Download or read book Genomic Inbreeding Estimation and Effective Population Size of Four South African Dairy Breeds written by Janka Limper and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study 1002 dairy cattle, representing four South African dairy breeds (Ayrshire, Holstein, Jersey and SA Dairy Swiss) were genotyped at the ARC-Biotechnology Platform (Onderstepoort, 0110) with the Infinium Bovine SNP 50-24 V3.0 Beadchip. Genotypes for these animals originated from the Dairy Genomics Program (DGP) as part of an ongoing study aimed at integrating genomic information into the selection of South African dairy cattle. Genotypic data for all registered, genotyped animals participating in Logix Milk Recording was received from SA Stud Book, representing the Ayrshire, Holstein and Jersey breeds. The SA Dairy Swiss had no genotypic data available, thus hair samples from 62 individual animals were collected from three registered breeders to represent this breed. Raw Illumina genotype files were received via a downstream link from the ARC. These files were converted into PLINK (Purcell et al., 2007) files using SNP Convert v1.0 (Nicolazzi et al., 2016) for further analysis. The aim of the study was to estimate genomic inbreeding and effective population sizes for these breeds. The average call rate obtained across the samples was 99%. The observed heterozygosity values obtained for the populations were 0.355, 0.359, 0.340 and 0.345 for the Ayrshire, Holstein, Jersey and SA Dairy Swiss, respectively. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) estimation revealed average r2 values of 0.181 (Ayrshire), 0.311 (Holstein), 0.349 (Jersey) and 0.291 (SA Dairy Swiss). Two different inbreeding estimates were calculated individual inbreeding coefficients (FIS) and runs of homozygosity (FROH) and correlations were estimated between the inbreeding estimates. Pedigree-based inbreeding (FPED) estimates were received from SA Stud Book for the Ayrshire, Holstein and Jersey and compared to the genomic inbreeding estimates. The mean individual inbreeding coefficient (FIS) was -0.039 (Ayrshire), -0.007 (Holstein), -0.010 (Jersey) and -0.019 (SA Dairy Swiss), which indicates effective on farm management against inbreeding in the populations in this study. FROH > 16 Mb ranged from 0.227 to 0.255 (Ayrshire and Holstein). These relatively high FROH values indicate recent inbreeding in these populations. The strongest correlations were observed between FIS and FROH>1 ranging from 0.454 to 0.686 (SA Dairy Swiss and Jersey) respectively, while lower correlations were found between FIS and FROH>16, ranging from 0.071 to 0.377 (SA Dairy Swiss and Jersey) respectively. Very low correlations were found between FPED and FROH, which may have been due to shallow pedigree depth. The highest correlation between FPED and FROH (0.186) was observed for the Holstein at an ROH length of 4000kb. The Ne for the four populations included in the study has decreased to 117, 133, 120 and 112 for the Ayrshire, Holstein, Jersey and SA Dairy Swiss, respectively from approximately five generations ago. The four populations were separated into four separate clusters using principal component analysis (PCA). This corresponded with ADMIXTURE where the populations were also separated into the four respective populations. This indicates that the four populations are genetically distinct and were developed as separate breeds which is also consistent with the history of the four breeds. The high levels of genomic inbreeding could be explained by the increased use of artificial insemination in the populations studied. This is a concern as an increase in inbreeding leads to a reduction in the effective population size which was also evident in the populations included in the study.
