Download or read book Paper Machines written by Markus Krajewski and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2011-08-19 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why the card catalog—a “paper machine” with rearrangeable elements—can be regarded as a precursor of the computer. Today on almost every desk in every office sits a computer. Eighty years ago, desktops were equipped with a nonelectronic data processing machine: a card file. In Paper Machines, Markus Krajewski traces the evolution of this proto-computer of rearrangeable parts (file cards) that became ubiquitous in offices between the world wars. The story begins with Konrad Gessner, a sixteenth-century Swiss polymath who described a new method of processing data: to cut up a sheet of handwritten notes into slips of paper, with one fact or topic per slip, and arrange as desired. In the late eighteenth century, the card catalog became the librarian's answer to the threat of information overload. Then, at the turn of the twentieth century, business adopted the technology of the card catalog as a bookkeeping tool. Krajewski explores this conceptual development and casts the card file as a “universal paper machine” that accomplishes the basic operations of Turing's universal discrete machine: storing, processing, and transferring data. In telling his story, Krajewski takes the reader on a number of illuminating detours, telling us, for example, that the card catalog and the numbered street address emerged at the same time in the same city (Vienna), and that Harvard University's home-grown cataloging system grew out of a librarian's laziness; and that Melvil Dewey (originator of the Dewey Decimal System) helped bring about the technology transfer of card files to business.

Download or read book Thinking in Boxes digital original edition written by Markus Krajewski and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This BIT chronicles the history of the predigital “scholar's machine”: a box of paper slips that acted both as memory aid and text generator. In it, Markus Krajewski describes the scholar's box as a form of data protection, tracing its genealogy beginning with peculiar excerption techniques of early nineteenth century scholars.

Download or read book Human Information Retrieval written by Julian Warner and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-09-25 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overview of information retrieval rooted in the humanities and social sciences but informed by an understanding of information technology and information theory. Information retrieval in the age of Internet search engines has become part of ordinary discourse and everyday practice: “Google” is a verb in common usage. Thus far, more attention has been given to practical understanding of information retrieval than to a full theoretical account. In Human Information Retrieval, Julian Warner offers a comprehensive overview of information retrieval, synthesizing theories from different disciplines (information and computer science, librarianship and indexing, and information society discourse) and incorporating such disparate systems as WorldCat and Google into a single, robust theoretical framework. There is a need for such a theoretical treatment, he argues, one that reveals the structure and underlying patterns of this complex field while remaining congruent with everyday practice. Warner presents a labor theoretic approach to information retrieval, building on his previously formulated distinction between semantic and syntactic mental labor, arguing that the description and search labor of information retrieval can be understood as both semantic and syntactic in character. Warner's information science approach is rooted in the humanities and the social sciences but informed by an understanding of information technology and information theory. The chapters offer a progressive exposition of the topic, with illustrative examples to explain the concepts presented. Neither narrowly practical nor largely speculative, Human Information Retrieval meets the contemporary need for a broader treatment of information and information systems.

Download or read book Good Faith Collaboration written by Joseph Michael Reagle and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wikipedia is famously an encyclopedia "anyone can edit," and Reagle examines Wikipedia's openness and several challenges to it: technical features that limit vandalism to articles; private actions to mitigate potential legal problems; and Wikipedia's own internal bureaucratization. He explores Wikipedia's process of consensus (reviewing a dispute over naming articles on television shows) and examines the way leadership and authority work in an open content community.

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessing s Sammtliche Schriften V8 1855 written by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and published by . This book was released on 2009-02 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true to the original work.

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessings s mtliche schriften 21 bd Briefe von und an G E Lessing in f nf b nden 1904 1907 written by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessings s mtliche schriften Briefe von und an G E Lessing in f nf B nden 1904 1907 written by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Author Catalog written by Library of Congress and published by . This book was released on 1953 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessing written by Helen Zimmern and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-11 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: His Life and His Works English version of the chief portion of the 'drama turgie.' This valuable work will therefore soon be accessible to the English student. While treating of Lessing's writings, I have kept in memory his own caution, that one must not exhaust one's author; and while treating of his life, I have endeavoured to remember that I am not writing for a German public, and have consequently omitted or touched lightly upon various minute matters unlikely to interest English readers. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessing written by Karl Siegfried Guthke and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessings Fabeln 1759 written by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and published by . This book was released on 2009-07 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true to the original work.

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessing written by Helen Zimmern and published by Nabu Press. This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessing written by Gerhard Bauer and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessing His Life and His Works written by Helen Zimmern and published by Palala Press. This book was released on 2018-02-15 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Download or read book The Life and Works of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing written by Adolf Wilhelm Theodor Stahr and published by Hardpress Publishing. This book was released on 2019-08-06 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a reproduction of the original artefact. Generally these books are created from careful scans of the original. This allows us to preserve the book accurately and present it in the way the author intended. Since the original versions are generally quite old, there may occasionally be certain imperfections within these reproductions. We're happy to make these classics available again for future generations to enjoy!

Download or read book Gotthold Ephraim Lessing written by Helen Zimmern and published by Palala Press. This book was released on 2015-09-02 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Download or read book LIFE OF GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSI written by John Parker 1841 Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2016-08-29 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: