Download or read book Growing Graphene on Semiconductors written by Nunzio Motta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Graphene, the wonder material of the 21st century, is expected to play an important role in future nanoelectronic applications, but the only way to achieve this goal is to grow graphene directly on a semiconductor, integrating it in the chain for the production of electronic circuits and devices. This book summarizes the latest achievements in this field, with particular attention to the graphitization of SiC. Through high-temperature annealing in a controlled environment, it is possible to decompose the topmost SiC layers, obtaining quasi-ideal graphene by Si sublimation with record electronic mobilities, while selective growth on patterned structures makes possible the opening of a gap by quantum confinement. The book starts with a review chapter on the significance and challenges of graphene growth on semiconductors, followed by three chapters dedicated to an up-to-date analysis of the synthesis of graphene in ultrahigh vacuum, and concludes with two chapters discussing possible ways of tailoring the electronic band structure of epitaxial graphene by atomic intercalation and of creating a gap by the growth of templated graphene nanostructures.
Download or read book Graphene and VLSI Interconnects written by Cher-Ming Tan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-24 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copper (Cu) has been used as an interconnection material in the semiconductor industry for years owing to its best balance of conductivity and performance. However, it is running out of steam as it is approaching its limits with respect to electrical performance and reliability. Graphene is a non-metal material, but it can help to improve electromigration (EM) performance of Cu because of its excellent properties. Combining graphene with Cu for very large-scale integration (VLSI) interconnects can be a viable solution. The incorporation of graphene into Cu allows the present Cu fabrication back-end process to remain unaltered, except for the small step of “inserting” graphene into Cu. Therefore, it has a great potential to revolutionize the VLSI integrated circuit (VLSI-IC) industry and appeal for further advancement of the semiconductor industry. This book is a compilation of comprehensive studies done on the properties of graphene and its synthesis methods suitable for applications of VLSI interconnects. It introduces the development of a new method to synthesize graphene, wherein it not only discusses the method to grow graphene over Cu but also allows the reader to know how to optimize graphene growth, using statistical design of experiments (DoE), on Cu interconnects in order to obtain good-quality and reliable interconnects. It provides a basic understanding of graphene–Cu interaction mechanism and evaluates the electrical and EM performance of graphenated Cu interconnects.
Download or read book Graphene Nanoelectronics written by Raghu Murali and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-13 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how will graphene can be used as a replacement for Silicon technology “ and the potential benefits of using graphene in a wide variety of electronic applications. Graphene has emerged as a potential candidate to replace traditional CMOS for a number of electronic applications; this book presents the latest advances in graphene nanoelectronics and details its use in alternative channel materials, on-chip interconnects, heat spreaders, RF transistors, NEMS, and sensors. The book also provides details on the various methods to grow graphene, including epitaxial, CVD, and chemical methods. With the growing interest in this material, this book serves as a spring-board for anyone trying to start working on this topic. The book is also suitable to experts who wish to update themselves with the latest findings in the field.
Download or read book Handbook of Graphene Volume 1 written by Edvige Celasco and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-06-28 with total page 875 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning graphene materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry. The Handbook of Graphene comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of the advanced materials. The Handbook of Graphene comprises 140 chapters from world renowned experts. Volume 1 is solely focused on Growth, Synthesis, and Functionalization of Graphene. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Graphite in metallic materials-growths, structures and defects of spheroidal graphite in ductile iron; synthesis and quality optimization; methods of synthesis and physico-chemical properties of fluorographenes; graphene-SiC reinforced hybrid composite foam: response to high strain rate deformation; atomic structure and electronic properties of few-layer graphene on SiC(001); features and prospects for epitaxial graphene on SiC; graphitic carbon/graphene on Si(111) via direct deposition of solid-state carbon atoms: growth mechanism and film characterization; chemical reactivity and variation in electronical properties of graphene on Ni(111) and reduced graphene oxide; chlorophyll and graphene: a new paradigm of biomimetic symphony; graphene structures: from preparations to applications; three-dimensional graphene-based structures: production methods, properties and applications; electrochemistry of graphene materials; hydrogen functionalized graphene nanostructure material for spintronic application; the impact of uniaxial strain and defect pattern on magnetoelectronic and transport properties of graphene; exploiting graphene as an efficient catalytic template for organic transformations: synthesis, characterization and activity evaluation of graphene-based catalysts; exfoliated graphene based 2D materials; synthesis and catalytic behaviors; functionalization of graphene with molecules and/or nanoparticles for advanced applications; carbon allotropes "between diamond and graphite": how to create semiconductor properties in graphene and related structures.
Download or read book Epitaxial Graphene on Silicon Carbide written by Gemma Rius and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-19 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book dedicated exclusively to epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide (EG-SiC). It comprehensively addresses all fundamental aspects relevant for the study and technology development of EG materials and their applications, using quantum Hall effect studies and probe techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic resolution imaging based on transmission electron microscopy. It presents the state of the art of the synthesis of EG-SiC and profusely explains it as a function of SiC substrate characteristics such as polytype, polarity, and wafer cut as well as the in situ and ex situ conditioning techniques, including H2 pre-deposition annealing and chemical mechanical polishing. It also describes growth studies, including the most popular characterization techniques, such as ultrahigh-vacuum, partial-pressure, or graphite-cap sublimation techniques, for high-quality controlled deposition. The book includes relevant examples on synthesis and characterization techniques as well as device fabrication processing and performance and complements them with theoretical modeling and simulation studies, which are helpful in the fundamental comprehension of EG-SiC substrates and their potential use in electronic applications. It addresses the fundamental aspects of EG-SiC using quantum Hall effect studies as well as probe techniques, such as scanning tunneling microscopy or atomic resolution imaging based on transmission electron microscopy. It comprises chapters that present reviews and vision on the current state of the art of experts in physics, electronic engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology from Europe and Asia.
Download or read book Physics of Graphene written by Hideo Aoki and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-17 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a state of the art report of the knowledge accumulated in graphene research. The fascination with graphene has been growing very rapidly in recent years and the physics of graphene is now becoming one of the most interesting as well as the most fast-moving topics in condensed-matter physics. The Nobel prize in physics awarded in 2010 has given a tremendous impetus to this topic. The horizon of the physics of graphene is ever becoming wider, where physical concepts go hand in hand with advances in experimental techniques. Thus this book is expanding the interests to not only transport but optical and other properties for systems that include multilayer as well as monolayer graphene systems. The book comprises experimental and theoretical knowledge. The book is also accessible to graduate students.
Download or read book Characterization of Selective Epitaxial Graphene Growth on Silicon Carbide written by Farhana Zaman and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for post-CMOS nanoelectronics has led to the investigation of innovative device structures and materials. Graphene, a zero bandgap semiconductor with ballistic transport properties, has great potential to extend diversification and miniaturization beyond the limits of CMOS. The goal of this work is to study the growth of graphene on SiC using the novel method of selective graphitization. The major contributions of this research are as follows - First, epitaxial graphene is successfully grown on selected regions of SiC not capped by AlN deposited by molecular beam epitaxy. This contribution enables the formation of electronic-grade graphene in desired patterns without having to etch the graphene or expose it to any detrimental contact with external chemicals. Etching of AlN opens up windows to the SiC in desirable patterns for subsequent graphitization without leaving etch-residues (determined by XPS). Second, the impact of process parameters on the growth of graphene is investigated. Temperature, time, and argon pressure are the primary growth-conditions altered. A temperature of 1400oC in 1 mbar argon for 20 min produced the most optimal graphene growth without significant damage to the AlN capping-layer. Third, first-ever electronic transport measurements are achieved on the selective epitaxial graphene. Hall mobility of about 1550 cm2/Vs has been obtained to date. Finally, the critical limitations of the selective epitaxial graphene growth are enumerated. The advent of enhanced processing techniques that will overcome these limitations will create a multitude of opportunities for applications for graphene grown in this manner. It is envisaged to be a viable approach to fabrication of radio-frequency field-effect transistors.
