Download or read book From LTE to LTE Advanced Pro and 5G written by Moe Rahnema and published by Artech House Publishers. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical hands-on new resource presents LTE technologies from end-to-end, including network planning and the optimization tradeoff process. This book examines the features of LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced Pro and how they integrate into existing LTE networks. Professionals find in-depth coverage of how the air interface is structured at the physical layer and how the related link level protocols are designed and work. This resource highlights potential 5G solutions as considered in releases 14 and beyond, the migration paths, and the challenges involved with the latest updates and standardization process.Moreover, the book covers performance analysis and results, as well as SON specifications and realization. Readers learn about OFDMA, and how DFT is used to implement it. Link budgeting, parameter estimations, and network planning and sizing is explained. Insight into core network architecture is provided, including the protocols and signaling used for both data and voice services. The book also presents a detailed chapter on the end-to-end data transfer optimization mechanisms based on the TCP protocol. This book provides the tools needed for network planning and optimization while addressing the challenges of LTE and LTE-advanced networks.

Download or read book 4G LTE LTE Advanced for Mobile Broadband written by Erik Dahlman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-07 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on LTE with full updates including LTE-Advanced (Release-11) to provide a complete picture of the LTE system. Detailed explanations are given for the latest LTE standards for radio interface architecture, the physical layer, access procedures, broadcast, relaying, spectrum and RF characteristics, and system performance. Key technologies presented include multi-carrier transmission, advanced single-carrier transmission, advanced receivers, OFDM, MIMO and adaptive antenna solutions, radio resource management and protocols, and different radio network architectures. Their role and use in the context of mobile broadband access in general is explained, giving both a high-level overview and more detailed step-by-step explanations. This book is a must-have resource for engineers and other professionals in the telecommunications industry, working with cellular or wireless broadband technologies, giving an understanding of how to utilize the new technology in order to stay ahead of the competition. New to this edition: - In-depth description of CoMP and enhanced multi-antenna transmission including new reference-signal structures and feedback mechanisms - Detailed description of the support for heterogeneous deployments provided by the latest 3GPP release - Detailed description of new enhanced downlink control-channel structure (EPDDCH) - New RF configurations including operation in non-contiguous spectrum, multi-bands base stations and new frequency bands - Overview of 5G as a set of well-integrated radio-access technologies, including support for higher frequency bands and flexible spectrum management, massive antenna configurations, and ultra-dense deployments - Covers a complete update to the latest 3GPP Release-11 - Two new chapters on HetNet, covering small cells/heterogeneous deployments, and CoMP, including Inter-site coordination - Overview of current status of LTE release 12 including further enhancements of local-area, CoMP and multi-antenna transmission, Machine-type-communication, Device-to-device communication

Download or read book From GSM to LTE Advanced written by Martin Sauter and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-23 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised edition of Communication Systems from GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband Second Edition (Wiley 2010) contains not only a technical description of the different wireless systems available today, but also explains the rationale behind the different mechanisms and implementations; not only the ‘how’ but also the ‘why’. In this way, the advantages and also limitations of each technology become apparent. Offering a solid introduction to major global wireless standards and comparisons of the different wireless technologies and their applications, this edition has been updated to provide the latest directions and activities in 3GPP standardization up to Release 12, and importantly includes a new chapter on Voice over LTE (VoLTE). There are new sections on Building Blocks of a Voice Centric Device, Building Blocks of a Smart Phone, Fast Dormancy, IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, and Wi-Fi-Protected Setup. Other sections have been considerably updated in places reflecting the current state of the technology. • Describes the different systems based on the standards, their practical implementation and design assumptions, and the performance and capacity of each system in practice is analyzed and explained • Questions at the end of each chapter and answers on the accompanying website make this book ideal for self-study or as course material

Download or read book LTE and LTE Advanced written by André Pérez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the technical characteristics of the two radio network interfaces of mobile 4G, LTE and LTE Advanced, based on Release 8, 9 and 10 of the 3GPP specifications. Points covered include a detailed description of various components of the radio interface. RRC signaling messages used to establish the connection, enabling the security, the paging, the establishment and the release of dedicated and default support and the handover. The PDCP ensures the security of the transmission and allows the recovery during handover and the compression of the headers. The RLC protocol defines the transmission modes with or without acknowledgment. The MAC protocol determines the random access, the data transfer, the timing advance, the scheduling and the discontinuous reception. The physical layer includes a description of the methods of multiplexing (time, frequency and space) and the various signals and physical channels.

Download or read book An Introduction to LTE written by Christopher Cox and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following on from the successful first edition (March 2012), this book gives a clear explanation of what LTE does and how it works. The content is expressed at a systems level, offering readers the opportunity to grasp the key factors that make LTE the hot topic amongst vendors and operators across the globe. The book assumes no more than a basic knowledge of mobile telecommunication systems, and the reader is not expected to have any previous knowledge of the complex mathematical operations that underpin LTE. This second edition introduces new material for the current state of the industry, such as the new features of LTE in Releases 11 and 12, notably coordinated multipoint transmission and proximity services; the main short- and long-term solutions for LTE voice calls, namely circuit switched fallback and the IP multimedia subsystem; and the evolution and current state of the LTE market. It also extends some of the material from the first edition, such as inter-operation with other technologies such as GSM, UMTS, wireless local area networks and cdma2000; additional features of LTE Advanced, notably heterogeneous networks and traffic offloading; data transport in the evolved packet core; coverage and capacity estimation for LTE; and a more rigorous treatment of modulation, demodulation and OFDMA. The author breaks down the system into logical blocks, by initially introducing the architecture of LTE, explaining the techniques used for radio transmission and reception and the overall operation of the system, and concluding with more specialized topics such as LTE voice calls and the later releases of the specifications. This methodical approach enables readers to move on to tackle the specifications and the more advanced texts with confidence.

Download or read book From LTE to LTE Advanced Pro and 5G written by Moe Rahnema and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2017-09-30 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical hands-on new resource presents LTE technologies from end-to-end, including network planning and the optimization tradeoff process. This book examines the features of LTE-Advanced and LTE-Advanced Pro and how they integrate into existing LTE networks. Professionals find in-depth coverage of how the air interface is structured at the physical layer and how the related link level protocols are designed and work. This resource highlights potential 5G solutions as considered in releases 14 and beyond, the migration paths, and the challenges involved with the latest updates and standardization process. Moreover, the book covers performance analysis and results, as well as SON specifications and realization. Readers learn about OFDMA, and how DFT is used to implement it. Link budgeting, parameter estimations, and network planning and sizing is explained. Insight into core network architecture is provided, including the protocols and signaling used for both data and voice services. The book also presents a detailed chapter on the end-to-end data transfer optimization mechanisms based on the TCP protocol. This book provides the tools needed for network planning and optimization while addressing the challenges of LTE and LTE-advanced networks.

Download or read book From GSM to LTE written by Martin Sauter and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-12-30 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new edition of Wiley's Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society, from the same author Wireless systems such as GSM, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth offer possibilities to keep people connected while on the move. In this flood of technology, From GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband enables readers to examine and understand each technology, and how to utilise several different systems for the best results. This book contains not only a technical description of the different wireless systems available today, but also explains the rationale behind the different mechanisms and implementations; not only the 'how' but also the 'why' is focused on. Thus the advantages and also limitations of each technology become apparent. Offering a solid introduction to major global wireless standards and comparisons of the different wireless technologies and their applications, this new edition has been updated to provide the latest directions and activities in 3GPP standardization reaching up to Release 10, and importantly includes a new chapter on LTE. The new LTE chapter covers aspects such as Mobility Management and Power Optimization, Voice over LTE, and Air Interface and Radio Network. Provides readers with an introduction to major global wireless standards and compares the different wireless technologies and their applications The performance and capacity of each system in practice is analyzed and explained, accompanied with practical tips on how to discover the functionality of different networks Offers approximately 25% new material, which includes a major new chapter on LTE and updates to the existing material including Release 4 BICN in relation to GSM Questions at the end of each chapter and answers on the accompanying website (http://www.wirelessmoves.com) make this book ideal for self study or as course material

Download or read book 5G Mobile Communications written by Saad Asif and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-07-20 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will help readers comprehend technical and policy elements of telecommunication particularly in the context of 5G. It first presents an overview of the current research and standardization practices and lays down the global frequency spectrum allocation process. It further lists solutions to accommodate 5G spectrum requirements. The readers will find a considerable amount of information on 4G (LTE-Advanced), LTE-Advance Pro, 5G NR (New Radio); transport network technologies, 5G NGC (Next Generation Core), OSS (Operations Support Systems), network deployment and end-to-end 5G network architecture. Some details on multiple network elements (end products) such as 5G base station/small cells and the role of semiconductors in telecommunication are also provided. Keeping trends in mind, service delivery mechanisms along with state-of-the-art services such as MFS (mobile financial services), mHealth (mobile health) and IoT (Internet-of-Things) are covered at length. At the end, telecom sector’s burning challenges and best practices are explained which may be looked into for today’s and tomorrow’s networks. The book concludes with certain high level suggestions for the growth of telecommunication, particularly on the importance of basic research, departure from ten-year evolution cycle and having a 20–30 year plan. Explains the conceivable six phases of mobile telecommunication’s ecosystem that includes R&D, standardization, product/network/device & application development, and burning challenges and best practices Provides an overview of research and standardization on 5G Discusses solutions to address 5G spectrum requirements while describing the global frequency spectrum allocation process Presents various case studies and policies Provides details on multiple network elements and the role of semiconductors in telecommunication Presents service delivery mechanisms with special focus on IoT