Download or read book Quantitative and Genomic Analyses of Inbreeding in Dairy Cattle Populations written by Bayode Makanjuola and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this thesis was to assess the loss of genetic diversity, estimate the adverse effects of increasing homozygosity on economically important traits and investigate at the genomic level the unique location causing the detrimental effects. To understand the pattern of genetic diversity losses, we investigated the rate of inbreeding (∆F), rate of coancestry (∆f) and effective population size (N_e) as important quantitative indicators of genetic diversity and evaluated the effect of the recent implementation of genomic selection on the loss of genetic diversity in Holstein and Jersey dairy cattle. The rate of inbreeding and coancestry were calculated using both the traditional pedigree method and genomic methods estimated from segment and marker-based approaches. The ∆F and ∆f per generation ranged from 0.62 to 1.16%. Therefore, the N_e ranged from 43 to 85 for the two breeds. This result suggests the need to implement measures and means for controlling the rate of inbreeding, which will help to manage and maintain farm animal genetic resources. Following the assessment of genetic diversity loss, the negative effects of the accumulation of inbreeding expected from the reducing N_e was investigated. More specifically, we investigated the effect of recent and ancient inbreeding on production and fertility traits in Holsteins. In general, negative effects of inbreeding were found on production and fertility traits with production traits having more significant negative effects. Interestingly, ancient inbreeding had no significant negative impact on traits analysed; however, recent inbreeding showed more adverse and significant impact on analysed traits. This result indicates that more attention should be focused on recent inbreeding. Furthermore, we sought to identify unique homozygous genomic regions (ROH) showing negative associations with production and fertility traits as well as investigating their effects. Unique ROH regions with unfavorable effects were identified for both production and fertility traits. These unique homozygous regions with negative effects on production and fertility traits were identified within and across multiple traits in almost all chromosomes. The identified harmful regions could be advantageously used in mate selection pipelines for minimizing their frequency in future generations.
Download or read book Beef Cattle Production and Trade written by Lewis Kahn and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2014-04-15 with total page 894 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beef Cattle Production and Trade covers all aspects of the beef industry from paddock to plate. It is an international text with an emphasis on Australian beef production, written by experts in the field. The book begins with an overview of the historical evolution of world beef consumption and introductory chapters on carcass and meat quality, market preparation and world beef production. North America, Brazil, China, South-East Asia and Japan are discussed in separate chapters, followed by Australian beef production, including feed lotting and live export. The remaining chapters summarise R&D, emphasising the Australian experience, and look at different production systems and aspects of animal husbandry such as health, reproduction, grazing, feeding and finishing, genetics and breeding, production efficiency, environmental management and business management. The final chapter examines various case studies in northern and southern Australia, covering feed demand and supply, supplements, pasture management, heifer and weaner management, and management of internal and external parasites.
Download or read book The Herd book written by and published by . This book was released on 1843 with total page 878 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Livestock Genomics and Community based Breeding Strategies in Low and Middle Income Countries Challenges Opportunities and Future Perspectives written by Isidore Houaga and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-07-17 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low-and-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are home to diverse populations of livestock species adapted to various agro-ecological zones, production systems, and harsh environmental conditions. However, the livestock in LMICs have not been systematically improved and current low levels of productivity do not meet the demand for livestock products by a growing population. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and genotyping technologies have enabled the application of genomic selection in various livestock species in some western countries with great success. Despite the low adoption of genomic breeding in LMICs livestock industry, various studies and programs were initiated and some are still ongoing. Furthermore, community-based breeding programs (CBBP) have been initiated in many LMICs with great benefits for smallholder livestock farmers. CBBPs are based on the active participation of farmers from inception through to implementation and consider their needs, views, decisions, breeding objectives, and available infrastructure. In Africa for instance, small ruminants CBBPs have generated substantial genetic gains and socioeconomic benefits for rural poor farmers. However, the current challenges affecting the data recording and genetic evaluation of the CBBPs in LMICS are yet to be fully reported. Furthermore, the CBBPs are yet to integrate genomic selection in their breeding strategies. For sustainable livestock breeding in LMICs, there is a need to assess the current status of livestock genomics and community-based breeding strategies to identify the challenges and suggest mitigating strategies and future improvement strategy plans. In this Research Topic, we aim to collect findings from past and current livestock genomics and community-based breeding programs, the challenges, the lessons learned, the opportunities, and future perspectives.
