Download or read book Market definition and market power in the platform economy written by Jens-Uwe Franck and published by Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE). This book was released on 2019-05-08 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the rise of digital platforms and the natural tendency of markets involving platforms to become concentrated, competition authorities and courts are more frequently in a position to investigate and decide merger and abuse cases that involve platforms. This report provides guidance on how to define markets and on how to assess market power when dealing with two-sided platforms. DEFINITION Competition authorities and courts are well advised to uniformly use a multi-markets approach when defining markets in the context of two-sided platforms. The multi-markets approach is the more flexible instrument compared to the competing single-market approach that defines a single market for both sides of a platform, as the former naturally accounts for different substitution possibilities by the user groups on the two sides of the platform. While one might think of conditions under which a single-market approach could be feasible, the necessary conditions are so severe that it would only be applicable under rare circumstances. To fully appreciate business activities in platform markets from a competition law point of view, and to do justice to competition law’s purpose, which is to protect consumer welfare, the legal concept of a “market” should not be interpreted as requiring a price to be paid by one party to the other. It is not sufficient to consider the activities on the “unpaid side” of the platform only indirectly by way of including them in the competition law analysis of the “paid side” of the platform. Such an approach would exclude certain activities and ensuing positive or negative effects on consumer welfare altogether from the radar of competition law. Instead, competition practice should recognize straightforwardly that there can be “markets” for products offered free of charge, i.e. without monetary consideration by those who receive the product. ASSESSMENT The application of competition law often requires an assessment of market power. Using market shares as indicators of market power, in addition to all the difficulties in standard markets, raises further issues for two-sided platforms. When calculating revenue shares, the only reasonable option is to use the sum of revenues on all sides of the platform. Then, such shares should not be interpreted as market shares as they are aggregated over two interdependent markets. Large revenue shares appear to be a meaningful indicator of market power if all undertakings under consideration serve the same sides. However, they are often not meaningful if undertakings active in the relevant markets follow different business models. Given potentially strong cross-group external effects, market shares are less apt in the context of two-sided platforms to indicate market power (or the lack of it). Barriers to entry are at the core of persistent market power and, thus, the entrenchment of incumbent platforms. They deserve careful examination by competition authorities. Barriers to entry may arise due to users’ coordination failure in the presence of network effect. On two-sided platforms, users on both sides of the market have to coordinate their expectations. Barriers to entry are more likely to be present if an industry does not attract new users and if it does not undergo major technological change. Switching costs and network effects may go hand in hand: consumer switching costs sometimes depend on the number of platform users and, in this case, barriers to entry from consumer switching costs increase with platform size. Since market power is related to barriers to entry, the absence of entry attempts may be seen as an indication of market power. However, entry threats may arise from firms offering quite different services, as long as they provide a new home for users’ attention and needs.

Download or read book An Introduction to Trading in the Financial Markets Global Markets Risk Compliance and Regulation written by R. Tee Williams and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-02-12 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Succeeding in the financial markets requires a mastery of many disciplines. Mastery begins with understanding the actors, rules, and dynamics and the ways in which they interact. This volume, the last of a 4-volume series, presents a broad perspective on key subjects such as regulation and compliance, risk and ways to mitigate it, and the directions in which trading markets might evolve. Like its predecessors, it presents alternative versions of the future: will the sell side or buy side come to dominate, for example, and how might new technologies shape global markets? Mastery of the financial markets begins with its authoritative, heavily illustrated presentation. - Presents a high-level view of global financial markets, including institutions, instruments, and dynamic interactions - Describes the assumptions and expectations of market participants - Heavily illustrated so readers can easily understand advanced materials

Download or read book Restructuring Financial Markets written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Evolution of US Finance v 2 Restructuring Institutions and Markets written by Jane W. D'Arista and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-06-01 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume II of this book grew out of the author’s work as an economist for the U.S. Congress on the staff of the House Banking Committee under Chairman Wright Patman and his successor, Chairman Henry Reuss; as an analyst for the Congressional Budget Office; and as finance economist for the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection and Finance. It is a re-examination of the validity of traditional concerns in order to establish the Context for congressional actions to modify the existing regulatory and structural framework.

Download or read book Capital Market Integration written by Mr.Masafumi Yabara and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capital markets in the East African Community (EAC) face common challenges of low capitalization and liquidity, but to different degrees. EAC member countries have made noticeable progress in developing domestic capital markets through a regional approach, removing constraints on capital transactions and harmonizing market infrastructure. Nevertheless, empirical analysis suggests capital market integration has not deepened during the past few years in the EAC, although convergence of investment returns is taking place to some extent. Learning from the experience of the West African Economic and Monetary Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, EAC countries would benefit from four actions to accelerate financial market integration: (i) further harmonize market infrastructure; (ii) strengthen regional surveillance mechanisms; (iii) encourage local currency bond issuance by multilateral financial institutions; and (iv) build the capacity of the existing regional institutions.

Download or read book Regulation of the Power Sector written by Ignacio J. Pérez-Arriaga and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-26 with total page 735 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regulation of the Power Sector is a unified, consistent and comprehensive treatment of the theories and practicalities of regulation in modern power-supply systems. The need for generation to occur at the time of use occasioned by the impracticality of large-scale electricity storage coupled with constant and often unpredictable changes in demand make electricity-supply systems large, dynamic and complex and their regulation a daunting task. Arranged in four parts, this book addresses both traditional regulatory frameworks and also liberalized and re-regulated environments. First, an introduction gives a full characterization of power supply including engineering, economic and regulatory viewpoints. The second part presents the fundamentals of regulation and the third looks at the regulation of particular components of the power sector in detail. Advanced topics and subjects still open or subject to dispute form the content of Part IV. In a sector where regulatory design is the key driver of both the industry efficiency and the returns on investment, Regulation of the Power Sector is directed at regulators, policy decision makers, business managers and researchers. It is a pragmatic text, well-tested by the authors’ quarter-century of experience of power systems from around the world. Power system professionals and students at all levels will derive much benefit from the authors’ wealth of blended theory and real-world-derived know-how.

Download or read book Market Entry and Operational Decision Making in East West Business Relationships written by Jorma Larimo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understand the dynamics of East-West relationships in business to make better decisions The Eastern expansion of the European Union has increased interest in this geographic region. Market Entry and Operational Decision Making in East-West Business Relationships presents 10 case studies that focus on firms in Central and Eastern Europe and the strategies used for success. Academics, researchers, and practitioners examine a variety of topics, including entry and marketing strategies of Western multinational companies, choices of locations for foreign direct investments, first mover advantages, entry behavior of retailing companies, dynamics in subsidiary operations, industry clusters, decision-making autonomy, and internationalization. Market Entry and Operational Decision Making in East-West Business Relationships provides information that is uniquely timely and practical to those in business in this region. The chapters bring the academic and the practical perspectives together by analyzing various research studies from different companies in several Central and Eastern European countries. This resource discusses companies and the decisions about where they begin and maintain operations, and why these strategies were chosen. The book provides a clear spotlight on the business decisions currently taking place in the East-West interaction. Topics in Market Entry and Operational Decision Making in East-West Business Relationships include: studies of four Estonian companies on their emergence and success factors a comparative study of performance measures of companies in Central and Eastern Europe a detailed look at the strategies of Finnish and Swedish companies in the Baltic states and Russia the location decisions of Italian firms a comparative study of in-store shopping behavior in Italy, France, and Poland the regionalization of multinational company strategies studies of Estonian companies, including the wood and forest industries and more Market Entry and Operational Decision Making in East-West Business Relationships is an essential resource that examines issues of critical importance to business researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.