Download or read book Radio Protocols for LTE and LTE Advanced written by SeungJune Yi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-08-23 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a unique focus on radio protocols for LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) Giving readers a valuable understanding of LTE radio protocols, this book covers LTE (Long-Term Evolution) Layer 2/3 radio protocols as well as new features including LTE-Advanced. It is divided into two sections to differentiate between the two technologies’ characteristics. The authors systematically explain the design principles and functions of LTE radio protocols during the development of mobile handsets. The book also provides essential knowledge on the interaction between mobile networks and mobile handsets. Among the first publications based on the 3GPP R10 specifications, which introduces LTE-A Beginning with an overview of LTE, topics covered include: Idle Mode Procedure; Packet Data Convergence Protocol and Public Warning Systems Presents the LTE radio interface protocol layers in a readable manner, to enhance the material in the standards publications From an expert author team who have been directly working on the 3GPP standards It is targeted at professionals working or intending to work in the area and can also serve as supplementary reading material for students who need to know how theory on the most extensively used mobile radio interface today is put into practice

Download or read book Heterogeneous Networks in LTE Advanced written by Joydeep Acharya and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-02-18 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive summary of theoretical and practical developments in LTE Heterogeneous Networks The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of mobile broadband data and the trend is likely to increase in the coming years. Current cellular networks are ill equipped to deal with this surge in demand. To satisfy user demand and maximize profits, a new paradigm to operate networks is needed. Heterogeneous networks, that deploy an overlay of small cells with limited coverage and transmit power, over a macro coverage area is the solution by providing capacity and coverage where it is needed. This book presents a comprehensive overview of small cell based heterogeneous networks within the framework of 3GPP LTE-Advanced which is the major enabler of current and future heterogeneous networks. The book first establishes the basics of LTE standards 8 -10. Wherever relevant, the underlying theory of wireless communications is explained and the signaling and protocol aspects of LTE Releases 8-10 are presented. Next the book presents a systematic study of the inter cell interference (eICIC and FeICIC) mechanisms that have been standardized in LTE releases 10 and 11 to mitigate the interference arising in heterogeneous networks. From simple blank subframe design and implementation, the book discusses more advanced transceiver signal processing and carrier aggregation (CA) based mechanisms to improve performance. Besides data, control channel enhancements such as enhanced PDCCH (ePDCCH) are also discussed. Subsequently the book discusses the possibility of base stations being allowed to coordinate to manage interference. This technique, called CoMP, has the potential of vastly improving network performance. However several practical challenges first have to be overcome before this potential can be realized. The book presents the different CoMP categories introduced in LTE release 11, the required signal processing and the changes that were introduced in Release-11 for supporting CoMP. The book then presents the state of the art developments in heterogeneous networks that are currently taking place in 3GPP with the initiation of Release 12. A whole array of new technologies have been introduced such as dynamic switching of small cells, new carrier types with reduced control signaling, dynamic reconfiguration of TDD-LTE, joint configuration of TDD and FDD via carrier aggregation and lastly advanced MIMO signal processing with three dimensional beamforming. All these technologies will work in unison leading to efficient operations of small cells. The authors thus comprehensively summarize the advances in heterogeneous networks over the last couple of years as reflected in various LTE releases and then look ahead at what to expect in the future. Fully illustrated throughout and with an accompanying website including Matlab code for simulating heterogeneous networks, LTE channel models, and References to 3GPP specifications, contributions, and updates on recent standardization activities. The authors, being involved in LTE standardization, are well placed to give an excellent view on this topic, including valuable background and design rationale. A comprehensive summary of wireless communications theory and practical developments in LTE heterogeneous networks. Authors are experts in this field and are active members in standardization proceedings, enabling up-to-date coverage of current developments Multiple case studies explain network design optimization of various heterogeneous network deployments. Accompanying website includes Matlab code for simulating heterogeneous networks, LTE channel models, and References to 3GPP specifications, contributions, and updates on recent standardization activities Essential reading for Engineers and practitioners in wireless industry.

Download or read book Practical Guide to LTE A VoLTE and IoT written by Ayman ElNashar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-08-27 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essential reference providing best practice of LTE-A, VoLTE, and IoT Design/deployment/Performance and evolution towards 5G This book is a practical guide to the design, deployment, and performance of LTE-A, VoLTE/IMS and IoT. A comprehensive practical performance analysis for VoLTE is conducted based on field measurement results from live LTE networks. Also, it provides a comprehensive introduction to IoT and 5G evolutions. Practical aspects and best practice of LTE-A/IMS/VoLTE/IoT are presented. Practical aspects of LTE-Advanced features are presented. In addition, LTE/LTE-A network capacity dimensioning and analysis are demonstrated based on live LTE/LTE-A networks KPIs. A comprehensive foundation for 5G technologies is provided including massive MIMO, eMBB, URLLC, mMTC, NGCN and network slicing, cloudification, virtualization and SDN. Practical Guide to LTE-A, VoLTE and IoT: Paving the Way Towards 5G can be used as a practical comprehensive guide for best practices in LTE/LTE-A/VoLTE/IoT design, deployment, performance analysis and network architecture and dimensioning. It offers tutorial introduction on LTE-A/IoT/5G networks, enabling the reader to use this advanced book without the need to refer to more introductory texts. Offers a complete overview of LTE and LTE-A, IMS, VoLTE and IoT and 5G Introduces readers to IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS)Performs a comprehensive evaluation of VoLTE/CSFB Provides LTE/LTE-A network capacity and dimensioning Examines IoT and 5G evolutions towards a super connected world Introduce 3GPP NB-IoT evolution for low power wide area (LPWA) network Provide a comprehensive introduction for 5G evolution including eMBB, URLLC, mMTC, network slicing, cloudification, virtualization, SDN and orchestration Practical Guide to LTE-A, VoLTE and IoT will appeal to all deployment and service engineers, network designers, and planning and optimization engineers working in mobile communications. Also, it is a practical guide for R&D and standardization experts to evolve the LTE/LTE-A, VoLTE and IoT towards 5G evolution.

Download or read book Cellular Communications written by Nishith Tripathi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-09-12 with total page 871 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even as newer cellular technologies and standards emerge, many of the fundamental principles and the components of the cellular network remain the same. Presenting a simple yet comprehensive view of cellular communications technologies, Cellular Communications provides an end-to-end perspective of cellular operations, ranging from physical layer details to call set-up and from the radio network to the core network. This self-contained source for practitioners and students represents a comprehensive survey of the fundamentals of cellular communications and the landscape of commercially deployed 2G and 3G technologies and provides a glimpse of emerging 4G technologies.

Download or read book LTE Optimization Engineering Handbook written by Xincheng Zhang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-01-04 with total page 859 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive resource containing the operating principles and key insights of LTE networks performance optimization LTE Optimization Engineering Handbook is a comprehensive reference that describes the most current technologies and optimization principles for LTE networks. The text offers an introduction to the basics of LTE architecture, services and technologies and includes details on the key principles and methods of LTE optimization and its parameters. In addition, the author clarifies different optimization aspects such as wireless channel optimization, data optimization, CSFB, VoLTE, and video optimization. With the ubiquitous usage and increased development of mobile networks and smart devices, LTE is the 4G network that will be the only mainstream technology in the current mobile communication system and in the near future. Designed for use by researchers, engineers and operators working in the field of mobile communications and written by a noted engineer and experienced researcher, the LTE Optimization Engineering Handbook provides an essential guide that: Discusses the latest optimization engineering technologies of LTE networks and explores their implementation Features the latest and most industrially relevant applications, such as VoLTE and HetNets Includes a wealth of detailed scenarios and optimization real-world case studies Professionals in the field will find the LTE Optimization Engineering Handbook to be their go-to reference that includes a thorough and complete examination of LTE networks, their operating principles, and the most current information to performance optimization.

Download or read book 5G Physical Layer written by Ali Zaidi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-09-22 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 5G Physical Layer: Principles, Models and Technology Components explains fundamental physical layer design principles, models and components for the 5G new radio access technology – 5G New Radio (NR). The physical layer models include radio wave propagation and hardware impairments for the full range of frequencies considered for the 5G NR (up to 100 GHz). The physical layer technologies include flexible multi-carrier waveforms, advanced multi-antenna solutions, and channel coding schemes for a wide range of services, deployments, and frequencies envisioned for 5G and beyond. A MATLAB-based link level simulator is included to explore various design options. 5G Physical Layer is very suitable for wireless system designers and researchers: basic understanding of communication theory and signal processing is assumed, but familiarity with 4G and 5G standards is not required. With this book the reader will learn: - The fundamentals of the 5G NR physical layer (waveform, modulation, numerology, channel codes, and multi-antenna schemes). - Why certain PHY technologies have been adopted for the 5G NR. - The fundamental physical limitations imposed by radio wave propagation and hardware impairments. - How the fundamental 5G NR physical layer functionalities (e.g., parameters/methods/schemes) should be realized. The content includes: - A global view of 5G development – concept, standardization, spectrum allocation, use cases and requirements, trials, and future commercial deployments. - The fundamentals behind the 5G NR physical layer specification in 3GPP. - Radio wave propagation and channel modeling for 5G and beyond. - Modeling of hardware impairments for future base stations and devices. - Flexible multi-carrier waveforms, multi-antenna solutions, and channel coding schemes for 5G and beyond. - A simulator including hardware impairments, radio propagation, and various waveforms. Ali Zaidi is a strategic product manager at Ericsson, Sweden. Fredrik Athley is a senior researcher at Ericsson, Sweden. Jonas Medbo and Ulf Gustavsson are senior specialists at Ericsson, Sweden. Xiaoming Chen is a professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. Giuseppe Durisi is a professor at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and a guest researcher at Ericsson, Sweden.

Download or read book The Vienna LTE Advanced Simulators written by Markus Rupp and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-23 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the Vienna Simulator Suite for 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-compatible Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) simulators and presents applications to demonstrate their uses for describing, designing, and optimizing wireless cellular LTE-A networks. Part One addresses LTE and LTE-A link level techniques. As there has been high demand for the downlink (DL) simulator, it constitutes the central focus of the majority of the chapters. This part of the book reports on relevant highlights, including single-user (SU), multi-user (MU) and single-input-single-output (SISO) as well as multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions. Furthermore, it summarizes the optimal pilot pattern for high-speed communications as well as different synchronization issues. One chapter is devoted to experiments that show how the link level simulator can provide input to a testbed. This section also uses measurements to present and validate fundamental results on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmissions that are not limited to LTE-A. One chapter exclusively deals with the newest tool, the uplink (UL) link level simulator, and presents cutting-edge results. In turn, Part Two focuses on system-level simulations. From early on, system-level simulations have been in high demand, as people are naturally seeking answers when scenarios with numerous base stations and hundreds of users are investigated. This part not only explains how mathematical abstraction can be employed to speed up simulations by several hundred times without sacrificing precision, but also illustrates new theories on how to abstract large urban heterogeneous networks with indoor small cells. It also reports on advanced applications such as train and car transmissions to demonstrate the tools’ capabilities.

Download or read book Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks written by Jonathan Rodriguez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks provides an overview of the key features of the 5th Generation (5G) mobile networks, discussing the motivation for 5G and the main challenges in developing this new technology. This book provides an insight into the key areas of research that will define this new system technology paving the path towards future research and development. The book is multi-disciplinary in nature, and aims to cover a whole host of intertwined subjects that will predominantly influence the 5G landscape, including the future Internet, cloud computing, small cells and self-organizing networks (SONs), cooperative communications, dynamic spectrum management and cognitive radio, Broadcast-Broadband convergence , 5G security challenge, and green RF. This book aims to be the first of its kind towards painting a holistic perspective on 5G Mobile, allowing 5G stakeholders to capture key technology trends on different layering domains and to identify potential inter-disciplinary design aspects that need to be solved in order to deliver a 5G Mobile system that operates seamlessly.

Download or read book LTE Advanced written by Harri Holma and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-10-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the editors of the highly successful LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, this new book examines the main technical enhancements brought by LTE-Advanced, thoroughly covering 3GPP Release 10 specifications and the main items in Release 11. Using illustrations, graphs and real-life scenarios, the authors systematically lead readers through this cutting-edge topic to provide an outlook on existing technologies as well as possible future developments. The book is structured to follow the main technical areas that will be enhanced by the LTE-Advanced specifications. The main topics covered include: Carrier Aggregation; Multiantenna MIMO Transmission, Heterogeneous Networks; Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP); Relay nodes; 3GPP milestones and IMT-Advanced process in ITU-R; and LTE-Advanced Performance Evaluation. Key features: Leading author and editor team bring their expertise to the next generation of LTE technology Includes tables, figures and plots illustrating the concepts or simulation results, to aid understanding of the topic, and enabling readers to be ahead of the technological advances