Download or read book Glycolysis at 75 Is it Time to Tweak the First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway in History written by Avital Schurr and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-07-08 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glycolysis, the pathway of enzymatic reactions responsible for the breakdown of glucose into two trioses and further into pyruvate or lactate, was elucidated in 1940. For more than seven decades, it has been taught precisely the way its sequence was proposed by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas. Accordingly, two outcomes of this pathway were proposed, an aerobic glycolysis, with pyruvate as its final product, and an anaerobic glycolysis, identical to the aerobic one, except for an additional reaction, where pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Several studies in the 1980s have shown that both muscle and brain tissues can oxidize and utilize lactate as an energy substrate, challenging this monocarboxylate’s reputation as a useless end-product of anaerobic glycolysis. These findings were met with great skepticism about the idea that lactate could be playing a role in bioenergetics. In the past quarter of a century monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) were identified and localized in both cellular and mitochondrial membranes. A lactate receptor has been identified. Direct and indirect evidence now indicate that the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) resides not only in the cytosol, as part of the glycolytic pathway machinery, but also in the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mitochondrial form of the enzyme oxidizes lactate to pyruvate and concomitantly produces the reducing agent NADH. These findings have shed light on a major drawback of the originally proposed aerobic version of the glycolytic pathway i.e., its inability to regenerate NAD+, as opposed to anaerobic glycolysis that features the cyclical ability of regenerating NAD+ upon pyruvate reduction to lactate by the cytosolic form of LDH. The malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS), a major redox shuttle in the brain, was proposed as an alternative pathway for NAD+ generation for aerobic glycolysis. Nonetheless, would MAS really be necessary for that function if glycolysis always proceeds to the end-products, lactate and NAD+? An additional dilemma the originally proposed aerobic glycolysis presents has to do with the glycolytic pathway of erythrocytes, which despite its highly aerobic environment, always produces lactate as its end-product. It is time to reexamine the original, dogmatic separation of glycolysis into two distinct pathways and put to test the hypothesis of a unified, singular pathway, the end-product of which is lactate, the real substrate of the mitochondrial TCA cycle.
Download or read book Glycolysis at 75 written by Avital Schurr and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Innovative Medicine written by Kazuwa Nakao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-13 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to innovative medicine, comprising the proceedings of the Uehara Memorial Foundation Symposium 2014. It remains extremely rare for the findings of basic research to be developed into clinical applications, and it takes a long time for the process to be achieved. The task of advancing the development of basic research into clinical reality lies with translational science, yet the field seems to struggle to find a way to move forward. To create innovative medical technology, many steps need to be taken: development and analysis of optimal animal models of human diseases, elucidation of genomic and epidemiological data, and establishment of “proof of concept”. There is also considerable demand for progress in drug research, new surgical procedures, and new clinical devices and equipment. While the original research target may be rare diseases, it is also important to apply those findings more broadly to common diseases. The book covers a wide range of topics and is organized into three complementary parts. The first part is basic research for innovative medicine, the second is translational research for innovative medicine, and the third is new technology for innovative medicine. This book helps to understand innovative medicine and to make progress in its realization.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism written by Byung Hong Kim and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-02-21 with total page 934 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent determination of genome sequences for a wide range of bacteria has made in-depth knowledge of prokaryotic metabolic function essential in order to give biochemical, physiological, and ecological meaning to the genomic information. Clearly describing the important metabolic processes that occur in prokaryotes under different conditions and in different environments, this advanced text provides an overview of the key cellular processes that determine bacterial roles in the environment, biotechnology, and human health. Prokaryotic structure is described as well as the means by which nutrients are transported into cells across membranes. Glucose metabolism through glycolysis and the TCA cycle are discussed, as well as other trophic variations found in prokaryotes, including the use of organic compounds, anaerobic fermentation, anaerobic respiratory processes, and photosynthesis. The regulation of metabolism through control of gene expression and control of the activity of enzymes is also covered, as well as survival mechanisms used under starvation conditions.
