Download or read book HIV 1 Genetic Diversity written by Kok Keng Tee and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-06-24 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book HIV 1 Genetic Diversity Volume II written by Kok Keng Tee and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-01 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Evolution of HIV written by Keith A. Crandall and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 1999-04-26 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wolinsky.-- "European Molecular Biology Organization Reports"
Download or read book Encyclopedia of AIDS written by Thomas J. Hope and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Decoding Diversity Understanding Novel Mutations in HIV 1 Rev and LTR Genes written by Itachi Publications and published by Itachi Publications. This book was released on 2023-10-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) belongs to the Retroviridae family and the sub family Lentivirinae. Infection with HIV usually culminates in AIDS over a variable period of time. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV primarily infects critical cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4 T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells). The infection results in the loss of natural defense against trivial infections and makes the patient susceptible to various opportunistic infections resulting in the eventual death of the patient. HIV has a diploid RNA genome encoding nine viral proteins. HIV-1, demonstrates high genetic diversity due to lack of proof reading ability of its enzyme, reverse transcriptase. Although the HIV-1 epidemic in India is mainly due to subtype C, other subtypes have also been reported from different parts of India. To combat the infection and for the development of new anti-viral strategies, it is necessary to appreciate the extent of naturally found variations in HIV-1 genes. The focus of the present work was to study the naturally occurring novel mutations in HIV-1 Rev. LTR, Nef and Vpu genes. Since Rev is an important regulatory gene of HIV-1 genome for expression of HIV-1 structural proteins and production of genomic RNA. We first study the genetic and functional characterization of HIV-1 Rev derived from HIV-1 infected individuals in North India to find out the levels of genetic changes and to determine their functional relevance.
Download or read book Genetic Diversity of HIV written by African Services Committee and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Global Virology II HIV and NeuroAIDS written by Paul Shapshak and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-07 with total page 1059 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book on NeuroAIDS, a collection of chapters written by experts and specialists from around the world, provides a global perspective on HIV and NeuroAIDS in the field, clinic, and laboratory. The chapters address the comorbidity of HIV and other infectious agents, including Zika virus, Ebola, Chagas disease, TB and HCV. Also discussed are key topics, such as: · Molecular socioepidemiology · Global HIV and NeuroAIDS · Neuropathology · cART and blood-brain barrier penetration · HIV replicative oscillations · HIV and SIV evolution · Psychiatric comorbidities · Neurosyphilis · The examination of current and innovative models of translational research to translational effectiveness
Download or read book HIV 1 Group O Genetic Diversity written by Marie Leoz and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Les VIH-1 de groupe 0 (VIH-1/0) sont des variants rares, essentiellement retrouvés au Cameroun où ils représenteraient plusieurs milliers de cas. Les causes de leur faible diffusion restent méconnues: leur émergence serait aussi ancienne que les VIH-1 de groupe M, pourtant devenus pandémiques. En près d'un siècle, les VIII-1/0 ont développé une importante diversité génétique, dont la description reste ambiguë du fait de l'existence de plusieurs nomenclatures basées sur un nombre restreint de séquences génétiques. Peu de données sont disponibles quant aux causes de cette diversité et à son impact sur diverses propriétés virologiques. La mutation Y181C de la Transcriptase Inverse (TI) a toutefois été proposée comme critère de classification des VIH-1/0, et suspectée de conférer un avantage réplicatif à ceux chez qui elle serait naturellement présente. Ce travail a donc constitué à caractériser plus largement la diversité génétique des vm-vo, et à explorer la dynamique de leur évolution au cours du temps à l'aide de méthodes bayésiennes. Nous avons ainsi identifié deux phases de diversification successives, liées au développement de deux sous-groupes: T, minoritaire et ayant émergé dans les années 1960, et H, majoritaire et ayant émergé du sous-groupe T dans les années 1980. La présence de la mutation 181C a été associée au sous-groupe H, ce qui a conduit à la définition de trois populations virales: H/181C-like, H/181Y-like et T/181Y-like. Une forte conservation du motif signature K28, K103, 1142, D174, L178 au niveau de la poche non catalytique de la TI des virus H/181C-like a été mise en évidence, mais aucun de ces marqueurs (présence de la mutation 181C, appartenance à la population H/181C-like ou présence du motif associé) ne semble être lié à un plus haut niveau de réplication virale in vivo. Afin de développer les connaissances sur le tropisme des VIH-110, une propriété en lien avec l'évolution 1 clinique de l'infection par VIH-11M ou VIH-2, nous avons développé un outil de phénotropisme basé sur la production de pseudovirus présentant un clone de glycoprotéine d'Enveloppe V111-1/0. Nous avons montré que les 16 Enveloppes produites n'utilisaient que le corécepteur CCR5, malgré l'exploration d'échantillons séquentiels et/ou prélevés en phase d'infection tardive. Enfin, pour permettre l'analyse des propriétés phénotypiques liées aux différentes populations VIH-1/0, nous avons participé à la production de trois nouveaux de clones moléculaires infectieux représentant deux souches H/181C-like et une souche T/181Y-like. Ces clones ont contribué à démontrer comment les VIH-1/0 contrecarraient l'action de la Tetherine et modulaient l'expression de NFKB par le biais des protéines Nef et Vpu. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent une dynamique d'évolution des V111-1/0 plus complexe que suspectée jusqu'alors, ayant entraîné l'émergence de deux sous-groupes distincts. Nous avons unifié les 1 différents systèmes de nomenclature, décrit des caractéristiques distinguant trois populations virales, et développé de nouveaux outils pour contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des conséquences de leur diversité génétique.
Download or read book HIV 1 Integrase written by Nouri Neamati and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-10 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Despite numerous review articles and isolated book chapters dealing with HIV-1 integrase, there has not been a single source for those working to devise anti-AIDS drugs against this promising target. But this book fills that gap and offers a valuable introduction to the field for the interdisciplinary scientists who will need to work together to design drugs that target HIV-1 integrase.
Download or read book Fundamentals of HIV Medicine written by W. David Hardy and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely updated for 2017, Fundamentals of HIV Medicine is a comprehensive clinical care publication for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Published by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, the book offers physicians, pharmacists, nurse practitioners, and other care providers the most up-to-date overview of the latest HIV treatments and guidelines plus online access to CME. The online access expires August 2018. Embodying the AAHIVM's commitment to promoting uniform excellence in care of seropositive patients, Fundamentals of HIV Medicine 2017 empowers health professionals to deliver standardized, life-sustaining treatment to the patients who need it most. It will serve as an essential clinical reference and provide valuable career enrichment to users across the spectrum of HIV care, treatment, and prevention.
Download or read book HIV Protocols written by Nelson Michael and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-01 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The worldwide impact of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV- is reflected in the cumulative number ofHIV- 1 infections, which is now predicted to exceed 40 million by the year 2000---equivalent to the n- ber of humans who perished in World War II. The medical and scientific - sponse to the HIV-1 pandemic has steadily grown since its recognition in 1981. The outlay by the United States alone for HIV research funded by the National Institutes of Health in 1997 was $1. 4 billion. Laboratory-based HIV research has brought together academic clinicians, retrovirologists, molecular biologists, and immunologists in the formation of research teams attempting to dissect the viral and host factors contributing to disease pathogenesis. Increasing focus is being placed on those aspects of viral biology and host immune responses that bear on the development of vaccines to prevent HIV infection. HIVProtocols reflects the state of HIV research in several ways. First, chapters are organized into four sections: Virology, Molecular Biology, Humoral Immunology, and Cellular Immunology. This organization is a natural consequence of the diverse scientific disciplines that have been attracted to HIV research. Second, the chapters reflect such diverse research directions as viral coreceptor usage, quantitation of viral genomes, HIV promoter function, B-cell epitope mapping, and measurements of T-cell function, each of which bears on the goal of understanding the viral and host immune responses that will be critical to the design of effective preventive vaccines.
Download or read book Mechanisms of HIV 1 Genetic Diversity in Its Natural Target Cells written by Redmond Patrick Smyth and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this thesis it is demonstrated that recombination rates do not occur randomly. Recombination rates are higher in env compared to the rest of the genome and the variations in recombination rates are indicative of a role for recombination in immune evasion. Further analysis showed that RNA structure, but not RNA dimerization or the viral accessory proteins, is an important determinant of recombination. Additionally, the recombination rates are much greater in macrophages compared to T-cells. It is also demonstrated that the mutation rate is higher in CCR5+ T-cells compared to macrophages. The vast majority of these mutations are guanine to adenine transitions, a large proportion of which occur in recognition motifs for a subset of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) family of cytosine deaminases. Also, a higher mutation rate is associated with recombination in CCR5+ T-cells, but not macrophages. In summary, mutation and recombination rates are sensitive to the underlying genetic sequence and there are important differences between recombination and mutation rates in T-cells and macrophages. Therefore, data presented in this thesis indicate that the evolution of the HIV-1 genome will differ depending on the areas of the genome under investigation, the strain of HIV-1 used, and the cell type that HIV-1 infects.
Download or read book HIV AIDS in South Africa written by S. S. Abdool Karim and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-06-17 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of the book provides up-to-date information on new drugs, new proven HIV prevention interventions, a new chapter on positive prevention, and current HIV epidemiology. This definitive text covers all aspects of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, from basic science to medicine, sociology, economics and politics. It has been written by a highly respected team of South African HIV/AIDS experts and provides a thoroughly researched account of the epidemic in the region.
