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Book Developmental Programming Of Diabetes And Metabolic Syndrome

Download or read book Developmental Programming Of Diabetes And Metabolic Syndrome written by Marlon E. Cerf and published by . This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetes is increasing rapidly in both the Westernized and developing world. Apart from specific genes implicated in the pathogenesis of this multifactorial disease, environmental factors such as high fat diets, obesity, urbanization and leading a sedentary lifestyle are also implicated. Developmental programming can be defined by changes induced by either a stimulus or insult in an organism during critical periods of development and growth such as fetal and early postnatal life. In this review book Developmental Programming of Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome, the authors address the programming effects that induce a diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome phenotype. These mostly include animal models that usually aid in elucidating possible mechanisms of the pathogenesis of disease. However, in Chapter 1, Roseboom et al. report on the findings in humans exposed to the Dutch Winter famine. The 1944-1945 Dutch famine was a 5 month period of extreme food shortage in a previously well nourished population. Participants exposed to famine in mid gestation and early gestation had a lower insulin response relative to insulin sensitivity. There was an increased response to the psychological stress protocol in terms of systolic blood pressure in those individuals exposed to famine in early gestation, suggesting programming of the central nervous system. Exposure to famine during early gestation was also associated with a strikingly doubled risk of coronary heart disease in later life. Chapter 2 by Bouret discusses the neurodevelopmental actions of the hormones insulin and leptin. Leptin regulates appetite-related neuropeptides in the hypothalamus during early development and also plays a critical role in the development of metabolic circuits. Insulin also appears to exert important influences on the development of central nervous system circuits that regulate energy homeostasis. In Chapter 3, Palou et al. highlight the importance of breastfeeding as opposed to using milk formulae in infants. Leptin, which is found in breast milk, is identified as having beneficial effects in preventing obesity. Leptin exerts important effects in a physiologically regulated manner during early postnatal life, in the neonatal control of energy balance and possibly in other functions during development. Alexander et al. discuss the placental insufficiency model that leads to hypertension in Chapter 4. Hypertension is strongly linked with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Sex differences are implicated with hormones specific to females believed to play a protective role. The renin angiotensin system may also contribute to the etiology of hypertension programmed by placental insufficiency. In Chapter 5, Zambrano and Alcantara report on the transgenerational mechanisms implicated in the developmental programming of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Adverse consequences of an altered intrauterine environment can be passed transgenerationally from mother to daughter to second generation offspring by mechanisms that do not involve genetic changes but the altered expression of the genes. This concept is interpreted as changes in gene function that occur without changes in gene sequence and coined epigenetics. Epigenetic states can be modified by environmental factors, which may contribute to the development of abnormal phenotypes. Epigenetic modifications can occur during gestation, neonatal development, puberty, menopause and in old age and provides evidence of the transmission of undesirable traits from one generation to the next. In Chapter 6, Du and Zhu report on the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is a major site for insulin-stimulated uptake of glucose and free fatty acids. An impairment in this process usually results in the manifestation of insulin resistance. AMP-activated protein kinase is suggested to play a major role in inducing insulin resistance in fetal skeletal muscle due to maternal obesity and overnutrition. The changes in fetal muscle development are at least partially associated with the changes in insulin/IGF-1 signaling in fetal muscle. Herrera and Ramos report on the effects of malnutrition and altered dietary composition on diabetes in Chapter 7. Fetal development depends on the continuous availability of nutrients coming from maternal circulation. The two pathways present in adipose tissue, lipogenesis and glycerogenesis, are normally enhanced by insulin in a dose-dependent manner. Supplementation of a combination of both omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids during the perinatal period has been proposed to prevent diabetes mellitus. The prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in adults that were breast fed may be due to the presence of significant amounts of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human breast milk. In Chapter 8, Cerf and Louw discuss the high saturated fat programming effects on beta-cell development and function in neonatal and weanling offspring. High fat programming is induced by maternal high saturated fat intake during defined periods of gestation and/or lactation and programmes the physiology and metabolism of the offspring in early life. High fat programming affects the expression of key beta-cell genes. This in turn affects the ability of the beta-cells to develop and function properly. It is important, therefore, for proper maternal nutrition to be maintained during pregnancy and lactation to ensure normal health and development of the progeny. Developmental programming has lasting consequences in offspring. Programming not only induces adverse effects in physiology and metabolism. By identifying the optimum physiological and metabolic environments in utero and in early postnatal life, offspring health can be achieved. The challenge lies ahead for researchers to positively manipulate programming in order to ensure optimal health. This will aid in the prevention of diabetes and metabolic disease.

Book Epigenetic Epidemiology

    Book Details:
  • Author : Karin B. Michels
  • Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
  • Release : 2012-01-03
  • ISBN : 9400724942
  • Pages : 450 pages

Download or read book Epigenetic Epidemiology written by Karin B. Michels and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-03 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The exploding field of epigenetics is challenging the dogma of traditional Mendelian inheritance. Epigenetics plays an important role in shaping who we are and contributes to our prospects of health and disease. While early epigenetic research focused on plant and animal models and in vitro experiments, population-based epidemiologic studies increasingly incorporate epigenetic components. The relevance of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, genomic imprinting, and histone modification for disease causation has yet to be fully explored. This book covers the basic concepts of epigenetic epidemiology, discusses challenges in study design, analysis, and interpretation, epigenetic laboratory techniques, the influence of of age and environmental factors on shaping the epigenome, the role of epigenetics in the developmental origins hypothesis, and provides the state of the art on the epigenetic epidemiology of various health conditions including childhood syndromes, cancer, infectious diseases, inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric disorders, diabetes, obesity and metabolic disorders, and atherosclerosis. With contributions from: Peter Jones, Jean-Pierre Issa, Gavin Kelsey, Robert Waterland, and many other experts in epigenetics!

Book Perinatal Programming

    Book Details:
  • Author : Andreas Plagemann
  • Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
  • Release : 2011-11-30
  • ISBN : 3110249456
  • Pages : 311 pages

Download or read book Perinatal Programming written by Andreas Plagemann and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-11-30 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perinatal Programming addresses the environment-dependent setting of fundamental life functions and dispositions for diseases in developmental periods during pregnancy and in early infancy. It provides a new view of the origins of health and diseases. To realize these associations may enable us to prevent diseases for the long term. This book reviews actual state-of-the-art knowledge in the perinatal programming field. The authors are internationally known scientists of this research area.

Book Gestational Diabetes

    Book Details:
  • Author : A. Lapolla
  • Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
  • Release : 2019-12-19
  • ISBN : 3318066125
  • Pages : 277 pages

Download or read book Gestational Diabetes written by A. Lapolla and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2019-12-19 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetes mellitus, one of the most prevalent complications during pregnancy, can cause a range of problems for women and their developing babies. The number of types of diabetes during pregnancy has dramatically increased worldwide in recent years. Obesity is a very common risk factor for the development of GDM and type 2 diabetes. To prevent birth defects and other health problems, optimal healthcare before and during pregnancy is mandatory. To reach this goal, a multidisciplinary approach is of major importance. This book presents the latest knowledge on the physiopathology, diagnosis, autoimmunity, genetics, omics, and management and treatment of diabetic pregnancy. Renowned healthcare professionals and academic experts provide insights into the complexity of diabetic pregnancy, its treatment, and pregnancy complications. This is a comprehensive overview of the clinical characteristics of pregnancy-related type 1 and 2 diabetes as well as of gestational diabetes. It is a must-read for everyone involved in the monitoring of diabetes during pregnancy.

Book Environmental Epigenetics

Download or read book Environmental Epigenetics written by L. Joseph Su and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-18 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the toxicological and health implications of environmental epigenetics and provides knowledge through an interdisciplinary approach. Included in this volume are chapters outlining various environmental risk factors such as phthalates and dietary components, life states such as pregnancy and ageing, hormonal and metabolic considerations and specific disease risks such as cancer cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses.

Book Vibrant and Healthy Kids

    Book Details:
  • Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
  • Publisher : National Academies Press
  • Release : 2019-12-27
  • ISBN : 0309493382
  • Pages : 621 pages

Download or read book Vibrant and Healthy Kids written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are the foundation of the United States, and supporting them is a key component of building a successful future. However, millions of children face health inequities that compromise their development, well-being, and long-term outcomes, despite substantial scientific evidence about how those adversities contribute to poor health. Advancements in neurobiological and socio-behavioral science show that critical biological systems develop in the prenatal through early childhood periods, and neurobiological development is extremely responsive to environmental influences during these stages. Consequently, social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors significantly affect a child's health ecosystem and ability to thrive throughout adulthood. Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Equity builds upon and updates research from Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity (2017) and From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (2000). This report provides a brief overview of stressors that affect childhood development and health, a framework for applying current brain and development science to the real world, a roadmap for implementing tailored interventions, and recommendations about improving systems to better align with our understanding of the significant impact of health equity.

Book Handbook of Nutrition  Diet  and Epigenetics

Download or read book Handbook of Nutrition Diet and Epigenetics written by Vinood B. Patel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This multivolume reference work addresses the fact that the well being of humankind is predicated not only on individuals receiving adequate nutrition but also on their genetic makeup. The work includes more than 100 chapters organized in the following major sections: Introduction and Overview; Epigenetics of Organs and Diseases in Relation to Diet and Nutrition; Detailed Processes in Epigenetics of Diet and Nutrition; Modulating Epigenetics with Diet and Nutrition; and Practical Techniques. While it is well known that genes may encode proteins responsible for structural and dynamic components, there is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that nutrition itself may alter the way in which genes are expressed via the process of epigenetics. This is where chemically imposed alteration in the DNA sequence occurs or where the functional expression of DNA is modulated. This may include changes in DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, chromatin, histone acetylation or methylation, and genomic imprinting. Knowledge regarding the number of dietary components that impact on epigenetic processes is increasing almost daily. Marshalling all the information on the complex relationships between diet, nutrition, and epigenetic processes is somewhat difficult due to the wide myriad of material. It is for this reason that the present work has been compiled.

