Download or read book Geographical Disadvantage written by Anthony Venables and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What effect does distance have on costs for economies at different locations? Exports and imports of final and intermediate goods bear transport costs that increase with distance. Production and trade depend on factor endowments and factor intensities as well as on distance and the transport intensities of different goods"--Cover.
Download or read book Geographical Disadvantage written by Anthony J. Venables and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What effect does distance ...
Download or read book Infrastructure Geographical Disadvantage and Transport Costs written by Nuno Limão and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The median landlocked country has only 30 percent of the trade volume of the median coastal economy. Halving transport costs increases that trade volume by a factor of five. Improving the standard of infrastructure from that of the bottom quarter of countries to that of the median country increases trade by 50 percent. Improving infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa is especially important for increasing African trade"--Cover.
Download or read book Small Poor and Remote written by Percy Selwyn and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Infrastructure Geographical Disadvantage and Transport Costs written by Nuno Limão and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The median landlocked country has only 30 percent of the trade volume of the median coastal economy. Halving transport costs increases that trade volume by a factor of five. Improving the standard of infrastructure from that of the bottom quarter of countries to that of the median country increases trade by 50 percent. Improving infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa is especially important for increasing African trade.Limao and Venables use three different data sets to investigate how transport depends on geography and infrastructure. Landlocked countries have high transport costs, which can be substantially reduced by improving the quality of their infrastructure and that of transit countries.Analysis of bilateral trade data confirms the importance of infrastructure. Limatilde;o and Venables estimate the elasticity of trade flows with regard to transport costs to be high, at about -2.5. This means that:middot; The median landlocked country has only 30 percent of the trade volume of the median coastal economy.middot; Halving transport costs increases the volume of trade by a factor of five.middot; Improving infrastructure from the 75th to the 50th percentile increases trade by 50 percent.Using their results and a basic gravity model to study Sub-Saharan African trade, both internally and with the rest of the world, Limao and Venables find that infrastructure problems largely explain the relatively low levels of African trade.This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the effects of geography on economic performance. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Download or read book Geographical Disadvantage written by Anthony Venables and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Guns Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies written by Jared Diamond and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 1999-04-17 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Fascinating.... Lays a foundation for understanding human history."—Bill Gates In this "artful, informative, and delightful" (William H. McNeill, New York Review of Books) book, Jared Diamond convincingly argues that geographical and environmental factors shaped the modern world. Societies that had had a head start in food production advanced beyond the hunter-gatherer stage, and then developed religion --as well as nasty germs and potent weapons of war --and adventured on sea and land to conquer and decimate preliterate cultures. A major advance in our understanding of human societies, Guns, Germs, and Steel chronicles the way that the modern world came to be and stunningly dismantles racially based theories of human history. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science, the Rhone-Poulenc Prize, and the Commonwealth club of California's Gold Medal.
Download or read book Health and Inequality written by Sarah Curtis and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2004 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By relating theoretical arguments to specific landscapes Sarah Curtis develops the basis for a geographical analysis of health problems and proposes a range of strategies for reducing disadvantage and societal inequalities.
Download or read book Measuring Geographical Disadvantage written by Khwaja Muhammad Ahmadzai and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-11-20 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Afghanistan is a landlocked country which relies heavily on the road and air transport sub sector. The country mountain terrains, low quality infrastructure, and artificial and institutional barriers to trade add to geographical disadvantage of Afghanistan, and increased the cost of moving goods internationally. Pakistan and Iran provide Afghanistan the most direct route to the sea and international market through the ports of Karachi and Bandar Abbas respectively. In compare to Iran Pakistan has the most advantageous position in Afghan transit trade, by offering the most nearest route to international market through Karachi seaport. The fundamental object of this present research is to measure the geographical disadvantage of Afghanistan, and to estimate the total trucking cost between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and to indicate how distance, infrastructure, time, bribe, and geography increase the transport costs.
