EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

Book Hitler s Life in Pictures   a Photo Book   from His Birth in Braunau 1889 to the Anschluss in Vienna 1938   First Published in 1940 As  Wie Die Ostmar

Download or read book Hitler s Life in Pictures a Photo Book from His Birth in Braunau 1889 to the Anschluss in Vienna 1938 First Published in 1940 As Wie Die Ostmar written by Joachim Von Halasz and published by . This book was released on 2009-01 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This photo book with about 250 pictures was published in 1940 as a propaganda work to promote the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany and to illustrate the deep roots common to both countries. Even though many Austrians had welcomed Hitler as illustrated by their cheering crowds, more propaganda was apparently considered necessary. Hitler's personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann took most photos. They had met in 1919 in Munich, and Hoffmann became the only photographer allowed to take pictures of the dictator. The book possibly appealed mainly to a younger generation who liked to collect and trade the more than 250 collectable photos. A single photo came with each purchase of a pack of cigarettes. The pictures where then glued into the book. These collectable images were very popular at the time but usually with themes such as animals or plants. Hitler used the cigarette pictures for the first time to promote a political message. The reprint of this rare book will be welcomed by scholars of the period as an indispensable primary source offering a valuable perspective on the formation and development of Nazi ideology.

Book Adolf Hitler Life Story

    Book Details:
  • Author : Cristian Butnariu
  • Publisher : CreateSpace
  • Release : 2014-09-01
  • ISBN : 9781501032660
  • Pages : 412 pages

Download or read book Adolf Hitler Life Story written by Cristian Butnariu and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-09-01 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in the small Austrian town of Braunau to Alois Hitler who later became a senior customs official and his wife Klara, who was from a poor peasant family. At primary school, Hitler showed great intellectual potential and was extremely popular with fellow pupils as well as being admired for his leadership qualities. However, competition at secondary school was tougher and Hitler stopped trying as a result. He also lost his popularity among his fellow students and instead preferred to re-enact battles from the Boer war with younger children. At the age of 15, he failed his exams and was told to repeat the year but he left without a formal education instead. At the age of 18, he moved to Vienna with money inherited after his father's death in 1903, in order to pursue a career in art, as this was his best subject at school. However his applications for both the Vienna Academy of Art and the School of Architecture were rejected. It was supposedly at this time that Hitler first became interested in politics and how the masses could be made to respond to certain themes. He was particularly impressed with the anti-Semitic, nationalist Christian-Socialist party. During the First World War he volunteered to fight for the German Army and gained the rank of corporal, earning accolades as a dispatch-runner. He won several awards for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class. In October 1918, he was blinded in a mustard gas attack. Germany surrendered while Hitler was in hospital and he went into a state of great depression, spending lots of time in tears. After the war ended, Hitler's future seemed uncertain. In 1919, Hitler attended his first meeting of the German Workers' party, an anti-Semitic, nationalist group as a spy for the German Army. However, he found he agreed with Anton Drexler's German nationalism and anti-Semitism. He disagreed with how they were organised leading him to make a passionate speech. Hitler quickly cemented his reputation as an engaging orator through his passion about the injustices faced by Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. It soon became clear that people were joining the party just to see Hitler make his speeches, which would leave the audience in a state of near hysteria and willing to do whatever he suggested. He quickly rose through the ranks and, by 1921, was the leader of the re-named National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi). With terrible economic conditions and rapid inflation, support for Hitler's party grew. By 1923, the Nazi's had 56,000 members and many more supporters. On 8 and 9 November 1923, Hitler staged the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch. He hoped to force the Bavarian government to work with the Nazis and march together on Berlin. The attempt failed but, although Hitler was tried for treason, the judge gave him a very light sentence. While in prison, Hitler wrote 'Mein Kampf', which formulated his political ideas. He reorganised his party on his release from jail, but it was not until the world depression hit Germany that the Nazis were able to attract significant followers. By 1930, the Nazis were polling around 6.5 million votes. In the presidential elections of 1932, Hitler came second. On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg was forced to appoint Hitler as Chancellor, given his popular support. In office, Hitler set about consolidating his power, appointing Nazis to government and gaining control of emergency powers. He eliminated all opposition, in the name of emergency control and, with the death of Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler's power was secured...

