Download or read book High Resolution X Ray Scattering written by Ullrich Pietsch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last 20 years interest in high-resolution x-ray diffractometry and reflectivity has grown as a result of the development of the semiconductor industry and the increasing interest in material research of thin layers of magnetic, organic, and other materials. For example, optoelectronics requires a subsequent epitaxy of thin layers of different semiconductor materials. Here, the individuallayer thicknesses are scaled down to a few atomic layers in order to exploit quantum effects. For reasons of electronic and optical confinement, these thin layers are embedded within much thicker cladding layers or stacks of multilayers of slightly different chemical composition. It is evident that the interface quality of those quantum weHs is quite important for the function of devices. Thin metallic layers often show magnetic properties which do not ap pear for thick layers or in bulk material. The investigation of the mutual interaction of magnetic and non-magnetic layers leads to the discovery of colossal magnetoresistance, for example. This property is strongly related to the thickness and interface roughness of covered layers.
Download or read book High resolution X ray Scattering from Thin Films and Multilayers written by Vaclav Holy and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thin Film Analysis by X Ray Scattering written by Mario Birkholz and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-12 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions by Paul F. Fewster and Christoph Genzel While X-ray diffraction investigation of powders and polycrystalline matter was at the forefront of materials science in the 1960s and 70s, high-tech applications at the beginning of the 21st century are driven by the materials science of thin films. Very much an interdisciplinary field, chemists, biochemists, materials scientists, physicists and engineers all have a common interest in thin films and their manifold uses and applications. Grain size, porosity, density, preferred orientation and other properties are important to know: whether thin films fulfill their intended function depends crucially on their structure and morphology once a chemical composition has been chosen. Although their backgrounds differ greatly, all the involved specialists a profound understanding of how structural properties may be determined in order to perform their respective tasks in search of new and modern materials, coatings and functions. The author undertakes this in-depth introduction to the field of thin film X-ray characterization in a clear and precise manner.
Download or read book X ray Scattering from Semiconductors written by Paul F. Fewster and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2000 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray scattering is used extensively to provide detailed structural information about materials. Semiconductors have benefited from X-ray scattering techniques as an essential feedback method for crystal growth, including compositional and thickness determination of thin layers. The methods have been developed to reveal very detailed structural information concerning material quality, interface structure, relaxation, defects, surface damage, and more.
Download or read book X Ray Diffuse Scattering from Self Organized Mesoscopic Semiconductor Structures written by Martin Schmidbauer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-01-09 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph represents a critical survey of the outstanding capabilities of X-ray diffuse scattering for the structural characterization of mesoscopic material systems. The mesoscopic regime comprises length scales ranging from a few up to some hundreds of nanometers. It is of particular relevance at semiconductor layer systems where, for example, interface roughness or low-dimensional objects such as quantum dots and quantum wires have attracted much interest. An extensive overview of the present state-of-the-art theory of X-ray diffuse scattering at mesoscopic structures is given followed by a valuable description of various experimental techniques. Selected up-to-date examples are discussed. The aim of the present book is to combine aspects of self-organized growth of mesoscopic structures with corresponding X-ray diffuse scattering experiments.
Download or read book Theoretical Concepts of X Ray Nanoscale Analysis written by Andrei Benediktovich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-07 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a concise survey of modern theoretical concepts of X-ray materials analysis. The principle features of the book are: basics of X-ray scattering, interaction between X-rays and matter and new theoretical concepts of X-ray scattering. The various X-ray techniques are considered in detail: high-resolution X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray residual stress analysis. All the theoretical methods presented use the unified physical approach. This makes the book especially useful for readers learning and performing data analysis with different techniques. The theory is applicable to studies of bulk materials of all kinds, including single crystals and polycrystals as well as to surface studies under grazing incidence. The book appeals to researchers and graduate students alike.
Download or read book ISTFA 2012 written by ASM International and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2012 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book X Ray and Neutron Reflectivity Principles and Applications written by Jean Daillant and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-07-01 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reflection of and neutrons from surfaces has existed as an x-rays exp- imental for almost it is in the last technique fifty Nevertheless, only years. decade that these methods have become as of enormously popular probes This the surfaces and interfaces. to be due to of several appears convergence of intense different circumstances. These include the more n- availability be measured orders tron and sources that can over (so reflectivity x-ray many of and the much weaker surface diffuse can now also be magnitude scattering of thin films and studied in some the detail); growing importance multil- basic the realization of the ers in both and technology research; important which in the of surfaces and and role roughness plays properties interfaces; the of statistical models to characterize the of finally development topology its and its characterization from on roughness, dependence growth processes The of and to surface scattering experiments. ability x-rays neutro4s study four five orders of in scale of surfaces over to magnitude length regardless their and also their to ability probe environment, temperature, pressure, etc. , makes these the choice for buried interfaces often probes preferred obtaining information about the microstructure of often in statistical a global surfaces, the local This is manner to complementary imaging microscopy techniques, of such studies in the literature witnessed the veritable by explosion published the last few Thus these lectures will useful for over a resource years.
Download or read book High Precision X Ray Measurements written by Alessandro Scordo and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-08-26 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their discovery in 1895, the detection of X-rays has had a strong impact on and various applications in several fields of science and human life. Impressive efforts have been made to develop new types of detectors and new techniques, aiming to obtain higher precision both in terms of energy and position. Depending on the applications, solid state detectors, microcalorimeters, and various types of spectrometers currently serve as the best options for spectroscopic and imaging detectors. Recent advancements in micron and meV precision have opened the door for groundbreaking applications in fundamental physics, medical science, astrophysics, cultural heritage, and several other fields. The aim of this Special Issue is to compile an overview, from different communities and research fields, of the most recent developments in X-ray detection and their possible impacts in various sectors, such as in exotic atom measurements, quantum physics studies, XRF, XES, EXAFS, plasma emission spectroscopy, monochromators, synchrotron radiation, telescopes, and space engineering. All the papers included in this Special Issue contribute to emphasizing the importance of X-ray detection in a very broad range of physics topics; most of these topics are covered by the published works, and several others are mentioned in the paper references, providing an interesting and very useful synopsis, from a variety of different communities and research fields, of the most recent developments in X-ray detection and their impact in fundamental research and societal applications.
Download or read book Nanoscale Photonic Imaging written by Tim Salditt and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book, edited and authored by a team of world-leading researchers, provides a broad overview of advanced photonic methods for nanoscale visualization, as well as describing a range of fascinating in-depth studies. Introductory chapters cover the most relevant physics and basic methods that young researchers need to master in order to work effectively in the field of nanoscale photonic imaging, from physical first principles, to instrumentation, to mathematical foundations of imaging and data analysis. Subsequent chapters demonstrate how these cutting edge methods are applied to a variety of systems, including complex fluids and biomolecular systems, for visualizing their structure and dynamics, in space and on timescales extending over many orders of magnitude down to the femtosecond range. Progress in nanoscale photonic imaging in Göttingen has been the sum total of more than a decade of work by a wide range of scientists and mathematicians across disciplines, working together in a vibrant collaboration of a kind rarely matched. This volume presents the highlights of their research achievements and serves as a record of the unique and remarkable constellation of contributors, as well as looking ahead at the future prospects in this field. It will serve not only as a useful reference for experienced researchers but also as a valuable point of entry for newcomers.
Download or read book Electro Chemo Mechanics of Solids written by Sean R. Bishop and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-18 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together a collection of chapters that focus on the relationship among electrical, chemical, and mechanical properties and the study of adjusting one property through the control of another, namely, Electro-Chemo-Mechanics (ECM). The authors examine how this relationship can result in beneficial properties, such as mixed ionic and electronic conductivity, in oxides, upon oxygen deficiency or lithium insertion (electro-chemo) and/or changes in ionic and electronic mobility observed in strained systems (electro-mechano). They also consider how ECM interactions can be responsible for large stresses from non-stoichiometry induced lattice dilation (chemo-mechano). While many volumes are available devoted to the study of the origins and characteristics of electro-chemical relationships, they form the well-known field of electrochemistry, this volume is highly novel in its examination of the corresponding electro-mechanical, chemo-mechanical, and electro-chemo-mechanical relationships. The book is ideal for researchers and design engineers interested in energy storage and conversion and the electrical and mechanical properties of materials.
Download or read book Analytical and Diagnostic Techniques for Semiconductor Materials Devices and Processes written by Bernd O. Kolbesen (Chemiker.) and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 1999 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Synchrotron Light Sources and Free Electron Lasers written by Eberhard J. Jaeschke and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardly any other discovery of the nineteenth century did have such an impact on science and technology as Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen’s seminal find of the X-rays. X-ray tubes soon made their way as excellent instruments for numerous applications in medicine, biology, materials science and testing, chemistry and public security. Developing new radiation sources with higher brilliance and much extended spectral range resulted in stunning developments like the electron synchrotron and electron storage ring and the freeelectron laser. This handbook highlights these developments in fifty chapters. The reader is given not only an inside view of exciting science areas but also of design concepts for the most advanced light sources. The theory of synchrotron radiation and of the freeelectron laser, design examples and the technology basis are presented. The handbook presents advanced concepts like seeding and harmonic generation, the booming field of Terahertz radiation sources and upcoming brilliant light sources driven by laser-plasma accelerators. The applications of the most advanced light sources and the advent of nanobeams and fully coherent x-rays allow experiments from which scientists in the past could not even dream. Examples are the diffraction with nanometer resolution, imaging with a full 3D reconstruction of the object from a diffraction pattern, measuring the disorder in liquids with high spatial and temporal resolution. The 20th century was dedicated to the development and improvement of synchrotron light sources with an ever ongoing increase of brilliance. With ultrahigh brilliance sources, the 21st century will be the century of x-ray lasers and their applications. Thus, we are already close to the dream of condensed matter and biophysics: imaging single (macro)molecules and measuring their dynamics on the femtosecond timescale to produce movies with atomic resolution.
Download or read book X Ray Diffraction by Polycrystalline Materials written by René Guinebretière and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a physical approach to the diffraction phenomenon and its applications in materials science. An historical background to the discovery of X-ray diffraction is first outlined. Next, Part 1 gives a description of the physical phenomenon of X-ray diffraction on perfect and imperfect crystals. Part 2 then provides a detailed analysis of the instruments used for the characterization of powdered materials or thin films. The description of the processing of measured signals and their results is also covered, as are recent developments relating to quantitative microstructural analysis of powders or epitaxial thin films on the basis of X-ray diffraction. Given the comprehensive coverage offered by this title, anyone involved in the field of X-ray diffraction and its applications will find this of great use.
Download or read book Handbook of Advanced Nondestructive Evaluation written by Nathan Ida and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is a comprehensive source of information on all aspects of non-destructive testing (NDT), for use by professionals, educators, and most of all, by the practitioners of testing. The art of NDT consists of dozens of methods, some classical, and some emerging. As the pace of industrial work and discovery intensifies and materials are utilized to their physical limits, the role of NDT becomes ever more important. As a result, the methods of testing are themselves evolving, and it is the intent of this book to capture this evolution. Handbook of Modern Non-Destructive Testing broadens the scope from traditional books on the subject. In addition to classical, emerging and exotic methods of evaluation, the book will also cover the use of NDT techniques in other fields, such as archaeology or resource exploration. With contributions from experts in all areas of the field, the reader will find balanced coverage of a variety of testing methods, with no bias against or endorsements of any particular method. The book treats many areas in depth, covering all aspects of testing, and will include case studies where appropriate. Additional coverage of statistical methods and their use, as well as simulations‘ role in testing and test design, are included.
Download or read book Handbook of Nanophysics written by Klaus D. Sattler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-09-17 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the key theories, tools, and techniques of this dynamic field, Handbook of Nanophysics: Principles and Methods elucidates the general theoretical principles and measurements of nanoscale systems. Each peer-reviewed chapter contains a broad-based introduction and enhances understanding of the state-of-the-art scientific content through fund
Download or read book III V Compound Semiconductors written by Tingkai Li and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Silicon-based microelectronics has steadily improved in various performance-to-cost metrics. But after decades of processor scaling, fundamental limitations and considerable new challenges have emerged. The integration of compound semiconductors is the leading candidate to address many of these issues and to continue the relentless pursuit of more