Download or read book The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism written by Anne Le and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic alterations in cancer, in addition to being the fundamental drivers of tumorigenesis, can give rise to a variety of metabolic adaptations that allow cancer cells to survive and proliferate in diverse tumor microenvironments. This metabolic flexibility is different from normal cellular metabolic processes and leads to heterogeneity in cancer metabolism within the same cancer type or even within the same tumor. In this book, we delve into the complexity and diversity of cancer metabolism, and highlight how understanding the heterogeneity of cancer metabolism is fundamental to the development of effective metabolism-based therapeutic strategies. Deciphering how cancer cells utilize various nutrient resources will enable clinicians and researchers to pair specific chemotherapeutic agents with patients who are most likely to respond with positive outcomes, allowing for more cost-effective and personalized cancer therapeutic strategies.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Malaria written by and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Malaria represents a vast databank of information about the study of malaria. It provides an overview of the historical, rapid and significant developments that have occurred in malaria research, including the 2002 genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum and its mosquito vector, Anopheles gambiae. This work provides a concise source of up-to-date research findings in the form of definitions and essays and present comprehensive coverage of topics from history to findings to diagnosis and treatment, written by recognized malaria researchers with practical experience. It appeals to a diverse audience, including malaria researchers, teachers, investigators and public health professionals.
Download or read book Prokaryotic Metabolism and Physiology written by Byung Hong Kim and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive and up-to-date review of key metabolic processes in bacteria and archaea and how metabolism is regulated under various conditions.
Download or read book Rapid Review Biochemistry written by John W. Pelley and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2010-08-27 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get the most from your study time, and experience a realistic USMLE simulation with Rapid Review Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, by Drs. John W. Pelley, and Edward F. Goljan. This new reference in the highly rated Rapid Review Series is formatted as a bulleted outline with photographs, tables, and figures that address all the biochemistry information you need to know for the USMLE. And with Student Consult functionality, you can become familiar with the look and feel of the actual exam by taking a timed or a practice online test that includes 350 USMLE-style questions. Author, John Pelley, wins 2010 Alpha Omega Alpha Robert J. Glaser Distinguished Teacher Award John Pelley PhD, an associate author of two popular medical review titles, Rapid Review Biochemistry, and Elsevier's Integrated Review Biochemistry has won the 2010 Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) Robert J. Glaser Distinguished Teacher Award. The award was established by the AOA medical honor society in 1988 to recognize faculty members who have distinguished themselves in medical student education. He is nationally known for applying concept mapping, a learning technique that focuses on building patterns and relationships to concepts, to medical education. Review the most current information with completely updated chapters, images, and questions. Profit from the guidance of series editor, Dr. Edward Goljan, a well-known author of medical review books, who reviewed and edited every question. Take a timed or a practice test online with more than 350 USMLE-style questions and full rationales for why every possible answer is right or wrong. Access all the information you need to know quickly and easily with a user-friendly, two-color outline format that includes High-Yield Margin Notes. Study and take notes more easily with the new, larger page size. Practice with a new testing platform on USMLE Consult that gives you a realistic review experience and fully prepares you for the exam.
Download or read book National Library of Medicine Classification written by National Library of Medicine (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrient Timing written by Chad M. Kerksick and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-10-20 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sports nutrition has evolved beyond what to eat and how much to eat to now include the question of when to eat. A hot topic in sports nutrition, nutrient timing is a dietary concept that takes into account time as a missing dimension in athletic performance and recovery. Not only is the consumption of nutrients in ideal amounts and proportions important, but the timing with which they are administered is also of prime importance—the right nutrients at the ideal time to affect performance and muscular growth. Nutrient Timing: Metabolic Optimization for Health, Performance, and Recovery presents the most authoritative text to date that scientifically examines the contemporary topic of nutrient timing. Worldwide research continues to rapidly explore the metabolic impact of nutrient timing and how its proper application may help to improve performance. With contributions from scientists and practitioners in the field, this book gathers the latest evidence-based information on this cutting-edge area. The chapters cover macronutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids—and their role in sporting activity, as well as an examination of vitamins and minerals. The core of the book focuses on pre-exercise, mid-exercise, and post-exercise considerations for both resistance and aerobically mediated activity. Using the models presented, individuals may improve performance, promote optimal adaptations to training, maximize recovery, and facilitate healthy interactions with their environment. The final chapters of the book describe future concepts in nutrient timing, including the impact of protein source in the context of timing, how nutrient timing can fit in with a comprehensive recovery program, and the application of the ideas discussed in unique populations such as the aged, the military, and populations interested in weight loss. This text provides solid data from the scientists themselves, giving researchers, teachers, coaches, and medical and health care professionals the necessary information they need to accurately and effectively determine how nutrients can impact certain outcomes and, most importantly, how to practically apply this knowledge.
