equally immense. Key to these processes is fluid-rock reactions between circulating seawater and hot new basalt. With the discovery of hydrothermal vent ecosystems in the 1970's, yet another important consequence of rock-fluid interaction was established in chemosynthesis. Early photographic descriptions of "frosted white and yellow precipitates" covering basalt rocks close to discharged hydrothermal fluids, with benthic communities emerging from them, referred to the now known chemosynthetic biofilms that interact with hydrothermal fluids. These microorganisms have a pivotal role in transforming the geochemistry of Earth's oceans. The main objectives of this dissertation are to study anaerobic chemosynthetic vent microorganisms, and to explore the molecular ecology of these biofilm communities. Initial approaches included isolation of anaerobic chemosynthetic microorganisms resulting in the description of two novel bacterial species: the epsilonproteobacterium Nautilia nitratireducens strain MB-1T, and Phorcys thermohydrogeniphilus strain HB-8T, a new genus in the Aquificales. Both bacteria are obligate thermophilic anaerobes, capable of hydrogen oxidation coupled to sulfur- and nitrate-reduction. Further investigation focused on mechanisms regulating vent biofilms, the dominant growth strategy in vent microbial communities. Quorum-sensing (QS), a mechanism relying on cell density and the production of extracellular signals for cell-cell communication, is used by many microbial species to regulate biofilm formation. One QS signal is Autoinducer-2, whose precursor is synthesized by the LuxS enzyme. To study QS in vent environments, Caminibacter mediatlanticus and Sulfurovum lithotrophicum, cultured members of the well represented Epsilonproteobacteria, were used as model systems. The luxS gene and transcripts were detected in their genomes and during growth, respectively; these luxS-expressing cultures induced bioluminescence, a QS response, in a Vibrio harveyi reporter strain. Detection of luxS transcripts in-situ, also indicated that QS is likely occurring in natural vent biofilms. This data demonstrates that vent Epsilonproteobacteria posses the luxS/AI-2 system for cell-cell communication. This work is relevant to our overall understanding of microbial phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental factors.
Download or read book Deep Subsurface Microbiology written by Andreas Teske and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-07-01 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep subsurface microbiology is a highly active and rapidly advancing research field at the interface of microbiology and the geosciences; it focuses on the detection, identification, quantification, cultivation and activity measurements of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes that permeate the subsurface biosphere of deep marine sediments and the basaltic ocean and continental crust. The deep subsurface biosphere abounds with uncultured, only recently discovered and – at best - incompletely understood microbial populations. In spatial extent and volume, Earth's subsurface biosphere is only rivaled by the deep sea water column. So far, no deep subsurface sediment has been found that is entirely devoid of microbial life; microbial cells and DNA remain detectable at sediment depths of more than 1 km; microbial life permeates deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, and is also found several kilometers down in continental crust aquifers. Severe energy limitation, either as electron acceptor or donor shortage, and scarcity of microbially degradable organic carbon sources are among the evolutionary pressures that have shaped the genomic and physiological repertoire of the deep subsurface biosphere. Its biogeochemical role as long-term organic carbon repository, inorganic electron and energy source, and subduction recycling engine continues to be explored by current research at the interface of microbiology, geochemistry and biosphere/geosphere evolution. This Research Topic addresses some of the central research questions about deep subsurface microbiology and biogeochemistry: phylogenetic and physiological microbial diversity in the deep subsurface; microbial activity and survival strategies in severely energy-limited subsurface habitats; microbial activity as reflected in process rates and gene expression patterns; biogeographic isolation and connectivity in deep subsurface microbial communities; the ecological standing of subsurface biospheres in comparison to the surface biosphere – an independently flourishing biosphere, or mere survivors that tolerate burial (along with organic carbon compounds), or a combination of both? Advancing these questions on Earth’s deep subsurface biosphere redefines the habitat range, environmental tolerance, activity and diversity of microbial life.
Download or read book Ecological and Evolutionary Strategies of Archaeal Bacterial and Viral Communities in Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Rika Elizabeth Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deep-sea hydrothermal vent habitat, formed by subsurface water-rock reactions that create high-temperature hydrothermal fluid, is dominated by physical, chemical, and mineralogical gradients. The mixing of cold, oxidized seawater with hot, reduced hydrothermal fluid produces environments that span a range of temperatures, pH, redox potential, chemical composition, and mineralogy, with constant fluid flux between these regions. Communities of archaea, bacteria, and viruses live across the gradients within these systems and are both exposed to and transported by these fluids. Since these conditions can push the boundaries of the limits for life, may represent conditions found on other planetary bodies, and are thought to have been important for the early evolution of life on this planet, the study of microbial adaptation to hydrothermal vents is of great astrobiological importance. This dissertation explores how these extreme gradients structure hydrothermal vent microbial and viral communities, and what evolutionary strategies are used by both cells and viruses in hydrothermal systems to adapt to these extremes. The first part of this dissertation address adaptation on the community level by examining microbial community structuring in various niches within the vent environment. First, I explore microbial niche partitioning across diffuse flow and plumes in hydrothermal vent systems, using a combination of microbial community profiling techniques and qPCR to demonstrate that certain microbial lineages are found in high abundance in particular conditions, but are far less abundant in other regions of the gradient. Second, I use 16S pyrotag sequencing to compare the structures of the rare and abundant biospheres across several hydrothermal vent systems worldwide. Through this I demonstrate that archaeal communities exhibit fundamentally different biogeographic patterning compared to bacterial communities. Whereas bacterial rare and abundant groups show similar biogeographic patterning, abundant archaeal groups are generally cosmopolitan and abundant everywhere but rare archaeal groups are biogeographically restricted. The second part of my dissertation focuses on adaptive strategies among viruses and their microbial hosts. I first demonstrate a novel method by which to identify potential hosts of a viral assemblage using metagenomics, showing that viruses in the vent system have the potential to infect a wide range of hosts. Finally, I use comparative metagenomics to demonstrate that the viral fraction in a high-temperature hydrothermal system is relatively enriched in energy-metabolizing genes, and present evidence suggesting that these genes are transferred by viruses as an adaptive strategy to enhance host metabolic plasticity in a dynamic environment. Taken together, this work indicates that the gradient-dominated nature of vent systems fosters a diverse microbial community through adaptation to particular niches, and that virally-mediated transfer of genes between these diverse hosts creates genomic plasticity to facilitate adaptation to the vent environment. In this sense niche partitioning drives these microbial lineages apart, while horizontal gene transfer allows them to borrow adaptive strategies from each other.
Download or read book Geochemical Constraints on Microbial Diversity of Hydrothermal Ecosystems in Yellowstone National Park written by D'Arcy Renee Meyer-Dombard and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