Download or read book Secondary Guidelines for Development of National Farm Animal Genetic Resources Management Plans written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Fao. This book was released on 1998 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Traditional and Up to date Genomic Insights into Domestic Animal Diversity written by Johann Sölkner and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-02-01 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Current and Future Reproductive Technologies and World Food Production written by G. Cliff Lamb and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-29 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the impacts of current and future reproductive technologies on our world food production and provides a significant contribution to the importance of research in the area of reproductive physiology that has never been compiled before. It would provide a unique opportunity to separate the impacts of how reproductive technologies have affected different species and their contributions to food production. Lastly, no publication has been compiled that demonstrates the relationship between developments in reproductive management tools and food production that may be used a reference for scientists in addressing future research areas. During the past 50 years assisted reproductive technologies have been developed and refined to increase the number and quality of offspring from genetically superior farm animal livestock species. Artificial insemination (AI), estrous synchronization and fixed-time AI, semen and embryo cryopreservation, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro fertilization, sex determination of sperm or embryos, and nuclear transfer are technologies that are used to enhance the production efficiency of livestock species.
Download or read book Goat Science written by Sándor Kukovics and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-06-20 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Goat science covers quite a wide range and varieties of topics, from genetics and breeding, via nutrition, production systems, reproduction, milk and meat production, animal health and parasitism, etc., up to the effects of goat products on human health. In this book, several parts of them are presented within 18 different chapters. Molecular genetics and genetic improvement of goats are the new approaches of goat development. Several factors affect the passage rate of digesta in goats, but for diet properties, goats are similar to other ruminants. Iodine deficiency in goats could be dangerous. Assisted reproduction techniques have similar importance in goats like in other ruminants. Milk and meat production traits of goats are almost equally important and have significant positive impacts on human health. Many factors affect the health of goats, heat stress being of increasing importance. Production systems could modify all of the abovementioned characteristics of goats.
Download or read book Book of Abstracts of the 69th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science written by Scientific Committee and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-12-14 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book of Abstracts is the main publication of the 69th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science (EAAP). It contains abstracts of the invited papers and contributed presentations of the sessions of EAAP's eleven Commissions: Animal Genetics, Animal Nutrition, Animal Management and Health, Animal Physiology, Cattle Production, Sheep and Goat Production, Pig Production, Horse Production and Livestock Farming Systems, Insects and Precision Livestock Farming.
Download or read book Consanguinity in Context written by Alan H. Bittles and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-05-24 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential guide to this major contemporary issue, Consanguinity in Context is a uniquely comprehensive account of intra-familial marriage. Detailed information on past and present religious, social and legal practices and prohibitions is presented as a backdrop to the preferences and beliefs of the 1100+ million people in consanguineous unions. Chapters on population genetics, and the role of consanguinity in reproductive behaviour and genetic variation, set the scene for critical analyses of the influence of consanguinity on health in the early years of life. The discussion on consanguinity and disorders of adulthood is the first review of its kind and is particularly relevant given the ageing of the global population. Incest is treated as a separate issue, with historical and present-day examples examined. The final three chapters deal in detail with practical issues, including genetic testing, education and counselling, national and international legislation and imperatives, and the future of consanguineous marriage worldwide.
Download or read book Molecular Genetic Characterization of Animal Genetic Resources written by and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These guidelines address Strategic Priority Area 1 of the Global Plan of Action - "Characterization, Inventory and Monitoring of Trends and Associated Risks". A short overview of progress in molecular characterization of animal genetic resources over the last two decades and prospects for the future is followed by a section that provides practical advice for researchers who wish to undertake a characterization study. Emphasis is given to the importance of obtaining high-quality and representative biological samples, yielding standardized data that may be integrated into analyses on an international scale.
Download or read book In Vivo Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2013 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These guidelines present the basic concepts involved in the development and implementation of in vivo conservation plans for animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. The guidelines are intended for use by policy-makers in the management of animal genetic resources, managers of animal breeding organizations, persons responsible for training in management of animal genetic resources and any other stakeholders with leading roles in designing and implementing in vivo conservation programmes for animal genetic resources. Although individual breeders and livestock keepers are not the direct target audience, the guidelines include background information that is relevant for all stakeholders involved in planning conservation programmes.