Download or read book Demographic Transition Labour Markets and Regional Resilience written by Cristina Martinez and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-31 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the question of how a regional economy can develop under the influence of an ageing and declining population, and how regional development policies can help make labor markets more resilient and more inclusive. As the greatest impacts of demographic change and policy and fiscal challenges can be observed at the local level, examples from European, North American and Asian regions are combined to present a comprehensive, global range of strategic solutions from different policy contexts. The book shows how institutions, organizations and communities can enhance their pathways for sustainable development through the intelligent management of their demographic transition, and offers a synthesis of valuable lessons and strategies.

Download or read book Agricultural Marketing written by S.B. Verma and published by Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2014-07-01 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book has been prepared to make a comprehensive knowledge on Agricultural Marketing'. It provides recent feed back to the readers. It is a compendium of the distinguished personalities, researchers, agricul-turists, scientists and academicians. The book depicts some important aspects: E-Agriculture: A new approach Agricultural marketing in India Indian Agricultural Market Reforms Alternative Agricultural Marketing System Changing Scenario in Agricultural Marketing. Agricultural Marketing: Thrust and Challenges Agricultural Marketing: Problems and Prospects Changing Profile of Farm product Marketing Food and Agricultural Marketing in India WTO and Indian Agriculture Agricultural products export in India Regulated Agricultural Market Impact of Liberalisation on Agricultural Trade Role of ICT in Sugarcane Marketing Development Export Potential of Agricultural Products Recent efforts towards agriculture marketing system Boosting Agricultural Marketing Indian Floriculture Marketing Indian Lac Marketing Scenario.

Download or read book The Regional Development Guide 1966 2000 written by National Capital Regional Planning Council (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Social Structure Of Contemporary China written by Xueyi Lu and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012-07-24 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the third study done by the Research Group on Social Structure Change in Contemporary China, a group affiliated with the Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The group has focused on the process of development and change in contemporary Chinese social structure and come to the following conclusions.Contemporary China is transitioning from a traditional agricultural and rural society to a modern industrialized and urban society; from a highly centralized planned economy to a robust socialist market economic system. The entire society is undertaking an unprecedented evolution. During the three decades of reform and opening up, China has made brilliant achievements, never seen before in history. Now, China is in a critical period of reform and opening up, with very complex, far-reaching and closely intertwined social problems, which are also unprecedented.After deep and detailed analysis the Research Group believes that these problems cannot be resolved only by economic methods. In order to get to the roots of these social problems, China must develop new social policies, strengthen the social structure and carry out social system reform. The core purpose of the book is to recommend theories and methods on social structure to society and readers, and to investigate the development and change in China's social structure. We believe that social structure theory, a brand-new point of view to analyze the current situation, is capable of deciphering the social contradictions in China's development to some extent, as opposed to mere economic theory, which is inadequate to fully address the structural problems in China.