Book Adolf Hitler Life Story   Volume One

Download or read book Adolf Hitler Life Story Volume One written by Christian Butnariu and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-08-16 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was the founder and leader of the Nazi Party and the most influential voice in the organization, implementation and execution of the Holocaust, the systematic extermination and ethnic cleansing of six million European Jews and millions of other non-aryans. Hitler was the Head of State, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and guiding spirit, or fuhrer, of Germany's Third Reich from 1933 to 1945.

Book Hitler in Vienna  1907 1913

Download or read book Hitler in Vienna 1907 1913 written by J. Sydney Jones and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 1983 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revelatory look at Hitler's formative years in Vienna provides startling insights into the future Fuhrer. This history also contains rarely seen sketches and paintings by the founder of the Third Reich. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.

Book Adolf Hitler

Download or read book Adolf Hitler written by Hourly History and published by Hourly History. This book was released on 2016-10-17 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most notorious man in history, Adolf Hitler, is best known for having perpetrated crimes against humanity over the six-year course of World War II. His brutal extermination policies are responsible for the deaths of close to 30 million people he considered inferior, and added to that, the military casualties suffered by all parties, yields a grand total of approximately 60 million people dead by the end of the war. That number equates to 3% of the world’s population at the time. But, who was this man? What made him into the monster he became? Can his childhood explain the formation of such a brutal dictator? Inside you will read about... ✓ Hitler’s Early Years ✓ Hitler’s Years in Vienna ✓ Life After Vienna – Hitler’s Early Military Career ✓ The Formation of the Nazi Party ✓ Hitler’s Imprisonment and Subsequent Rise to Power ✓ World War II This eBook tells the story of the man behind the monster in concise yet thorough detail. Hitler’s childhood, his early life and dreams of becoming an artist, his military career in World War I, his subsequent rise to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, and his rule during the war are presented in succinct, compelling detail packed with historical information that makes for an entertaining and informative read.

Book Hitler As Chancellor in Pictures   a Photo Book   First Published in 1936 As  Adolf Hitler   Bilder Aus Dem Leben Des Fnhrers

Download or read book Hitler As Chancellor in Pictures a Photo Book First Published in 1936 As Adolf Hitler Bilder Aus Dem Leben Des Fnhrers written by Joachim Von Halasz and published by . This book was released on 2009-01 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This photo book with about 200 pictures was published in 1936 as a propaganda work to give the general public an insight into the life of Adolf Hitler as a chancellor after his first three years in office. A single photo came with each purchase of a pack of cigarettes, and the pictures were then glued into the book.

Book I Knew Hitler

Download or read book I Knew Hitler written by Kurt G. W. Ludecke and published by . This book was released on 2011-10-01 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An insider's account of life with Adolf Hitler - now back in print for the first time in 75 years! First published in 1938 "I Knew Hitler" is the missing link in the literary trail which traces the fortunes of Adolf Hitler from Linz to Berlin. There are surprisingly few personal accounts of life with Hitler from inside the inner circle during the years before he seized power and besides Goebbels' diaries Ludecke is by far the most important of them. Dedicated by its author to the memory of Ernst Roehm, the publication of this brand new edition means that Ludecke's explosive memoir is back in print for the first time in 75 years. Kurt Ludecke was a former confident of Hitler's who had the misfortune to find himself on the wrong side of the political gulf which led to the 1934 blood purge better known outside of Germany as "The Night Of The Long Knives. As the power struggle between the SS and the SA threatened to engulf him, Hitler finally took decisive action and was personally involved in the vicious in fighting which saw the arrest and execution of many senior SA figures including Roehm himself. Ludecke was a man in the wrong place at the wrong time and was actually incarcerated twice on Hitler's orders before finally escaping to Switzerland. For many years this fascinating and highly readable account of life with Hitler's inner circle was dismissed by the academic world as a heavily biased and therefore unreliable as a main primary resource. However a number of recent scholarly assessments have confirmed what most historians suspected all along; Ludecke is in fact an excellent and highly reliable original source. The rehabilitation of Ludecke is a timely development as he provides the only detailed account surrounding the actions of Adolf Hitler into the world of Adolf Hitler as he took the first steps from Landsberg prison to achieve power through the horse trading following the ill starred election of 1933. Ludecke also throws a powerful new light on the events of the Night Of the Long Knives and gives the clearest indication that we have today that there was indeed a genuine SA plot to overthrow Hitler and set the party on a more rigorous route towards a truly National socialist state. Ludecke is indispensible reading for anyone with an interest in the political history of the Third Reich.

Book Adolf Hitler

    Book Details:
  • Author : Philipp Bouhler
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2014-11-26
  • ISBN : 9781505223200
  • Pages : 48 pages

Download or read book Adolf Hitler written by Philipp Bouhler and published by . This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The official biography of Adolf Hitler, issued by the German Foreign Office in Berlin, 1938. Written by the Head of the Führer Chancellery, and published under the famous Terramare imprint in 1938, this work was designed to provide the English-speaking world with a brief introduction to the life and political career of Adolf Hitler up to that year. Starting with Hitler's early life, it moves on to describe his war record and political struggle to become chancellor. Thereafter it moves on to describe the various internal political measures followed by the Hitler government-from racial matters to economic and social reformation, all undertaken at the specific instruction of the German leader. This view on Hitler and the development of peacetime National Socialist Germany is unique because it was presented from the German point of view, published as it was with the official sanction of the Third Reich government. The author, Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler was famous in his own right. After a father of a blind, deaf, limbless, and severely retarded baby wrote to Hitler asking that his child be granted euthanasia (the so-called "Knauer Case"), Bouhler was tasked with establishing a legal euthanasia project for the terminally ill or the severely retarded, a program for which he was accused of "war crimes" after the war. Rather than face trial, Bouhler committed suicide in 1945. Ironically, euthanasia is now (2014) legal in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, and assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland, Germany, Albania, Colombia, Japan and in the US states of Washington, Oregon, Vermont, New Mexico and Montana. This edition has been completely reset and contains the entire original text and photographs. Contents Early Years Genesis of the Movement The Coup D'état Critical Days The Movement Advances From Victory to Victory Hitler in Power The Third Reich

Book Hitler  a Chronology of His Life and Time

Download or read book Hitler a Chronology of His Life and Time written by Milan Hauner and published by New York : St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 1983 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a day-by-day listing of the events in the life of Adolf Hitler from his birth in 1889 to his suicide in 1945

Book Adolf Hitler

    Book Details:
  • Author : Adolf Hitler
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2016-06-02
  • ISBN : 9781533573025
  • Pages : 0 pages

Download or read book Adolf Hitler written by Adolf Hitler and published by . This book was released on 2016-06-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mein Kampf ("My Struggle") is a political manifesto written by Adolf Hitler. It was his only complete book and became the bible of National Socialism in the German Third Reich. It was published in two volumes, which dated 1925 and 1927. By 1939 it had sold 5,200,000 copies and had been translated into 11 different languages. The first volume, entitled Die Abrechnung ("The Settlement of Accounts," or "Revenge"), was written in 1924 in the Bavarian fortress of Landsberg am Lech. Hitler was imprisoned there after the unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch of 1923. It describes the world of Hitlers youth, the First World War and the betrayal of Germany in 1918. It also expresses Hitlers Racial ideology. According to Hitler, it was necessary for Germans to occupy themselves not merely with the breeding of cats, dogs and horses - but also care for the health and wellbeing of their own Bloodline. The second volume, entitled Die Nationalsozialistische Bewegung ("The National Socialist Movement"), was written after Hitlers release from prison in December 1924. It outlines the political program of National Socialism and includes the measures that National Socialism must pursue in both gaining power and in exercising it thereafter in the new German Reich. In this book Hitler describes an ideology which according to him must shake the world from its slumber. An ideology which is based on the Eternal Laws of Nature. Here you can notice how the foundations of Social Darwinism have been applied in practice. This book has set a path toward a much higher understanding of the self and of our magnificent destiny as living beings part of this Race on our planet. It shows us that we must not look at nature in terms of good or bad, but in an unfiltered manner. It describes what we must do if we want to survive as a people and as a Race. We have to understand that Nature does not forgive weakness and that the truth and reality is what it is, no matter how bad it may seem or how hard it can portray itself. This book shows the foundations of White Resistance and White Nationalism. It is the foundation and seed for the preservation of our Race. Be advised that this book does not represent the full Racialist ideology, but it is only a foundation as the Origin of Species is a foundation for the Theory of Evolution. James Murphy translation is OFFICIAL NSDAP translation.. NSDAP have paid Murphy to translate Mein Kampf...

Book Adolf Hitler A Short Sketch of His Life  Terramare Series Number One

Download or read book Adolf Hitler A Short Sketch of His Life Terramare Series Number One written by Philipp Bouhler and published by Blurb. This book was released on 2018-07-25 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The official biography of Adolf Hitler, issued by the German Foreign Office in Berlin, 1938. Written by the Head of the Führer Chancellery, and published under the famous Terramare imprint in 1938, this work was designed to provide the English-speaking world with a brief introduction to the life and political career of Adolf Hitler up to that year. Starting with Hitler's early life, it moves on to describe his war record and political struggle to become chancellor. Thereafter it moves on to describe the various internal political measures followed by the Hitler government-from racial matters to economic and social reformation, all undertaken at the specific instruction of the German leader. This view on Hitler and the development of peacetime National Socialist Germany is unique because it was presented from the German point of view, published as it was with the official sanction of the Third Reich government. The author, Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler was famous in his own right. After a father of a blind, deaf, limbless, and severely retarded baby wrote to Hitler asking that his child be granted euthanasia (the so-called "Knauer Case"), Bouhler was tasked with establishing a legal euthanasia project for the terminally ill or the severely retarded, a program for which he was accused of "war crimes" after the war. Rather than face trial, Bouhler committed suicide in 1945. Ironically, euthanasia is now (2014) legal in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, and assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland, Germany, Albania, Colombia, Japan and in the US states of Washington, Oregon, Vermont, New Mexico and Montana. This edition has been completely reset and contains the entire original text and photographs.

Book Hitler

    Book Details:
  • Author : Donna Faulkner
  • Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
  • Release : 2016-10-15
  • ISBN : 9781539518112
  • Pages : 192 pages

Download or read book Hitler written by Donna Faulkner and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-10-15 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Germany's Adolf Hitler was, without argument, a monster. He unleashed the horrors of World War II and ordered the murder of millions in his quest to create his twisted version of a pure German empire. In this, the first of a two-volume biography of "der Fuhrer," New York Times bestselling author Donna Faulkner explores Hitler's rise to power - as well as the twisted roots of his genocidal brutality. His story is one of dysfunction and megalomania: from Hitler's early days as a frustrated schoolboy and artist to a power-hungry, and masterful, politician who manipulated the German people wracked by economic deprivation. Nearly three-quarters of a century later, the world is still grappling with the horrific legacy of Adolf Hitler. Here's how it all began."

Book Hitler  the Pictorial Documentary of His Life

Download or read book Hitler the Pictorial Documentary of His Life written by John Toland and published by Doubleday Books. This book was released on 1978 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: GIFT LOCAL 04-26-2003 $19.95.

Book Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party in Pictures   a Photo Book   First Published in 1933 As  Kampf Um s Dritte Reich   Eine Historische Bilderfolge

Download or read book Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party in Pictures a Photo Book First Published in 1933 As Kampf Um s Dritte Reich Eine Historische Bilderfolge written by Joachim Von Halasz and published by . This book was released on 2009-01 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This photo book with about 270 pictures was published in 1933 as a propaganda work to give the general public an insight into Adolf Hitler's life from 1914 to 1933. It covers four periods of Hitler's life: the artist, the soldier, the politician and the statesman. In 1914, when WW1 broke out, Hitler was living as an artist in Munich. He became a soldier in a Bavarian regiment and spent the next four years in the trenches. Returning to Munich after the war he joined in 1919 a small nationalist party. He relaunched it as the Nazi Party and became a full time politician. In 1923, with the so-called Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler tried in vain to overthrow the Bavarian Government. After a year in prison, in 1925 he reformed the party, making it more electable and paving his way to become Chancellor in 1933. The reprint of this rare book will be welcomed by scholars of the period as an indispensable primary source offering a valuable perspective on the formation and development of Nazi ideology.

