Download or read book Growth of Bear Damaged Trees in a Mixed Plantation of Douglas Fir and Red Alder written by U S Department of Agriculture and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-06-26 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incidence and effects of tree damage by black bear (Ursus americanus altifrontalis) in a 50-year-old, coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) plantation are described. Bears girdled or partially girdled 35 dominant or codominant Douglas-fir trees per acre, but only in that portion of the plantation that had been interplanted at age 4 with red alder (Alnus rubra Bong). No red alder were damaged. Bears damaged Douglas-fir in this stand on at least four occasions between 1929 (planting) and 1991. Fully girdled Douglas-fir (six per acre in 1976) died within 2 to 14 years. Of the 29 per acre partially girdled trees, 17 percent died in the 16 years of observation, compared to 9 percent of nondamaged trees. Crosssectional growth of surviving damaged trees exceeded that of matched, nondamaged trees by about 30 percent at three heights on the bole: 6 ft, 4.5 ft, and immediately above the damaged area. Death of six large Douglas-fir trees per acre reduced live stand volume of this species for about 6 years after bear damage until growth of the remaining trees compensated for the volume lost to mortality. Confirmation of the stimulating effects of bear damage on subsequent tree growth is needed at other locations.
Download or read book Growth of Bear damaged Trees in a Mixed Plantation of Douglas fir and Red Alder written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Growth of Bear damaged Trees in a Mixed Plantation of Douglas fir and Red Alder written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Paper PNW written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Early Survival and Growth of Planted Douglas fir with Red Alder in Four Mixed Regimes written by Marshall D. Murray and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Paper PNW RP written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Early Survival and Growth of Planted Douglas Fir With Red Alder in Four Mixed Regimes Classic Reprint written by Marshall D. Murray and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-09-16 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Early Survival and Growth of Planted Douglas-Fir With Red Alder in Four Mixed Regimes Keywords: Silvicultural systems, mixed stands, competition (plant), nitrogen fixation, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, red alder, Alnus rubra. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book Early Survival and Growth of Planted Douglas fir with Red Alder in Four Mixed Regimes written by Marshall D. Murray and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Forest Research written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Multi Spatial Scale Economic Analysis of the Impacts of Bear Damage to Douglas fir on Private Timberlands in the Pacific Northwest written by Kristina N. Kline and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black bears (Ursus americanus) in western Oregon and Washington peel bark from conifers in early spring to forage on the sugar-rich phloem and cambial tissues. This provides important energy at a time when similarly attractive forage is scarce. Bears often damage Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees in stands that are intensively managed for timber production, as management activities including thinning and fertilization increase productivity. Fully girdled trees result in a complete economic loss while partial girdling reduces survival rates as well as merchantable volume. Previous studies on economic impacts have assessed only those losses to fully girdled trees, but not additional impacts from wounded trees. We surveyed four severely damaged stands to assess economic impacts at the stand-level, and surveyed 122 randomly selected vulnerable stands to assess economic impacts at the landscape-level. Two damage scenarios were considered. Scenario one accounted for the additional mortality and volume losses from partially girdled trees, whereas scenario two assumed that all bear-peeled trees resulted in a complete loss. Stand volumes were estimated using the Forest Vegetation Simulator growth and yield model. Economic losses were estimated using the Fuel Reduction Cost Simulator and present value models. At the stand-level, economic losses to severe bear damage in scenario one ranged from $6,100 to $24,500. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $19,500 to $74,700. Undamaged stands were valued from $43K-$250K. At the landscape level, economic losses to vulnerable stands in scenario one ranged from $44,500 to $726,000. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $169,000 to $2.8M. Undamaged stands were valued from $48M-$780.5M. Root disease was a more prevalent damage agent than black bear damage. The majority of bear damage observed (92%) was older (>2 yrs) and existed at a low frequency (1.5 bear damaged trees/ha) and severity across the landscape. Our results suggest that bear damage management over the last two decades may have reached a level of efficiency at reducing damage, and if continued, bear damage may remain at low levels across the landscape. On-the-ground monitoring of the status of bear damage frequency and severity across western Oregon and Washington at both the stand and landscape levels will provide an understanding of these changes over time as a result of management decisions.
Download or read book Forest Stewardship Notes written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Real Gardens Grow Natives written by Eileen M Stark and published by Mountaineers Books. This book was released on 2014-09-24 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CLICK HERE to download sample native plants from Real Gardens Grow Natives For many people, the most tangible and beneficial impact they can have on the environment is right in their own yard. Aimed at beginning and veteran gardeners alike, Real Gardens Grow Natives is a stunningly photographed guide that helps readers plan, implement, and sustain a retreat at home that reflects the natural world. Gardening with native plants that naturally belong and thrive in the Pacific Northwest’s climate and soil not only nurtures biodiversity, but provides a quintessential Northwest character and beauty to yard and neighborhood! For gardeners and conservationists who lack the time to read through lengthy design books and plant lists or can’t afford a landscape designer, Real Gardens Grow Natives is accessible yet comprehensive and provides the inspiration and clear instruction needed to create and sustain beautiful, functional, and undemanding gardens. With expert knowledge from professional landscape designer Eileen M. Stark, Real Gardens Grow Natives includes: * Detailed profiles of 100 select native plants for the Pacific Northwest west of the Cascades, plus related species, helping make plant choice and placement. * Straightfoward methods to enhance or restore habitat and increase biodiversity * Landscape design guidance for various-sized yards, including sample plans * Ways to integrate natives, edibles, and nonnative ornamentals within your garden * Specific planting procedures and secrets to healthy soil * Techniques for propagating your own native plants * Advice for easy, maintenance using organic methods
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 1254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Saplings written by Noel Streatfeild and published by Persephone Books. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "First published in 1945 by Collins"--Copyright page.
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1989-08 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Paper PNW written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tree Diseases of Eastern Canada written by D. T. Myren and published by Canadian Forest Service, Science and Sustainable Development Directorate. This book was released on 1994 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Descriptions of tree diseases, divided into those for leaves and needles, stems and branches, roots, and cones, and caused by animals and insects. For each disease, information is given on host, distribution, effects on hosts, identifying features, life history, control, related information, and a bibliography. Identifying features include macroscopic characters and those that could be observed with a 10x microscopic lens.