Download or read book World Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversity written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org. This book was released on 2000 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using WWL-DAD:3; The purpose of WWL-DAD:3; Opportunities for action; The structure of WWL-DAD:3; Domestic animals and biodiversity; The wild relatives of domestic animals; Criteria for determining breeds at risk; Information gathering; Responsibility for quality of data; Definition of terms; Conserving domestic animal genetic resources; The global strategy for management of farm animal genetic resources; Farm animal genetic resources; Breeds at risk; Critical breeds list; Critical-maintained breeds list; Endangered breeds list; Endangered-maintained breeds list; Global regions - breeds at risk; Global summary; Africa; Asia and the pacific; Europe; Latin America and the Caribbean; Near east; North America; Extinct breeds; The extinct breeds list; The global databank for farm animal genetic resources; Development of the global databank for farm animal genetic resources; Breeds currently in the global databank for farm animal genetic resources; Correspondence pro-forma; National co-ordinators for animal genetic resources management; List of informal contacts involved in the breeds survey; Wild relatives of domestic livestock & some suggestions for new domesticants; Cattle, bison and buffaloes; Sheep and goats; Horses and asses; Wild pigs; Camelids; Deer; Antelopes; Musk ox; Elephants; Bears; Rodents; Rabbits; Birds; Reptiles; Civet cats; Discussion; Further information on wild relatives; Feral animals - problems and potential; Species that have given rise to final populations.
Download or read book The Epididymis From Molecules to Clinical Practice written by Bernard Robaire and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The epididymis has become increasingly important to researchers engaged in fertility and its regulation. Until now, no single volume review of the field has been available. The Epididymis: From Molecules to Clinical Practice A Comprehensive Survey of Efferent Ducts, The Epididymis and the Vas Deferens will provide a complete, up-to-date, in-depth review of the research on the male reproductive tract. Structure, function, and molecular mechanisms underlying the control of the efferent ducts, epididymis, and vas deferens will be reviewed.
Download or read book Selective Breeding in Aquaculture an Introduction written by Trygve Gjedrem and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-17 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The foundation of quantitative genetics theory was developed during the last century and facilitated many successful breeding programs for cultivated plants and t- restrial livestock. The results have been almost universally impressive, and today nearly all agricultural production utilises genetically improved seed and animals. The aquaculture industry can learn a great deal from these experiences, because the basic theory behind selective breeding is the same for all species. The ?rst published selection experiments in aquaculture started in 1920 s to improve disease resistance in ?sh, but it was not before the 1970 s that the ?rst family based breeding program was initiated for Atlantic salmon in Norway by AKVAFORSK. Unfortunately, the subsequent implementation of selective breeding on a wider scale in aquaculture has been slow, and despite the dramatic gains that have been demonstrated in a number of species, less than 10% of world aquaculture production is currently based on improved stocks. For the long-term sustainability of aquaculture production, there is an urgent need to develop and implement e- cient breeding programs for all species under commercial production. The ability for aquaculture to successfully meet the demands of an ever increasing human p- ulation, will rely on genetically improved stocks that utilise feed, water and land resources in an ef?cient way. Technological advances like genome sequences of aquaculture species, and advanced molecular methods means that there are new and exciting prospects for building on these well-established methods into the future.
Download or read book The Genetics of Cattle 2nd Edition written by Dorian Garrick and published by CABI. This book was released on 2014-11-28 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the time of domestication more than 10,000 years ago, cattle have played an increasingly crucial role in the development of human civilizations. Progress has been quite remarkable since the turn of the century; the sequencing of the bovine genome in 2009 launched new avenues for furthering our understanding of theoretical and practical aspects of cattle genetics. Covering a vast array of questions, this book reviews major topics from molecular and developmental genetics, disease resistance and immunogenetics to genetic improvement of dairy and beef breeds, addressing all current problems in the field. This second edition includes a new team of authors and completely new chapters on the genetics of fat production, nutrition, feed intake and efficiency, growth and body composition. Fully updated throughout, it provides a valuable resource on cattle genetics for researchers, breeders, veterinarians and postgraduate students.