Book The Private Life of Adolf Hitler the Intimate Notes and Diary of Eva Braun

Download or read book The Private Life of Adolf Hitler the Intimate Notes and Diary of Eva Braun written by Eva Braun and published by . This book was released on 2014-12-14 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iit is well known that Eva Braun was the photography assistant and model to Heinrich Hoffmann who had a photography shop in Berlin. Heinrich Hoffmann produced a large number of propaganda pieces for Hitler, some of which have been reprinted, such as "Mit Hitler im Westen or With Hitler in the West" ISBN 487187883X and Jugend um Hitler: 120 Bilddokumente aus der Umgebung des Fuhrers or Youth around Hitler: 120 picture documents from the environment of the leader ISBN 4871879100. We know that Hitler had relations with many women. Most of them did not live long. Eva Braun was merely the last one. We know she was the last one because she committed suicide with him on 30 April 1945, just one day after they had gotten married. Goebbels and Bormann signed as witnesses to the marriage. That is another question we would like to have answered. Eva Braun was a young woman with everything to live for. Why would she commit suicide with a Dirty Old Man like Hitler? She could have walked away, saved her own life and become a cult leader of the NEW Hitler Movement or something. Why show her devotion to him by killing herself?"

Book Hitler

    Book Details:
  • Author : Volker Ullrich
  • Publisher : Random House
  • Release : 2016
  • ISBN : 1847922856
  • Pages : 1010 pages

Download or read book Hitler written by Volker Ullrich and published by Random House. This book was released on 2016 with total page 1010 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected as a Book of the Year by the New York Times, Times Literary Supplement and The Times Despite his status as the most despised political figure in history, there have only been four serious biographies of Hitler since the 1930s. Even more surprisingly, his biographers have been more interested in his rise to power and his methods of leadership than in Hitler the person: some have even declared that the F�hrer had no private life. Yet to render Hitler as a political animal with no personality to speak of, as a man of limited intelligence and poor social skills, fails to explain the spell that he cast not only on those close to him but on the German people as a whole. In the first volume of this monumental biography, Volker Ullrich sets out to correct our perception of the F�hrer. While charting in detail Hitler's life from his childhood to the eve of the Second World War against the politics of the times, Ullrich unveils the man behind the public persona: his charming and repulsive traits, his talents and weaknesses, his deep-seated insecurities and murderous passions. Drawing on a wealth of previously neglected or unavailable sources, this magisterial study provides the most rounded portrait of Hitler to date. Ullrich renders the F�hrer not as a psychopath but as a master of seduction and guile - and it is perhaps the complexity of his character that explains his enigmatic grip on the German people more convincingly than the clich�d image of the monster. This definitive biography will forever change the way we look at the man who took the world into the abyss.

Book Mein Kampf  Illustrated

    Book Details:
  • Author : Adolf Hitler
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2015-05-24
  • ISBN : 9781512347128
  • Pages : 572 pages

Download or read book Mein Kampf Illustrated written by Adolf Hitler and published by . This book was released on 2015-05-24 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In his autobiography, Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Adolf Hitler manifests his thoughts and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. The first volume of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and the second volume in 1926 and both these volumes were edited by Hitler's party co-worker Rudolf Hess. Following his failed Putsch (revolt) in Munich in November 1923, Hitler was imprisoned and he considered his imprisonment a political crime. He decided to write a book and began dictating his thoughts to Hess. As he continued, Hitler realized that it would be a two-volume work, with the first volume scheduled for release in early 1925. The governor of Landsberg noted at that time that "he (Hitler) hopes the book will run into many editions, thus enabling him to fulfill his financial obligations and to defray the expenses incurred at the time of his trial."Mein Kampf has also been studied as a work on political theory as Hitler announces his hatred of what he believed to be the world's two evils: Communism and Judaism. He says that the new territory that Germany needed to obtain would properly nurture the "historic destiny" of the German people Hitler referred to Lebensraum (living space) which explains why he aggressively expanded Germany eastward, specifically the invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland before he launched his attack against Russia. In Mein Kampf Hitler openly states that the future of Germany "has to lie in the acquisition of land in the East at the expense of Russia." Adolf Hitler, borne on 20 April 1889, was the son of Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl . He was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party and the Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 He kept the title of 'Führer (leader)' of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As effective dictator of Nazi Germany, Hitler was at the centre of World War II in Europe, and the Holocaust.Hitler was a corporal and a decorated veteran of World War I. He joined the precursor of the NSDAP, the German Workers' Party, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-Semitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy.In 1933, following fresh elections won by his coalition, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act. Hitler's aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the primary cause of the outbreak of World War II. He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland, resulting in British and French declarations of war on Germany. In June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa. In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time lover, Eva Braun. On 30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two committed suicide to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned.Under Hitler's leadership, the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of at least 5.5 million Jews and millions of other victims. Nazi regime was also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the World War II. The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare.