Download or read book HBCD and TBBP A in Sewage Sludge Sediments and Biota Including Interlaboratory Study written by J. de Boer and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indicative studies had shown that relatively high levels of hexabromocylcododecane (HBCD) could be present in Dutch river sediments and biota. HBCD is used in upholstery textiles and polystyrene foams (e.g. for roof isolation). It was supposed that losses during the impregnation of the flame retardant in these materials would be the cause of environmentally detectable amounts of HBCD. A study on the occurrence of HBCD in sewage sludge, sediments and biota was carried out in order to trace possible sources of HBCD, to study the behaviour of HBCD in sewage treatment plants (STPs), and to study the distribution of HBCD in the aquatic environment. In addition to HBCD, tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) and its dimethyl derivative (MeTBBP-A) were analysed as well. Occasionally, also polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were measured. The study consisted of four sub-projects: i) a method development part, ii) a study on the distribution of HBCD and TBBP-A in the river Scheldt basin in Belgium, iii) a study on the occurrence of HBCD and TBBP-A in sewage treatment plants and landfills, and iv) a study on the levels of HBCD and TBBP-A in various food chains and rivers and North Sea sediments. In addition to these parts and as a separate project, an interlaboratory study on HBCD, TBBP-A, MeTBBP-A and PBDEs was organised. The results of the first four parts are described in this report. The interlaboratory study will be reported separately. As regards the sampling plan and the analyses, the project has been very successful. Almost all samples planned could be taken. This sampling process was facilitated through the kind collaboration with a number of colleague institutes throughout the world, for which we are very grateful. Some delay was encountered in the method development phase. At the start of the project, methods for HBCD and TBBP-A analysis in environmental samples were neither available in the group of research institutes in charge of this project, nor in the literature. HBCD consists of three different diastereomers (often just called, although not completely correct, isomers). At temperatures above 160-190°C thermal rearrangements can take place. That means that a gas chromatographic (GC) method may be prone to errors as regards the quantification of the total HBCD concentration. A GC separation of the three diastereomers is, at the current state-of-the-art not possible. As it was expected that certain industrial processes applied by the users of HBCD would result in a different isomer profile than that in the technical HBCD mixture, it was highly desirable for this project to develop an high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the isomer-specific determination of HBCD. Consequently, a block of time was reserved for the development of methods, including an entire new method for the isomer specific analysis of HBCD. Because more difficulties than expected were met in this phase, the project was delayed by ca. 6 weeks. Apart from this delay, which seems very acceptable given the substantial risk factor of this part of the project, the progress was good and a large and consistent data set has been obtained, from which a lot can be learned about the occurrence and behaviour of HBCD and TBBP-A in the aquatic environment.

Download or read book Hexabromocyclododecane as a possible global POP written by Nordiska Ministerrådet and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Environmental Health Perspectives written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Brominated Flame Retardants written by Ethel Eljarrat and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-04-15 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brominated flame retardants are one of the last classes of halogenated compounds that are still being produced worldwide and used in large quantities in many applications. They are used in plastics, textiles, electronic circuitry, and other materials to prevent fires. This volume covers the state-of-the-art of the analysis, fate and behaviour of brominated flame retardants. Experts in the field provide an overview of the compounds’ physico-chemical properties and uses, their occurrence in the environment and biota, advanced chemical analytical methods, degradation studies, toxicological effects and human exposure. This book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information for environmental scientists interested in brominated flame retardant issues, and for authorities and producers.

Download or read book Biological Effects of Contaminants in Marine Pelagic Ecosystems written by Ketil Hylland and published by Setac Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Water Quality written by Vladimir Novotny and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002-11-08 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides all new material on urban, industrial, and highway pollution, as well as on management and restoration of streams, lakes, and watershed management techniques. * Includes revised chapters on agricultural diffuse pollution; control of urban, highway, and industrial diffuse pollution; and wetlands considerations. * All regulatory data is up to date, with new material provided on judicial law based on significant decisions made in recent years.

Download or read book Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame Retardant Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-06 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.

Download or read book Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment written by Leo M.L. Nollet and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-03 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed handbook covers different chromatographic analysis techniques and chromatographic data for compounds found in air, water, and soil, and sludge. The new edition outlines developments relevant to environmental analysis, especially when using chromatographic mass spectrometric techniques. It addresses new issues, new lines of discussion, and new findings, and develops in greater detail the aspects related to chromatographic analysis in the environment. It also includes different analytical methodologies, addresses instrumental aspects, and outlines conclusions and perspectives for the future.

Download or read book Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality written by John Ryder and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This technical paper compiles the state of knowledge on seafood safety and quality with the aim to provide a succinct yet comprehensive resource book to seafood quality and safety managers, including topics on emerging issues such as new pathogens, the impact of climate change on seafood safety, and the changing regulatory framework. After introductory chapters about world fish production, trade, consumption and nutrition, and about the developments in safety and quality systems, the technical paper devotes a chapter to a detailed review of the hazards causing public health concerns in fish and fish products, covering biological (pathogenic bacteria, histamine, viruses, parasites and biotoxins), chemical (veterinary drugs, industrial organic contaminants, environmental inorganic contaminants and allergens) and physical hazards. This is followed by a chapter on seafood spoilage and quality issues, while a further chapter covers the likely impact of climate change on seafood safety. The latter chapter focuses on impacts on microbiological safety and on harmful algal blooms. A further chapter provides a detailed coverage of the implementation and certification of seafood safety systems covering risk mitigation and management tools, with a detailed description of the requirements for the implementation of: good hygiene practices and good manufacturing practices; the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system; and the monitoring programmes to control biotoxins, pathogenic bacteria and viruses and chemical pollutants. It concludes with a section on private labelling and certification schemes. The subsequent chapter details the international framework, covering the World Trade Organization, the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, and the World Organisation for Animal Health. It then presents the regulatory frameworks governing seafood trade in the European Union (Member Organization), the United States of America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. --Page v.

Download or read book Life in Extreme Environments written by Guido di Prisco and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-15 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A diverse account of how life exists in extreme environments and these systems' susceptibility and resilience to climate change.

Download or read book New Types of Persistent Halogenated Compounds written by Jaakko Paasivirta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-01-26 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environ mental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over five million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about hundred and fifty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modifications, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to 15 million inhabitants produce large quantities of waste in relatively small and confined areas. Much of the chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into the environment either during production, storage, transport, use or ultimate disposal. These released materials participate in natural cycles and reactions and frequently lead to interference and disturbance of natural systems.

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Benzene written by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report written by Northern Contaminants Program (Canada) and published by Northern Contaminants Program. This book was released on 2003 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Role of Ecological Chemistry in Pollution Research and Sustainable Development written by Ali Mufit Bahadir and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-08-03 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Development has become the leading concept of the 21 century. It describes a development, which agrees with the needs of the present generation but does not endanger the chances of the coming generations to satisfy also their needs. “Sustainable development” has become an important general goal for all fields of life like economy, ecology and social balance. The development and shaping of our future has been discussed internationally like on the summits of the Conferences in Rio and in Johannesburg. But this is also a topic on national base in various countries. Leading authorities in various fields of economy and politics have also accepted this concept. Although the concept of sustainable development has been generally accepted, there are still problems how to achieve and evaluate these general goals. It is clear that the definitions about the prime needs vary from man to man, from country to country and from continent to continent. But pollution does not respect national borders. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the politics of economy, ecology and social demands by a synergistic way that they are strengthened by each other. If it is not possible to stop tendencies, which threaten the future quality of life, the cost demands of societies will dramatically increase and negative tendencies will become irreversible.

Download or read book Emerging Organic Contaminants in Sludges written by Teresa Vicent and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are a growing number of new chemicals in the environment that represent an ascertained or potential risk. Many of them can be found in sewage sludge and are the subject of this volume. Experts in the field highlight their occurrence and fate, risks of biosolid use, advanced chemical analysis methods, and degradation techniques with a special focus on biodegradation using fungi. In the final chapter conclusions and trends are offered as a point of departure for future studies. The double-disciplinary approach combining environmental analysis and engineering makes the book a valuable and comprehensive source of information for a broad audience, such as environmental chemists and engineers, biotechnologists, ecotoxicologists and professionals responsible for waste and water management.

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for N nitrosodimethylamine written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Life Safety written by Crisan Popescu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-02 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mass spectrometry (MS) along with its hyphenated techniques is capable of high throughput, sensitivity, accuracy and selectivity for the analysis of structure and composition of almost any product. Like in electrophoresis, MS separates mo- cules based on the mass-to-charge ratio. In case of gel electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE), a well-known and efficient bioanalytical technique, proteins bear negative charges but have the same charge density, so proteins are separated according to their size. Similarly, in case of MS analysis, proteins carry the same charge, and are separated by their molecular weight. Unlike SDS-PAGE, however, modern ultra high resolution MS discerns very small mass differences and can resolve and completely identify in a single experiment species of the same nominal mass in complex biological mixtures. Consequently, MS can be used for the structural characterization, identification and sensitive detection of mixtures of biomolecules or for assessing the quality of isolated proteins (purity, integrity, or post-translational modifications, for example), carbohydrates, nucleic acids, drugs, metabolites, pollutants etc. In the post-genome era, MS is continuously developing as one of the most re- able analytical method for elucidating the structure of molecules originating from various biological matrices. The potential of MS for high-sensitive structural a- lyses became unsurpassable after the introduction of electrospray (ESI) and matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI) methods, on one hand, and the pos- bility to deduce in detail unknown biopolymer structures by highly accurate mo- cular mass measurement followed by sequencing using dissociation techniques based on multiple stage MS, on the other.