Download or read book HIV 1 Genetic Diversity Evolution and Neuropsychological Impairment written by George Kimet Hightower and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain a significant problem worldwide and can range in severity from disabling dementia to asymptomatic cognitive, motor and behavioral changes. Clinical assessments are the gold standard for detecting impairment and have defined the scope and severity of HAND; however, the viral determinants of HAND are not well understood. To further characterize the viral determinants of HAND, we studied viral evolution and disease by analyzing HIV-1 RNA extracted from blood and CSF samples along with participant specific clinical and neuropsychological assessments. HIV-1 RNA was amplified with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequenced using the Sanger Method. Neuropsychological assessments were administered and scored by trained psychometrists and included seven ability domains: learning, delayed recall, verbal fluency, processing speed, attention/working memory, abstraction/executive functioning and motor speed. HIV-1 population diversity was positively associated with disease, specifically AIDS and neuropsychological impairment. Further, antiretroviral resistance was associated with lower CSF viral loads and with better neuropsychological performance. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 virulence is most likely associated with the capacity of a viral population to maintain genetic diversity and not simply a specific and predominant genotypic variant. Although, the exact underlying mechanism for this remains unclear, complex phenotypes such as neuropsychological impairment may result from different HIV-1 variants operating in a coordinated manner to cause disease.
Download or read book Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus written by William R. Jacobs, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 1379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can today's innovative practices and molecular tools tame this ancient disease? One third of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis (TB), with about 10 million new cases annually. To combat TB and its agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the World Health Organization launched The End TB Strategy, which aims to slash the suffering and cost of TB by 2035. This makes the second edition of Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus, edited by Jacobs, McShane, Mizrahi, and Orme, an extremely valuable resource for scientists and clinicians. The editors have gathered their colleagues from around the world to present the latest on the molecular biology of M. tuberculosis and related species, the host-pathogen interactions that enable invasion, and the host's immune response to M. tuberculosis infection. The basic, clinical, and translational research presented in this book supports the goals of WHO's End TB Strategy by driving toward the development of effective vaccines, rapid molecular diagnostics, and anti-TB drugs. Creating an effective tuberculosis vaccine. Understand the innate and adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis infection, its study in established animal models, and how this information is being used to develop new vaccines against TB. Formulating new antituberculosis drugs. Learn the challenges and methods for evaluating new drugs in preclinical trials with a focus on drugs that work against "persisters" and those that act on the electron transport complex and ATP synthase of M. tuberculosis. Overcoming the challenges of diagnosing tuberculosis. Review new diagnostic tools that are simple, rapid, affordable, specific, sensitive, and safe, including molecular-based diagnostic methods such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF. Using molecular, genomic, and bioinformatics tools to understand the biology and evolution of Mycobacterium. Explore current research on the molecular mechanisms that M. tuberculosis uses to evade the immune system, enter a state of nonreplicating persistence, and become reactivated. The second edition of Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus presents the latest research on a microorganism that is exquisitely well adapted to its human host. This pathogen continues to confound scientists, clinicians, and public health specialists, who will all find much valuable information in this comprehensive set of reviews.
Download or read book Assessment of Genetic and Functional Diversity Among Natural HIV 1 Nef and Vpu Isolates written by Gisele Umviligihozo and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite over 40 years of research and clinical investigation, there is still no vaccine or cure for HIV-1. Highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced illness due to HIV-1 infection, but ART is still not available universally. The enormous diversity of global HIV-1 sequences poses significant challenges to understanding mechanisms of viral pathogenesis, and also to developing new vaccines or therapies. The HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef and Vpu, which enhance viral pathogenesis and immune evasion, are encoded by highly polymorphic genes, but little is known about the functional impact of natural genetic variability in these proteins on HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, although Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) harbours most HIV-1 infections globally, studies on viral subtypes prevalent in this region of the world are still limited. In this thesis, I assessed the genetic diversity and in vitro functional activity of nef and vpu sequences isolated from ART-naïve individuals living with HIV-1, including participants from SSA. In an analysis of 332 vpu sequences representing major HIV-1 group M subtypes (A, B, C and D and several unique recombinants), I observed substantial variability in CD4 and Tetherin downregulation functions among the clones and between the HIV-1 subtypes. Additionally, in an analysis of nef and vpu sequences isolated from untreated HIV-1 long term survivors (LTS) and progressors living with HIV-1 subtype A, I found that an impaired ability of nef to downregulate CD4 and HLA was associated with the LTS phenotype. Finally, in an analysis of nef sequences isolated from individuals living with untreated HIV-1 subtype A, I observed that TIM-3 upregulation function was associated with a faster rate of CD4 cell decline, suggesting a link between this Nef activity and disease progression. For each study, I also identified viral sequence polymorphisms associated with variable nef and vpu function that may inform future mechanistic studies. Overall, my thesis research provides new scientific insights into the impacts of HIV-1 nef and vpu sequence diversity on the function of these important viral accessory proteins. Potential links between these viral proteins and disease may support ongoing efforts to target nef and vpu using novel antiviral therapies and to inform the design of an HIV-1 vaccine for the African context.
Download or read book The Molecular Epidemiology of HIV 1 in Selected Risk Groups in San Francisco written by Edwin Duncan Charlebois (III.) and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
