Download or read book Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter snakes written by Alexander Grant Ruthven and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper is an attempt to do classification on the garter-snake group to help define differences between natural groups and clarify the systematic arrangements.

Download or read book Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter Snakes written by United States National Museum and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter Snakes Classic Reprint written by Alexander G. Ruthven and published by . This book was released on 2016-06-27 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter-Snakes Three steps are necessary to determine the genetic relationships and simplify Cope's elaborate arrangement of the group: (1) The value of the characters must be determined; (2) the geographic prob abilities must be utilized; (3) similarities and intergradations must be sought. It may seem super uous to insist upon the determination of the value of the characters used in systematic work on this group, for good characters, i. E., those which are constant within particular groups, are sought after by most systematists in forming their taxo nomic groups, but in the sense in which it is here used this rule means more than this, in that it also requires the discovery of the significance of the variations. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works."

Download or read book VARIATIONS GENETIC RELATIONS written by Alexander Grant 1882-1971 Ruthven and published by Wentworth Press. This book was released on 2016-08-27 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Download or read book Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter Snakes written by HardPress and published by Hardpress Publishing. This book was released on 2013-12 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Download or read book Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter Snakes written by Alexander G. Ruthven and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper is an attempt to do classification on the garter-snake group to help define differences between natural groups and clarify the systematic arrangements.

Download or read book Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter snakes by Alexander G Ruthven written by and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter snakes by Alexander G Ruthven written by Alexander Grant Ruthven and published by . This book was released on 1908 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE GARTER SNAKES written by Alexander Grant Ruthven and published by . This book was released on 1906 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Variations and Genetic Relationships of the Garter Snakes Primary Source Edition written by Alexander Grant Ruthven and published by . This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

Download or read book Hybridization Between Two Species of Garter Snakes written by Hobart M. Smith and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2020-03-16 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Hybridization Between Two Species of Garter Snakes" by Hobart M. Smith. Published by Good Press. Good Press publishes a wide range of titles that encompasses every genre. From well-known classics & literary fiction and non-fiction to forgotten−or yet undiscovered gems−of world literature, we issue the books that need to be read. Each Good Press edition has been meticulously edited and formatted to boost readability for all e-readers and devices. Our goal is to produce eBooks that are user-friendly and accessible to everyone in a high-quality digital format.

Download or read book Relationships Among the Garter Snakes of the Thamnophis Elegans Rassenkreis written by Wade Fox and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Preliminar y Note on the Variation of Scutellation in the Garter Snakes written by Alexander Grant Ruthven and published by . This book was released on 1907 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book On the Evolution of Correlated Color Traits in Garter Snakes written by Michael F. Westphal and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How complex traits evolve continues to be a major focus of evolutionary investigation. A current topic of debate is the hypothesis that the phenotypic integration of complex traits gives rise to evolutionary constraints. I studied two color traits in the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, that show a high level of integration in some populations and a lower level of integration in others. Using multiple tools of evolutionary research, including phenotypic, quantitative genetic, and phylogenetic analysis, I describe the historical background of the two traits, investigate the genetic architecture underlying the traits in extant populations, and explore the extent to which both traits have differentiated at the population level. I also describe the among-population diversification of traits as a result of selection usinf FST/QST analysis. Finally, I report the results of a study of direct selection on color traits from avian predators. My main findings are: 1. Garter snake dorsal blotches function as startle patterns in most species of garter snake and as aposematic signals in at least one species; 2. Red pigmentation is derived in the genus Thamnophis; 3. Red blotches, while appearing to be a univariate trait in western populations of Thamnophis sirtalis, can be empirically decomposed into two heritable traits, pattern and pigment; 4. Pattern and pigment are highly genetically correlated in a California population of Thamnophis sirtalis but are less tightly correlated in a Manitoba population; and 5. Population means of pattern and pigment are highly correlated among subpopulations in the California population but are not correlated among subpopulations in Manitoba. I conclude that genetic correlation imposes shortterm evolutionary constraint on the ability of pattern and pigment to evolve independently of each other as predicted by theory. I also conclude that the traits can become decoupled over many generations and can evolve along independent trajectories.