Download or read book Synthesis Characterization and Processing of Exotic 2d Materials Beyond Graphene Via Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique written by Robert Cristian Ionescu and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade, since the introduction of graphene in 2004, 2D materials have become a very hot topic. Excellent chemical and mechanical stability along with incredible transport carrier properties, graphene has sparked interest in other 2D materials. Graphene has a portfolio of applications but, lack of a band gap hinders its potential in semiconductor applications which has pushed researcher to look at more exotic 2D materials with semiconductor properties. This new class of 2D semiconductors under the form of MX2 which is composed or a transition metal and a chalcogen atom. Mobility is good for low energy loss transmission of electrons from one point to another and is an important aspect in electronics and optoelectronics which apply to conductivity and light absorption. In conductors usually we have an overlap of the valence and conduction band where electrons move freely on the other side of the spectrum we have insulators where the gap between the valence and conduction band are too large to feasible transition between to allow for conductivity. Semiconductor are located in between these two extremes with enough gap where electrons only require a small amount of energy for them to move from one side to another. This concept is very important when talking about light interactions and absorption. In order for these devices to be feasible we need band gap to exist in the spectrum of visible light. Semiconductors have a high and low resistance states which has an on/off ration making a semiconductor of interest in many applications such as transistors and photodetectors. Direct bang gap in photodetector rely on transfer of photons and we can achieve this by using monolayer semiconductor materials. In order to be able to obtain all these properties we would have to be able to synthesize all these new 2D materials in the first place. In this work synthesis methods were studied to try to understand these materials and achieve large area growth. First we start with powered growth of novel semiconductor materials and move to a scalable liquid technique that is potentially able achieve wafer scale growth.
Download or read book Recent Advances in Graphene Nanophotonics written by Shobhit K. Patel and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-20 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are growing advantages to the use of graphene-based nanophotonics in communication, sensing, security, safety, spectroscopy, manufacturing, biomedicine, agriculture, imaging, and other fields. These advantages, as well as the numerous challenges associated with this technology and proposed solutions to these challenges, are summarized in this book. The key objective of the book is to serve as a single-source reference for the rapidly expanding application aspects of the technology of graphene-based nanophotonics, as well as the number of modules required for their successful implementation. This book seeks to give readers a comprehensive understanding of several elements of graphene-based nanophotonics, such as emerging application areas, the design and modelling of sensors, absorbers, optical fiber, encoders, etc. A complete view of the progress and breakthroughs in novel materials for sensing, detecting and encoding technology is presented. The book also emphasizes the consequences of THz signals on human health, as well as the environmental components of THz. This book will be of tremendous value for those with an interest in electronic engineering, particularly those keeping an eye on this emerging technology.
Download or read book Frontiers of Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes written by Kazuhiko Matsumoto and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-13 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on carbon nanotubes and graphene as representatives of nano-carbon materials, and describes the growth of new technology and applications of new devices. As new devices and as new materials, nano-carbon materials are expected to be world pioneers that could not have been realized with conventional semiconductor materials, and as those that extend the limits of conventional semiconductor performance. This book introduces the latest achievements of nano-carbon devices, processes, and technology growth. It is anticipated that these studies will also be pioneers in the development of future research of nano-carbon devices and materials. This book consists of 18 chapters. Chapters 1 to 8 describe new device applications and new growth methods of graphene, and Chapters 9 to 18, those of carbon nanotubes. It is expected that by increasing the advantages and overcoming the weak points of nanocarbon materials, a new world that cannot be achieved with conventional materials will be greatly expanded. We strongly hope this book contributes to its development.
Download or read book Applications of Graphene written by E. L. Wolf and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-04 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Graphene is presented and analyzed as a replacement for silicon. The Primary focus is on solar cell and CMOS device technologies, with attention to the fabrication methods, including extensions needed, in each case. Specialized applications for graphene within the existing silicon technology are discussed and found to be promising.
