Download or read book HIV 1 Viral Protein R in G2 Arrest Induction and Disease Progression written by Maoyi Lai and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 HIV 1 Viral Protein R Vpr mediated Cell Cycle Arrest written by Mark J. Sercovich and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) infection causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the most globally devastating viral disease of the past 25 years. Development of effective HIV-1 preventative and therapeutic regimens have proven exceedingly difficult, as the virus has evolved sophisticated mechanisms for thwarting control efforts. A detailed understanding of HIV-1 molecular biology is therefore necessary in order to generate the effective and inexpensive prevention and treatment strategies required for AIDS pandemic curtailment. HIV-1 optimizes its transmissibility and propagation through continual change and coordination of its components' functions and life cycle processes with one another and with those of cellular components and processes. Comprehending the molecular bases for HIV-1's abilities to manipulate host cell components and processes is key to the identification of the virus's vulnerabilities. This thesis focuses on one identified effect, G2/M cell cycle arrest induction (1-5), of one highly conserved HIV-1 component, viral protein R (Vpr) (6, 7). A mechanistic understanding of this function is important because arrest at this cell cycle stage provides a selective advantage for the virus: transcription from the viral promoter more active during G2, allowing for increased viral replication (8- 14). Other reasons for the selective advantage of G2/M arrest, e.g. prevention or delay of cell death by mitotic catastrophe or apoptosis, are also possible (3, 15-23). Covering scientific publications through November 2005, this thesis explores the state of knowledge of the mechanism(s) underlying Vpr's ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest. The author's goal is to provide a disinterested analysis of the available mechanistic models and their supporting data with the hope of being helpful to the reader in some manner.
Download or read book Induction of G2 Cell Cycle Arrest in HIV 1 Infected Patients Mediated by HIV 1 Viral Protein R and the Regulation of HIV 1 Replication in Macrocphages Mediated by Viral Protein R written by Anja Pamela Mundt and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigating Species specific Blocks to HIV 1 Replication and Vif induced Metaphase Arrest written by Edward Leandus Evans and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a significant social and economic burden with >36 million people globally living with the virus. HIV-1 infection is cytotoxic to host cells through several known mechanisms such as syncytia formation, pyroptosis and cell cycle arrest. These viral activities ultimately lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by progressive depletion of CD4+ T-cells, leaving the host susceptible to a wide range of opportunistic bacterial, fungal and viral infections. After the discovery of HIV in the 1980s, several attempts were made to develop a non-human small animal model to study HIV-1 pathogenesis. Cells derived from mice and other rodents, however, exhibit profound blocks to HIV-1 virion production at several steps during the viral life cycle. In this dissertation, I present my research investigating species-specific, virus-host incompatibilities in rodent cells - as well as other non-human cell lines - and HIV-induced cell cycle arrest. Rodent cells are naturally resistant to HIV-1 virion production due to species-specific incompatibilities between viral Tat and Rev proteins and essential host factors CCNT1 and XPO1 (also known as CRM1) respectively. Whether these factors represent the final barriers to HIV's post-integration stages in rodent cells is unknown. By investigating HIV-1 viral gene expression in transgenic mouse cells engineered to express HIV-1 compatible CCNT1 and XPO1, we found both Rev-independent and Rev-dependent viral gene expression was supported, as well as robust viral particle production. These data support the notion that both CCNT1 and XPO1 represent the predominant blocks to efficient viral gene expression in rodent cells, which may aid in the development of a small animal model of HIV-1. We also identified a novel species-specific block to HIV-induced cell cycle arrest that we mapped to the viral protein Vif. How rodent cells resist HIV-induced cell cycle arrest is unknown. HIV-1 encodes the Vif and Vpr proteins, which are known to induce cell cycle arrest and eventually cell death. In the course of investigating the mouse resistance to HIV-induce cell cycle arrest, we discovered a profound metaphase arrest attributable to Vif expression. Vif-expressing cells traffic normally though the cell cycle prior to (1) arresting in metaphase, (2) onset of cohesion fatigue, (3) amplification of mitotic spindle pole ends and centrosomes and (4) cell death via apoptosis. Treating Vif-arrested cells with the MPS1 inhibitor reversine - thereby bypassing the spindle assembly checkpoint - releases the cells from metaphase arrest. Here we put forth evidence that Vif induces cell cycle arrest, at least in part, by dysregulating kinetochore proteins and triggering a spindle assembly checkpoint. Lastly, in the course of this work we developed an open source automated cell tracking and segmentation workflow designed in conjunction with the Konstanz Information Miner (KNIME) analytics platform and ImageJ/FIJI plugins. This automated tool has enabled single-cell analysis of live cell video microscopy data and fixed cell images by segmenting and measuring the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments over time.
Download or read book HIV 1 Vpr and HIV 2 Vpr Modulate the DNA Damage Response written by Carina Sandoval and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV-1 and HIV-2 are two evolutionarily district viruses that encode the accessory protein Vpr. Although many functions have been ascribed to HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vpr, the primary and conserved function of Vpr is unknown. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vpr induce cell cycle arrest, modulate the DNA damage response (DDR), alter transcription, and engage the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4ADCAF1 complex, causing host protein degradation. Moreover, most of the phenotypes described for Vpr involve the ability of Vpr to modulate the DNA damage response (DDR). Here, we aimed to identify the conserved and divergent functions of HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vpr and determine how Vpr enhances viral replication.In Chapter 1, we wrote a review on viral modulation of DDR and the similarities between DDR and innate immunity. We report that many diverse viruses modulate the DDR at multiple steps to facilitate viral replication. Furthermore, we compare the DDR and innate immune response, as both pathways are responsible for sensing, signaling, and responding to aberrant nucleic acids. In Chapter 2, we found that HIV-1 Vpr induces DNA damage and activates ATM-signaling in the absence of cell cycle arrest and engagement with the CRL4ADCAF1 complex. These findings were novel as most functions described for accessory genes require host protein degradation. Yet, an emerging idea in the field is that accessory genes can function independently of co-opting E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Furthermore, in primary macrophages, we found that Vpr-induced DNA damage activates NF-[kappa]B transcription through the ATM-NEMO pathway. Lastly, we found virion-delivered and de novo expressed Vpr induces DNA damage and activates NF-[kappa]B. These data propose Vpr enhances viral replication by promoting proviral transcription through NF-[kappa]B. In Chapter 3, we found that HIV-2 Vpr induces DNA damage, activates DDR signaling, and promotes nuclear translocation of RelA, independent of CRL4ADCAF1 engagement and cell cycle arrest, as conserved by HIV-1 Vpr. However, HIV-2 Vpr does not upregulate NF-[kappa]B target genes that HIV-1 Vpr upregulates. These data suggest that there are both conserved and divergent mechanisms by which HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vpr modulate the DDR. In Chapter 4, we leveraged our understanding of viral modulation of the DDR to pose the hypothesis that DDR genes are rapidly evolving because they are in conflict with HIV-1. Here, we found that 14.6% of DDR genes show signatures of positive selection, and most of these are involved in homologous recombination. Through a CRISPR screen, we identified DDR genes that, when knocked out, altered HIV-1 infectivity. To investigate further, we focused on the candidate gene MUTYH and found that MUTYH protein levels are refractory to knock-down, overexpression, and interferon treatment. In Chapter 5, we found that HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vpr induce DNA breaks independent from cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we found that Vpr inhibits homologous recombination repair and that repression requires the engagement of the CRL4ADCAF1 complex. These data propose that Vpr inhibits DNA repair through the degradation of an unknown host factor.
Download or read book Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 1325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.
Download or read book Viruses and Human Disease written by Ellen G. Strauss and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-09-21 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely revised and updated, the new edition of this groundbreaking text integrates basic virology with pathophysiological conditions to examine the connection between virology and human disease. Most virology textbooks focus on the molecular biology involved without adequate reference to physiology. This text focuses on viruses that infect humans, domestic animals and vertebrates and is based on extensive course notes from James Strauss' virology class at the California Institute of Technology taught for over 30 years. Expertly depicting in color the molecular structure and replication of each virus, it provides an excellent overview for students and professionals interested in viruses as agents of human disease. - Includes over 30% new material - virtually all of the figures and tables have been redrawn to include the latest information and the text has been extensively rewritten to include the most up-to-date information - Includes a new chapter on emerging and reemerging viral diseases such as avian flu, SARS, the spread of West Nile virus across America, and the continuing spread of Nipah virus in Southeast Asia - Further reading sections at the end of each chapter make it easy find key references - World maps depicting the current distribution of existing and newly emerging viruses are also incorporated into the text
Download or read book Cell Cycle Control written by Eishi Noguchi and published by Humana. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of new reviews and protocols from leading experts in cell cycle regulation, Cell Cycle Control: Mechanisms and Protocols, Second Edition presents a comprehensive guide to recent technical and theoretical advancements in the field. Beginning with the overviews of various cell cycle regulations, this title presents the most current protocols and state-of-the-art techniques used to generate latest findings in cell cycle regulation, such as protocols to analyze cell cycle events and molecules. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Cell Cycle Control: Mechanisms and Protocols, Second Edition will be a valuable resource for a wide audience, ranging from the experienced cell cycle researchers looking for new approaches to the junior graduate students giving their first steps in cell cycle research.
Download or read book Molecular and Genetic Basis of Renal Disease written by David B. Mount and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This companion to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney offers a state-of-the-art summary of the most recent advances in renal genetics. Molecular and Genetic Basis for Renal Disease provides the nephrologist with a comprehensive look at modern investigative tools in nephrology research today, and reviews the molecular pathophysiology of the nephron as well as the most common genetic and acquired renal diseases. A comprehensive clinical review of Medelian renal disease is also be included. Detailed review of the molecular anatomy and pathophysiology of the nephron that provides relevant basic science to consider when diagnosing and managing patients with these disorders.
Download or read book Forkhead Transcription Factors written by Kenneth Maiese and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-07-29 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forkhead Transcription Factors: Vital Elements in Biology and Medicine provides a unique platform for the presentation of novel work and new insights into the vital role that forkhead transcription factors play in multiple systems throughout the body. Leading international authorities provide their knowledge and insights to offer a novel perspective for translational medicine that highlights the role of forkhead genes and proteins that may have the greatest impact for the development of new strategies for a broad array of disorders. Equally important, Forkhead Transcription Factors: Vital Elements in Biology and Medicine clearly sets a precedent for the necessity to understand the diverse and complex nature of forkhead proteins since this family of transcription factors can limit as well as foster disease progression depending upon the cellular environment. The presentation and discussion of innovative studies and especially those that examine previously unexplored pathways that may influence clinical survival and longevity offer an exciting approach to address the potential of forkhead transcription factors for new therapeutic avenues in multiple disciplines.
Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1828 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sande s HIV AIDS Medicine written by Paul Volberding and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-04-13 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Access the latest information available in the challenging area of HIV/AIDS management with Sande's HIV/AIDS Medicine, 2nd Edition. Authored by a veritable "who's who" of current global experts in the field, this medical reference book will provide you with all the practical, indispensable guidance you'll need to offer your patients the best possible care. Access reliable, up-to-the-minute guidance that addresses the realities of HIV/AIDS management in your geographical region, thanks to contributions from a global cast of renowned expert clinicians and researchers. Locate the clinically actionable information you need quickly with an organization that mirrors the current state of the AIDS epidemic and the different needs of Western vs. developing-world patients and clinicians. Diagnose AIDS manifestations confidently by comparing them to clinical images. Improve patient outcomes with the latest findings on the management of AIDS as a chronic illness. Efficiently review essential data through numerous at-a-glance tables. Get the most relevant information available on pediatric HIV and AIDS issues; anti-retroviral drugs, including integrase inhibitors; and the use of second- and third-line anti-retroviral drugs in resource-poor settings. Stay current on the latest actionable information, such as using antiretroviral therapy in patients with tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis; antiretroviral therapy; immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes (IRIS); and implementation of the HPV vaccine.
Download or read book HIV AIDS New Insights for the Healthcare Professional 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 1167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV/AIDS: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about HIV/AIDS. The editors have built HIV/AIDS: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about HIV/AIDS in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of HIV/AIDS: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Download or read book Emerging Human Viral Diseases Volume II written by Prudhvi Lal Bhukya and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immunopathogenesis of HIV Infection written by Anthony S. Fauci and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last 5 years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and in the development of new potent antiviral agents. With regard to HIV pathogenesis, several recent observations have not only changed our perspectives of HIV disease, but have been critical for the design of therapeutic strategies.
Download or read book Cell Cycle Regulation written by Philipp Kaldis and published by Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. This book was released on 2006-06-26 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a state-of-the-art summary of the latest achievements in cell cycle control research with an outlook on the effect of these findings on cancer research. The chapters are written by internationally leading experts in the field. They provide an updated view on how the cell cycle is regulated in vivo, and about the involvement of cell cycle regulators in cancer.
Download or read book Neuro AIDS written by Alireza Minagar and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past two decades, the world scientific community has witnessed major achievements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection of the nervous system and HIV-Associated Dementia (HAD). Despite these giant gains, nervous system involvement during AIDS remains a relentlessly progressive disease with a deadly fate in many cases. This book on NeuroAIDS provides a unique resource for both general neurologists as well as basic neuroscientists with profound interests for research on NeuroAIDS. This book has special emphasis on the mechanisms of disease development and progression of HIV-infected patients with NeuroAIDS. The contributors have provided the readers with comprehensive reviews on clinical manifestations of HAD, mechanisms of HIV entry into the central nervous system, the role of cytokines and chemokines in pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS, drug abuse and NeuroAIDS, virus load in HAD, allostasis in HIV and AIDS, stroke in AIDS patients, and neuroimaging of HIV infection of the central nervous system. In addition, there are chapters on Varicella Zoster virus infection of HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients, as well as the molecular basis for opioids and AIDS virus interactions.
