Download or read book Hedging in Scientific Research Articles written by Ken Hyland and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1998-03-15 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive study of hedging in academic research papers, relating a systematic analysis of forms to a pragmatic explanation for their use. Based on a detailed examination of journal articles and interviews with research scientists, the study shows that the extensive use of possibility and tentativeness in research writing is intimately connected to the social and institutional practices of academic communities and is at the heart of how knowledge comes to be socially accredited through texts. The study identifies the major forms, functions and distribution of hedges and explores the research article genre in detail to present an explanatory framework based on a complex social and ideological interpretive environment. The results show that hedging is central to Scientific argument, individual scientists and, ultimately, to science itself. The importance of hedging to student writers is also recognised and a chapter devoted to teaching implications.
Download or read book Hedging in Scientific Research Articles written by Ken Hyland and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive study of hedging in academic research papers, relating a systematic analysis of forms to a pragmatic explanation for their use. Based on a detailed examination of journal articles and interviews with research scientists, the study shows that the extensive use of possibility and tentativeness in research writing is intimately connected to the social and institutional practices of academic communities and is at the heart of how knowledge comes to be socially accredited through texts. The study identifies the major forms, functions and distribution of hedges and explores the research article genre in detail to present an explanatory framework based on a complex social and ideological interpretive environment. The results show that hedging is central to Scientific argument, individual scientists and, ultimately, to science itself. The importance of hedging to student writers is also recognised and a chapter devoted to teaching implications.
Download or read book Hedging in Scientific Research Articles written by Ken Hyland and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hedging is central to academic writing as it expresses possibility rather than certainty and collegiality rather than presumption. It is one means by which writers manage this pragmatic dimension of discourse and this text attempts to shed light on the use of hedging in published scientific papers. The author argues that: hedges are employed to overcome the inherent negatability of statements and gain the reader's acceptance of a knowledge claim; hedges can emphasize an orientation to either the proposition or the reader; the epistemic and affective functions of hedges are often conveyed simultaneously and that this indeterminacy prevents the formation of discrete descriptive categories; and hedging in scientific research writing is the product of informational, rhetorical and personal choices and cannot be fully understood in insolation from its social and institutional contexts.
Download or read book Hedging in Scientific Research Articles written by Angela Terry Foin and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Computing Attitude and Affect in Text Theory and Applications written by James G. Shanahan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-17 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Language Technology (HLT) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems have typically focused on the “factual” aspect of content analysis. Other aspects, including pragmatics, opinion, and style, have received much less attention. However, to achieve an adequate understanding of a text, these aspects cannot be ignored. The chapters in this book address the aspect of subjective opinion, which includes identifying different points of view, identifying different emotive dimensions, and classifying text by opinion. Various conceptual models and computational methods are presented. The models explored in this book include the following: distinguishing attitudes from simple factual assertions; distinguishing between the author’s reports from reports of other people’s opinions; and distinguishing between explicitly and implicitly stated attitudes. In addition, many applications are described that promise to benefit from the ability to understand attitudes and affect, including indexing and retrieval of documents by opinion; automatic question answering about opinions; analysis of sentiment in the media and in discussion groups about consumer products, political issues, etc. ; brand and reputation management; discovering and predicting consumer and voting trends; analyzing client discourse in therapy and counseling; determining relations between scientific texts by finding reasons for citations; generating more appropriate texts and making agents more believable; and creating writers’ aids. The studies reported here are carried out on different languages such as English, French, Japanese, and Portuguese. Difficult challenges remain, however. It can be argued that analyzing attitude and affect in text is an “NLP”-complete problem.
Download or read book Hedging and Discourse written by Raija Markkanen and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2010-10-06 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hedging in Scientific and Humanistic Texts written by Ayatay Khalilzadehtabrizi and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hedges are a significant resource for academics. However, we know little about how hedging is expressed or the functions it serves in different disciplines or genres. English for Specific Purposes (ESP) students are often advised to avoid hedges and to adopt a detached style in their writings. The ability to hedge statements appropriately is essential to effective academic success. In this paper we explores the importance and frequency of hedges in research articles in two different disciplines (humanistic and scientific). It presents the results of a review of 60 research articles, discussing the importance, frequency and realization of hedges in both scientific and humanistic articles. Thirty scientific and thirty humanistic articles are selected from journals and compared to identify the frequency of hedges used in both kinds of texts. The results show that it is the humanistic texts which are mostly frequented according to the use of hedges in comparison with scientific texts. This study can, therefore, make an important contribution to the understanding of the practical reasoning and persuasion in scientific and humanistic writing.
Download or read book Writing Scientific Research Articles written by Margaret Cargill and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-13 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Margaret Cargill's background as a linguist and research communications educator and Patrick O'Connor's experience as both research scientist and educator synergize to improve both the science and art of scientific writing. If the authors' goal is to give scientists the tools to write and publish compelling, well documented, clear narratives that convey their work honestly and in proper context, they have succeeded admirably." Veterinary Pathology, July 2009 "[The book is] clearly written, has a logical step-by-step structure, is easy to read and contains a lot of sensible advice about how to get scientific work published in international journals. The book is a most useful addition to the literature covering scientific writing." Aquaculture International, April 2009 Writing Scientific Research Articles: Strategy and Steps guides authors in how to write, as well as what to write, to improve their chances of having their articles accepted for publication in international, peer reviewed journals. The book is designed for scientists who use English as a first or an additional language; for research students and those who teach them paper writing skills; and for early-career researchers wanting to hone their skills as authors and mentors. It provides clear processes for selecting target journals and writing each section of a manuscript, starting with the results. The stepwise learning process uses practical exercises to develop writing and data presentation skills through analysis of well-written example papers. Strategies are presented for responding to referee comments, as well as ideas for developing discipline-specific English language skills for manuscript writing. The book is designed for use by individuals or in a class setting. Visit the companion site at www.writeresearch.com.au for more information.
Download or read book The Summing Up written by W. Somerset Maugham and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2022-08-01 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DigiCat Publishing presents to you this special edition of "The Summing Up" by W. Somerset Maugham. DigiCat Publishing considers every written word to be a legacy of humankind. Every DigiCat book has been carefully reproduced for republishing in a new modern format. The books are available in print, as well as ebooks. DigiCat hopes you will treat this work with the acknowledgment and passion it deserves as a classic of world literature.
Download or read book Hedging in Academic Writing written by Angela Gräßer and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2014-02-13 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examination Thesis from the year 2013 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University of Augsburg, language: English, abstract: Hedging, ein Begriff der jüngeren Sprachwissenschaft, der sich sowohl auf semantisch-kognitive wie pragmatische Mittel und Strategien des Sich-nicht-festlegen-wollens oder -könnens bezieht, wird in der vorliegenden Studie als interpersonale Textstrategie verstanden, die den Restriktionen der, so die These, in den beiden untersuchten Sprachgemeinschaften geltenden tradierten Normen unterliegt. [...] Die thesengeleitete Untersuchung der 10 englischen und 10 spanischen linguistischen Fachaufsätze [...] führen zu erwartbaren, aber auch unerwarteten Ergebnissen. Unterschiede sind vor allem in Bezug auf den Grad der interpersonal-kooperativen Ausrichtung auf den Rezipienten zu konstatieren. Anglophone SchreiberInnen wenden sich häufiger unmittelbar an ihre LeserInnen, indem sie beispielsweise direkter auf sich selber als AutorInnen verweisen, während in den spanischen Texten nicht vorwiegend, aber doch auffällig oft unpersönliche Konstruktionen, einschließlich des pronominalen pluralis modestiae auftreten. Insofern bestätigt sich die eingangs aufgestellte Hypothese, dass AutorInnen dieses Kulturkreises "more conservative" sind. Allerdings, auch das zeigen die empirischen Befunde, ist eine Annäherung an die anglophonen Konventionen des hedging in den spanischen akademischen Publikationen nicht zu übersehen. Vorsichtig, aber sofort einsichtig formuliert die Verfasserin daher abschließend: "[It] may be true that the overwhelming influx of the English language in nearly every realm of academic discourse has indeed altered the conventions in 'academic' Spanish" (S. 41). (Auszug aus dem Gutachten der Zulassungsarbeit; ausgestellt von Prof. Dr. Wolfram Bublitz)
Download or read book Genre and Second Language Writing written by Ken Hyland and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2004-09-14 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An expert in the field addresses a hard-to-grasp concept for new writing teachers
Download or read book New Approaches to Hedging written by Gunther Kaltenböck and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2012-11-02 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hedging is an essential part of everyday communication. It is a discourse strategy which is used to reduce commitment to the force or truth of an utterance to achieve an appropriate pragmatic effect. In recent years hedges have therefore attracted increased attention in Pragmatics and Applied Linguistics, with studies approaching the concept of hedging from various perspectives, such as speech act - and politeness theory, genre-specific investigations, interactional pragmatics, and studies of vague language. The present volume provides an up-to-date overview of current research on the topic by bringing together studies from a variety of fields. The contributions span a range of different languages, investigate the use of hedges in different communicative settings and text types, and consider all levels of linguistic analysis from prosody to morphology, syntax and semantics. What unites the different studies in this volume is a corpus-based approach, in which various theoretical concepts and categories are applied to, and tested against, actual language data. This allows for patterns of use to be uncovered which have previously gone unnoticed and provides valuable insights for the adjustment and fine-tuning of existing categories. The usage-based approach of the investigations therefore offers new theoretical and descriptive perspectives on the context-dependent nature and multifunctionality of hedges.
Download or read book Academic Discourse and Critical Consciousness written by Patricia Bizzell and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 1992-12-18 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays traces the attempts of one writing teacher to understand theoretically - and to respond pedagogically - to what happens when students from diverse backgrounds learn to use language in college.Bizzell begins from the assumption that democratic education requires us to attempt to educate all students, including those whose social or ethnic backgrounds may have offered them little experience with academic discourse. Over the ten-year period chronicled in these essays, she has seen herself primarily as an advocate for such students, sometimes called "basic writers."Bizzell's views on education for "critical consciousness," widely discussed in the writing field, are represented in most of the essays in this volume. But in the last few chapters, and in the intellectual autobiography written as the introduction to the volume, she calls her previous work into question on the grounds that her self-appointment as an advocate for basic writers may have been presumptous, and her hopes for the politically liberating effects of academic discourse misplaced. She concludes by calling for a theory of discourse that acknowledges the need to argue for values and pedagogy that can assist these arguements to proceed more inclusively than ever before.The essays in this volume constitute the main body of work in which Bizzell developed her influential and often cited ideas. Organized chronologically, they present a picture of how she has grappled with major issues in composition studies over the past decade. In the process, she sketches a trajectory for the development of composition studies as an academic discipline.
Download or read book Understatements and Hedges in English written by Axel Hübler and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1983-01-01 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this monograph is a comprehensive analysis of understatements and other forms of non-direct speech (hedges) in modern English. It is based on a multi-level approach, including philosophical, cultural, and socio-psychological arguments. The main part consists of an investigation of the linguistic restrictions for understatements and hedges to be formed by means of the following grammatical categories: negation of predicates, gradation of predicates, modalization of affirmative sentences by means of parenthetical verbs, modal adverbs, modal verbs, and questions.
Download or read book The Writing Scholar written by Walter Nash and published by SAGE Publications, Incorporated. This book was released on 1990-05 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a popular image of academic writing as obscure, convoluted and replete with jargon. Some academic writers conform to this image, while others transform it. Academic discourse is clearly influenced by many factors, conventions and motives. These essays, by internationally-noted researchers and theorists in the field, bring varied insights to bear on the question of what happens, linguistically and psychologically, when academics set out to report facts, explain phenomena, propound hypotheses, argue, persuade and rebut. The contributors look critically at the assumptions and principles underlying academic writing.
Download or read book Adapted Primary Literature written by Anat Yarden and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-16 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book specifies the foundation for Adapted Primary Literature (APL), a novel text genre that enables the learning and teaching of science using research articles that were adapted to the knowledge level of high-school students. More than 50 years ago, J.J. Schwab suggested that Primary Scientific Articles “afford the most authentic, unretouched specimens of enquiry that we can obtain” and raised for the first time the idea that such articles can be used for “enquiry into enquiry”. This book, the first to be published on this topic, presents the realization of this vision and shows how the reading and writing of scientific articles can be used for inquiry learning and teaching. It provides the origins and theory of APL and examines the concept and its importance. It outlines a detailed description of creating and using APL and provides examples for the use of the enactment of APL in classes, as well as descriptions of possible future prospects for the implementation of APL. Altogether, the book lays the foundations for the use of this authentic text genre for the learning and teaching of science in secondary schools.
Download or read book Stance and Voice in Written Academic Genres written by Carmen Sancho Guinda and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-09-24 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stance and Voice in Written Academic Genres brings together a range of perspectives on two of the most important and contested concepts in applied linguistics: stance and voice. International experts provide an accessible, yet authoritative introduction to key issues and debates surrounding these terms.