Download or read book Crystal Growth of Graphene Films and Graphene Nanoribbons Via Chemical Vapor Deposition written by Robert Michael Jacobberger and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon allotrope that has exceptional properties, including high charge carrier mobility, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and flexibility. Graphene is a semimetal, prohibiting its use in semiconductor applications in which a bandgap is required. However, graphene can be transformed from a semimetal into a semiconductor if it is confined into one-dimensional nanoribbons narrower than 10 nm with well-defined armchair edges. In this work, we study the crystal growth of graphene via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which is the most promising method to produce graphene films on the industrial scale. We explore the growth of isolated graphene crystals, continuous graphene films, and narrow graphene nanoribbons with armchair edges. We gain key insight into the critical growth parameters and mechanisms that influence the crystal morphology, orientation, defect density, and evolution, providing an empirical understanding of the diverse growth behaviors observed in literature. Using this knowledge, we synthesize graphene with remarkably low pinhole density and achieve high-quality graphene at 750 [degrees]C on Cu(111), which is over 250 [degrees]C lower than the temperature typically used to grow graphene on copper from methane. We also describe our breakthrough in graphene nanoribbon synthesis. Highly anisotropic nanoribbons are formed on Ge(001) if an exceptionally slow growth rate is used. The nanoribbons are self-defining with predominantly smooth armchair edges, are self-aligning, and have tunable width to 10 nm. High-performance field-effect transistors incorporating these nanoribbons as channels display high conductance modulation 10,000 and high conductance> 5 [mu]S. This directional and anisotropic growth enables the fabrication of semiconducting nanoribbons directly on conventional semiconductor wafers and, thus, promises to allow the integration of nanoribbons into future hybrid integrated circuits. We additionally report our discovery that chemical patterns consisting of alternating stripes of graphene and germanium can direct the self-assembly of block copolymers into rationally-designed patterns with nanoscale features. Density multiplication of 10 is achieved and faster assembly kinetics are observed on graphene/germanium templates than on conventional chemical patterns based on polymer mats and brushes. This work opens the door for extensive assembly studies on chemical patterns based on two-dimensional materials.
Download or read book Growth Mechanism and Interfacial Electronic Properties of Graphene and Silicene Two Dimensional Semiconductor Materials written by Kun Chen (Ph. D.) and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aforementioned four sub-topics form the mechanistic understanding of graphene growth by PAHs and interfacial electronic properties of graphene and silicene down to the molecular level.
Download or read book Graphene Growth and Transfer and Beyond written by Yuxi Wang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Graphene is a promising material for electronic and mechanical applications due to its excellent charge carrier mobility, two-dimensional structure, and tensile strength, which is ten times higher than steel for the same thickness. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of graphene on metal surfaces is a relatively economical process for producing it. It requires moderate initial capital investment and produces high-quality, large-area, multi-domain graphene on metals that are usually transferred to another appropriate substrate, depending on the application. We introduce methods of CVD polycrystalline and single crystalline graphene growth and various monolayer graphene transfer techniques from its copper foil growth substrate to a SiO2/Si wafer with nearly 100% graphene coverage and minimal content of defects in the final graphene film. We also stack multiple layers on top of each other to form multilayer graphene. Theoretical calculations have predicted the opening of an electronic band gap in a graphene bilayer with interlayer covalent bonds, making it a semiconductor, which is vital for electronics applications. Here we investigate the effectiveness of various processing methods in forming such bonds and importantly identify techniques to detect their existence and their distribution in the graphene plane. We have evidence that plasma treatment and annealing in various atmospheres of bilayer or multilayer graphene produce such interlayer covalent bonds. During the process, two-dimensional graphene - diamond nanocomposite superstructures formed through interlayer covalent bonding of twisted bilayer and multilayer graphene. The interlayer bonding is induced by spontaneously patterned hydrogenation that leads to the formation of superlattices of two-dimensional diamond nanodomains embedded between the graphene layers. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy are used for chemical bonding characterization. Transmission Electron Diffraction is used to study the structural change before and after interlayer bond formation. Back-gate graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) are fabricated for electrical characterization, UV-Vis spectroscopy was conducted to characterize the materials' optical absorption behavior and the tunable optical bandgap opening after the interlayer bonds formation. We also demonstrate the importance of controlling the twist angle in bilayer graphene and show how the method of transferring epitaxial single crystalline graphene from SiC wafers enables accurate control of the twist angle.