Download or read book Principles of Diabetes Mellitus written by Leonid Poretsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetes mellitus is a very common disease which affects approximately 150,000,000 worldwide. With its prevalence rising rapidly, diabetes continues to mystify and fascinate both practitioners and investigators by its elusive causes and multitude of This textbook is written for endocrinologists, specialists in other disciplines who treat diabetic patients, primary care physicians, housestaff and medical students. It covers, in a concise and clear manner, all aspects of the disease, from its pathogenesis on the molecular and cellular levels to its most modern therapy.
Download or read book Inborn Metabolic Diseases written by K. Tada and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each disease-related chapter begins with a detailed description of the patient and the delineating symptoms used for establishing the diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The highly detailed figures illustrate the metabolic derangement in a uniform way, together with essential aspects of the genetics involved, thus affording clarification and better understanding of the treatment. Topics covered range from general aspects such as the clinical approach, emergency treatment, diagnostic procedures, and psychosocial care for the child and the family, to specific discussions of new modes of treatment, including liver, bone marrow transplantation and somatic gene therapy.
Download or read book Diabetes Literature Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 1820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Contemporary Metabolism written by Norbert Freinkel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is abundantly clear that a number of subtle abnormalities in hypothalamic function are associated with human obesity. Some hormonal abnormalities-the diminished growth hormone responses, for example-are critically dependent on increased caloric intake and are quickly reversible with weight loss. Others, such as the blunted prolactin response to acute hypoglycemia, may persist in the reduced-obese state. Still others (e. g. , the blunted ACTH responses to insulin induced hypoglycemia) may, in some patients, first appear in the reduced-obese state. It remains uncertain whether any of these abnormalities is ever antecedent to the presence of obesity. Obviously, it is difficult to plan experiments in which the amounts of stored triglyceride, the level of caloric intake, and the state or his tory of obesity can all be individually evaluated. The issue is made even more complex by the fact that there may be subgroups of obese in whom hypothalamic function may be abnormal, whereas many obese may have nearly normal hypo thalamic function. It should be remembered that for years clinicians and investigators, working with available research tools, have ruled out pituitary or hypothalamic abnor malities as a cause of human obesity. These tools have oftentimes been no more sophisticated than skull roentgenograms and samples of excreted steroid hormones in 24-hr urine. The advent of radioimmunoassays for peptide hormones and the availability of synthetic releasing hormones have offered possibilities of studying hypothalamic function undreamed of just a few years ago.
Download or read book Role of Metabolism in Regulating Immune Cell Fate Decisions written by Anna Ohradanova-Repic and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-05-26 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We acknowledge the initiation and support of this Research Topic by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). We hereby state publicly that the IUIS has had no editorial input in articles included in this Research Topic, thus ensuring that all aspects of this Research Topic are evaluated objectively, unbiased by any specific policy or opinion of the IUIS.
Download or read book Noradrenergic Signaling and Astroglia written by Nina Vardjan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-07-13 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Noradrenergic Signaling and Astroglia integrates what is known about the active role of astroglia in the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system and outlines the most recent advances in the field. It discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying norepinephrine-induced receptor activation in astroglia, cellular metabolism and CNS energy provision, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, gliosignalling and neuronal activity, and astroglial networks, gap junctions, and morphological plasticity. The book also addresses the role of astroglial adrenergic receptor activation in memory formation, cognition, regulation of sleep homeostasis, and lastly in neurological disorders, including trauma (cellular edema), neurodegeneration (Alzheimer’s disease), and neuroinflammation (multiple sclerosis). Noradrenergic Signaling and Astroglia is a valuable source of new knowledge for a wide audience, including graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and researchers in neuroscience, life sciences, and the biological and biomedical sciences. Covers what is currently known about the role of astroglia in the noradrenergic system Provides biochemical and physiological mechanistic data to understand how noradrenergic signals acting on astroglia produce observed effects Includes figures and tables of structures, mechanisms and processes related to astroglia and noradrenergic signaling in CNS