Download or read book Pacific Southwest Region Industrial Development written by United States. National Resources Planning Board. Region 8 and published by . This book was released on 1942 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Competition and Investment in Telecommunications and Media Markets written by Roberto Balmer and published by Roberto Balmer. This book was released on 2014-01-20 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the economic literature on cooperative investment in next generation broadband networks and geographic regulation. It additionally proposes innovative models for estimating the level of competition and investment in the fixed telephony market and the retail market for newspapers. In doing so, it addresses two hotly debated issues in business strategy and economic policy: the determinants of investment and competition and the impacts of innovative investment schemes. The first chapter reviews the literature on new cooperative investment schemes in next generation broadband networks and geographic regulation. The effects on competition, investment and welfare of such schemes crucially depend on the details of the agreements. For instance, in the case of joint-ventures, the manner in which investment costs are shared and internal and external access prices are determined significantly impacts the outcome. In the case of long-term access agreements, it is essential to consider how access tariffs are structured, whether they can adapt to market developments ex-post, and whether contracts are signed before or after the investment takes place. Generally, many of these agreements allow for some extent of risk sharing, offering the possibility of increasing investment incentives when firms are not risk neutral. It is suggested that regulators consider introducing regulated co-investment agreements complementing current regulation, in addition to considering geographically segmented access prices. The second chapter assesses entry and competition in local retail markets for newspapers. It builds on the new empirical industrial organisation (NEIO) literature to estimate sustainable coverage and competitive effects of entry for Swiss newspaper sellers which sell composite goods (newspapers, food and other goods of daily use). An entry threshold ratio methodology is used, allowing for model estimation even when the range of products under examination is not exactly defined and when price and quantity data are not available. It is found that under duopoly prices the market size of a Commune required for single firm entry is about twice as large as under monopoly prices. A clear and quantifiable trade-off between competition and investment therefore exists. Moreover, it is found that while a second entrant in this market strongly increases competition, further entry doesn’t have a significant additional competitive effect. From a welfare perspective, therefore, it can be stated that “two is enough” to ensure competition in this market. In the third chapter, competition and market strategies in the Swiss fixed telephony market are assessed. A market model based on a generalised version of the traditional “dominant firm – competitive fringe” model, is developed. Direct estimation of the incumbent’s intertemporal residual demand function is performed by instrumenting the market price with incumbent-specific cost shifting variables, as well as other variables. The concrete estimates show that residual retail demand for voice traffic is highly inelastic. Such a level of elasticity is only compatible with a profit maximising incumbent in the case of largely competitive conduct. It is therefore found that the Swiss incumbent acted largely competitively, and that current regulated telephony retail price caps could not be justified on the basis of a lack of competition.

Download or read book Thomas Cook Co operative Group Midlands Co operative written by Great Britain: Competition Commission and published by The Stationery Office. This book was released on 2012-10-18 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this report the Competition Commission (CC) formally clears the anticipated travel business joint venture between Thomas Cook, the Co-operative Group (Co-op) and the Midlands Co-operative Society (Midlands). This confirms the provisional findings, that the acquisition will not result in a substantial lessening of competition in any markets in the UK, in particular for customers buying package holidays from high street travel agents. Therefore, customers are unlikely to suffer from significantly higher prices or reduced choice as a result of the joint venture. The joint venture would bring together two of the three largest travel agents on the UK high street. Thomas Cook currently has 780 stores, Co-op 360 and Midlands 100. Thomas Cook will continue to conduct its tour operator business separately from the joint venture.

Download or read book The Emerging Digital Economy written by Börje Johansson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-09-22 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a balanced, empirically-based view of the "Digital Economy," and explores its regional and geographical import in areas where the Digital Economy meets more traditional patterns. More than just an interpretive analysis, this book utilizes empirical evidence in its assessment of the dynamics of specific regions in different parts of the world. The book also examines the policy implications of the rising Digital Economy.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Community written by DAVID LEVINSON and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2003-06-30 with total page 2045 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Community is a major four volume reference work that seeks to define one of the most widely researched topics in the behavioural and social sciences. Community itself is a concept, an experience, and a central part of being human. This pioneering major reference work seeks to provide the necessary definitions of community far beyond the traditional views.

Download or read book Key Management Models written by Gerben Van den Berg and published by FT Press. This book was released on 2015-01-14 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This best selling management book is a true classic. If you want to be a model manager, keep this new, even better 3rd edition close at hand. Key Management Models has the winning combination of brevity and clarity, giving you short, practical overviews of the top classic and cutting edge management models in an easy-to-use, ready reference format. Whether you want to remind yourself about models you’ve already come across, or want to find new ones, you’ll find yourself referring back to it again and again. It's the essential guide to all the management models you’ll ever need to know about. Includes the classic and essential management models from the previous editions. Thoroughly updated to include cutting edge new models. Two-colour illustrations and case studies throughout. The full text downloaded to your computer With eBooks you can: search for key concepts, words and phrases make highlights and notes as you study share your notes with friends eBooks are downloaded to your computer and accessible either offline through the Bookshelf (available as a free download), available online and also via the iPad and Android apps. Upon purchase, you'll gain instant access to this eBook. Time limit The eBooks products do not have an expiry date. You will continue to access your digital ebook products whilst you have your Bookshelf installed.