Download or read book Predicting Growth of Graphene Nanostructures Using High fidelity Atomistic Simulations written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this project we developed t he atomistic models needed to predict how graphene grows when carbon is deposited on metal and semiconductor surfaces. We first calculated energies of many carbon configurations using first principles electronic structure calculations and then used these energies to construct an empirical bond order potentials that enable s comprehensive molecular dynamics simulation of growth. We validated our approach by comparing our predictions to experiments of graphene growth on Ir, Cu and Ge. The robustness of ou r understanding of graphene growth will enable high quality graphene to be grown on novel substrates which will expand the number of potential types of graphene electronic devices.
Download or read book Graphene Growth on Low Carbon Solubility Metals written by Joseph Monroe Wofford and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in synthesis are imperative if graphene is to fulfill its scientific and technological potential. Single crystal graphene of is currently available only in the small flakes generated by mechanical exfoliation. Layers of larger size may be grown either by the thermal decomposition of SiC or by chemical vapor deposition on metals. However, as they are currently implemented, these methods yield graphene films of inferior quality. Thus the requirement for wafer-scale, high-quality graphene films remains unmet. This dissertation addresses this issue by examining graphene growth on metal surfaces. Through a survey of the fundamental underlying processes, it provides guidance for improving the quality of the resulting graphene films. Graphene was grown on Cu(100), Cu(111), and Au(111) by physical vapor deposition of elemental C. The nucleation and growth behaviors of graphene were evaluated by low-energy electron microscopy. Graphene tends to nucleate heterogeneously at surface imperfections although it also does so homogeneously on Cu(111) and Au(111). Graphene growing on Cu(100) is governed by the attachment kinetics of C at the propagating crystal front. The resulting angularly dependent growth rate sculpts individual crystals into elongated lobes. In contrast, graphene growth on both Cu(111) and Au(111) is surface diffusion limited. This yields ramified, dendritic graphene islands. Graphene films grown on Cu(100) contain significant rotational disorder. This disorder is partially attributable to the symmetry mismatch between film and substrate. The common symmetry between graphene and Cu(111) contributes to a significant reduction in disorder in films grown on this surface. Most graphene domains occupy a 6̃o arc of orientations. On Au(111) the vast majority of graphene domains are locked into alignment with the substrate surface. The extraordinary extent of their orientational homogeneity is such that the resulting graphene film is a quasi-single crystal. The findings presented illustrate how metal species and crystal symmetry influence the structural properties of monolayer graphene. The selection of an optimal substrate for graphene growth can significantly reduce crystalline disorder in the resulting film.
Download or read book Advances in the Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene for Electronics Applications written by Mario Hofmann and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Graphene, a monoatomic sheet of graphite, has recently received significant attention because of its potential impact in a wide variety of research areas. This thesis presents progress on improving the quality of graphene for electronics applications. An analysis tool was developed that provides a fast and scalable way to reveal the defectiveness of CVD grown graphene. This approach relies on a graphene passivated etching process that was found to be sensitive to structural defects in the graphene film. A strong correlation between the density of structural defects and the electron mobility emphasizes their importance for high quality graphene devices. The dimensions of graphene defects were found to be nanometer-sized and it was demonstrated that the defects exhibit novel fluid dynamical properties. The graphene synthesis process was investigated using the described analysis tool and the kinetics of graphene formation was revealed. The influence of promoters on the growth process was described and analyzed. The new insight into the growth process was applied to a novel approach to directly synthesize graphene patterns by catalyst passivation. Several advantages of this method over existing fabrication schemes were described and a number of applications based on these improvements were shown.