Download or read book Exploring Ecological Correlates Associated with Dorsal Colour Variation in Garter Snakes written by Leigh Anne Isaac and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Colours influence numerous aspects of an animal's ecology and the adaptive significance of colour variation has been intensively studied in diverse taxonomic groups. This study was motivated by the question: Why do garter snakes vary in colour? To answer this question, I focused on Western Terrestrial Garter Snakes, Thamnophis elegans, which exhibit geographic variation in colouration (dark morph vs. light morph), and two different species of garter snake that occur in the same geographic region but vary in colour--light T. elegans and the Common Garter Snake, T. sirtalis. My work provides an objective quantification and analysis of snake colour and evaluates the influence of colour variation on ecological processes such as thermoregulation, crypsis, and antipredator behaviour. I compared body temperatures (Tbs) with available thermal opportunities, both in wild snakes and in a field experiment, to determine how snakes with contrasting colours differ in thermoregulation and temperature-dependent behaviours. Gravid females of the light and dark colour morphs of T.elegans exhibited comparable thermoregulatory behaviour at high temperatures; however, dark T.elegans maintained elevated Tbs when available temperatures dropped. In the field, dark-coloured snakes were more likely to be moving when first detected when Tbs were high, but this trend was reversed in light T. elegans. I quantified crypsis of snakes, in terms of colour and brightness, by measuring the spectral reflectance of snakes and the surrounding habitat. These data were visually modeled from the perspective of potential snake predators and human researchers. Overall, snakes selected basking sites that maximized crypsis and both colour morphs of T. elegans were equally cryptic. There was evidence suggesting that T. sirtalis was more cryptic than light T. elegans to snake predators. I collected a series of behavioural measurements for snakes pre- and post-capture. Light T.elegans were more likely to be moving when originally detected in the field than dark snakes. Distance to cover and injuries were important factors in explaining the antipredator behaviour of snakes in the field. Snakes became generally faster with increasing Tbs, but differences attributable to colour morph were not straightforward. A higher proportion of T. elegans of both colour morphs exhibited some type of movement when exposed to a simulated predatory attack. Thamnophis sirtalis, on the other hand, hung limp and motionless in the air. The less cryptic lightT. elegans had a higher probability of having an injury than T. sirtalis but injury patterns between the equally cryptic light and dark T. elegans differed by sex. The relationships between colour and these various traits were complex, but, taken together, they highlighted how thermal ecology, crypsis, and anti-predator behaviours were related to a snake's visual appearance. These results therefore provide an ecological underpinning for future genetic studies to identify potential candidate genes that may be responsible for the control of colour pattern in garter snakes.

Download or read book Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 4 written by David Duvall and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume reviews recent developments in our understanding of che~ ical signaling in vertebrates. After sections dealing with general princi ples and chemical aspects of vertebrate pheromones, it follows a taxonomic approach, progressing from fish to. mammals. The editors asked a diverse, international group of leading investigators, working on a wide array of vertebrate taxa and specific issues, to consider their efforts from compar ative, evolutionary, and ecological viewpoints. The relative number of manuscripts in each part does not necessarily reflect current intensity of research, since the editors invited speakers who together would provide a balanced and comprehensive overview, while avoiding duplication. Still, the part on mammals is the longest. Fourth in a series dating from 1977, this volume illuminates current trends and likely future developments in the field of chemical signaling in vertebrates. Going back even farther, the first chapter, a personal account of the past quarter century by Dr. Mykytowycz recalls the most important milestones, such as symposia, or the founding of societies and journals. He also credits those investigators who stand out by their seminal studies.

Download or read book Garter Snake Population Connectivity in a New Mexico Watershed of the Southern Rocky Mountains written by Lisa M. McBride and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genus of garter snakes is comprised of over 30 species that primarily depend on riparian habitat to survive. Riparian zones in the southwestern United States are being threatened even further with climate predictions projecting less rainfall and more severe drought. In this study, I used microsatellite markers to assess the population genetic structure of wandering garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans vagrans) living throughout the Mora River watershed in northeastern New Mexico across five sampling sites. Despite the watershed covering a large area, all 144 garter snakes sampled were found to belong to one regional genetic population. However, there was significant genetic structure between sampling sites. The lowest levels of genetic diversity and gene flow were observed at sites with lower habitat quality associated with increased anthropogenic activities. In comparison, Rio Mora National Wildlife Refuge has a high habitat quality index and hosts garter snakes with greater genetic diversity, private alleles, and connectivity to nearby sites. This locally abundant snake species was useful in detecting barriers to gene flow and corridor space in the watershed indicating high priority areas where restoration efforts may facilitate animal movement.