Download or read book Is Remoteness a Locational Disadvantage written by Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the impacts of changes in international trade and domestic transport costs on the internal geography of countries in the presence of geographical asymmetries. To do so, we develop a two-country four-region model in which one country has a region that exhibits a 'geographical advantage' in terms of better access to the other country's markets. Our analysis reveals that, in equilibrium, the space-economies of the trading partners are interdependent and that agglomeration in one country reduces the occurrence of agglomeration in the other, thus showing that physical geography suffices to build strong connections between the two space-economies. We also show that remoteness need not be a geographical disadvantage since a landlocked region may well be the location that attracts the larger share of firms. This is so when internal transport costs are high and, therefore, act as a barrier to competition from abroad.
Download or read book The Relations of Geography History written by Hereford Brooke George and published by . This book was released on 1903 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Revenge of Geography written by Robert D. Kaplan and published by Random House Trade Paperbacks. This book was released on 2013-09-10 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • In this “ambitious and challenging” (The New York Review of Books) work, the bestselling author of Monsoon and Balkan Ghosts offers a revelatory prism through which to view global upheavals and to understand what lies ahead for continents and countries around the world. In The Revenge of Geography, Robert D. Kaplan builds on the insights, discoveries, and theories of great geographers and geopolitical thinkers of the near and distant past to look back at critical pivots in history and then to look forward at the evolving global scene. Kaplan traces the history of the world’s hot spots by examining their climates, topographies, and proximities to other embattled lands. The Russian steppe’s pitiless climate and limited vegetation bred hard and cruel men bent on destruction, for example, while Nazi geopoliticians distorted geopolitics entirely, calculating that space on the globe used by the British Empire and the Soviet Union could be swallowed by a greater German homeland. Kaplan then applies the lessons learned to the present crises in Europe, Russia, China, the Indian subcontinent, Turkey, Iran, and the Arab Middle East. The result is a holistic interpretation of the next cycle of conflict throughout Eurasia. Remarkably, the future can be understood in the context of temperature, land allotment, and other physical certainties: China, able to feed only 23 percent of its people from land that is only 7 percent arable, has sought energy, minerals, and metals from such brutal regimes as Burma, Iran, and Zimbabwe, putting it in moral conflict with the United States. Afghanistan’s porous borders will keep it the principal invasion route into India, and a vital rear base for Pakistan, India’s main enemy. Iran will exploit the advantage of being the only country that straddles both energy-producing areas of the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. Finally, Kaplan posits that the United States might rue engaging in far-flung conflicts with Iraq and Afghanistan rather than tending to its direct neighbor Mexico, which is on the verge of becoming a semifailed state due to drug cartel carnage. A brilliant rebuttal to thinkers who suggest that globalism will trump geography, this indispensable work shows how timeless truths and natural facts can help prevent this century’s looming cataclysms.
Download or read book Fault Lines Exposed written by Scott Baum and published by Monash University ePress. This book was released on 2005 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social and economic change in Australia has resulted in the emergence of disparities in advantage and disadvantage between metropolitan communities and regional localities, towns and cities. This book uses up-to-date data to re-analyse the patterns, and consider policy issues that arise.
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Download or read book Education Disadvantage and Place written by Kerr, Kirstin and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2014-09-17 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In England, as in countries across the world, shrinking public funding, growing localism, and increased school autonomy make tackling the link between education, disadvantage and place more important than ever. Challenging current thinking, this important book is the first to focus on the role of area-based initiatives in this struggle. It brings together a wide range of evidence to review the effectiveness of past initiatives, identify promising recent developments, and outline innovative ways forward for the future. It shows how local policymakers and practitioners can actively respond to the complexities of place and is aimed at all those actively seeking to tackle disadvantage, including policymakers, practitioners, academics and students, across education and the social sciences.
Download or read book 2 00 a Day written by Kathryn Edin and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 2015 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of a kind of poverty in America so deep that we, as a country, don't even think exists--from a leading national poverty expert who "defies convention" (New York Times)
Download or read book The International Geography written by Hugh Robert Mill and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page 1120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