Book The Human Gut Liver Axis in Health and Disease

Download or read book The Human Gut Liver Axis in Health and Disease written by Aleksander Krag and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-09 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book brings together the current knowledge and future perspectives of the complex physiology and pathophysiology of gut-liver interactions in health and disease. It provides readers with a unique overview and access to knowledge that cannot be obtained elsewhere. The structure is logical and covers all aspect including the normal physiology, changes in various liver diseases, technology, sample collection and various interventions. Thus suitable for general reading, lookup for specific questions or as a reference book within the area. The book allows the reader to access all the knowledge that has been generated within the last 10 years in this field.

Book Gestational Diabetes During and After Pregnancy

Download or read book Gestational Diabetes During and After Pregnancy written by Catherine Kim and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-02 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is becoming an increasingly prevalent disease as obesity and other chronic diseases are on the rise. It requires careful and informed clinical management as the care received during pregnancy affects not only perinatal health but the risk of developing type 2 diabetes even decades into the future, in both the mother and the child.From epidemiology and pathophysiology to diagnosis and management, covering recent breakthroughs in research and up-to-date developments in clinical practice, Gestational Diabetes During and After Pregnancy offers the reader a comprehensive and current look at Gestational Diabetes. Anyone involved in the research, public health or clinical aspects of Gestational Diabetes will find this volume a valuable aid in consolidating all recent developments regarding this disease.

Book Obesity and Diabetes

    Book Details:
  • Author : Christos S. Mantzoros
  • Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
  • Release : 2007-11-16
  • ISBN : 1592599850
  • Pages : 553 pages

Download or read book Obesity and Diabetes written by Christos S. Mantzoros and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-16 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International experts from world-renowned medical schools comprehensively review for practicing clinicians and scientists alike the latest understanding of the epidemiology, causation, and consequences of diabetes and obesity. The authors discuss in detail their diagnosis, clinical manifestations, complications, and best practices for diagnosis and treatment. They also review the history and epidemiology of these conditions, explain their genetics and pathophysiology, and illuminate their known mechanisms and interactions. State-of-the-art survey-chapters critique current approaches (lifestyle and pharmacological) to the treatment of these conditions.

Book Epigenetics of Aging

    Book Details:
  • Author : Trygve O. Tollefsbol
  • Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
  • Release : 2009-11-11
  • ISBN : 1441906398
  • Pages : 462 pages

Download or read book Epigenetics of Aging written by Trygve O. Tollefsbol and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-11 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent studies have indicated that epigenetic processes may play a major role in both cellular and organismal aging. These epigenetic processes include not only DNA methylation and histone modifications, but also extend to many other epigenetic mediators such as the polycomb group proteins, chromosomal position effects, and noncoding RNA. The topics of this book range from fundamental changes in DNA methylation in aging to the most recent research on intervention into epigenetic modifications to modulate the aging process. The major topics of epigenetics and aging covered in this book are: 1) DNA methylation and histone modifications in aging; 2) Other epigenetic processes and aging; 3) Impact of epigenetics on aging; 4) Epigenetics of age-related diseases; 5) Epigenetic interventions and aging: and 6) Future directions in epigenetic aging research. The most studied of epigenetic processes, DNA methylation, has been associated with cellular aging and aging of organisms for many years. It is now apparent that both global and gene-specific alterations occur not only in DNA methylation during aging, but also in several histone alterations. Many epigenetic alterations can have an impact on aging processes such as stem cell aging, control of telomerase, modifications of telomeres, and epigenetic drift can impact the aging process as evident in the recent studies of aging monozygotic twins. Numerous age-related diseases are affected by epigenetic mechanisms. For example, recent studies have shown that DNA methylation is altered in Alzheimer’s disease and autoimmunity. Other prevalent diseases that have been associated with age-related epigenetic changes include cancer and diabetes. Paternal age and epigenetic changes appear to have an effect on schizophrenia and epigenetic silencing has been associated with several of the progeroid syndromes of premature aging. Moreover, the impact of dietary or drug intervention into epigenetic processes as they affect normal aging or age-related diseases is becoming increasingly feasible.

Book Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics

Download or read book Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics written by Raffaele De Caterina and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-09-22 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition is the most comprehensive foundational text on the complex topics of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Edited by three leaders in the field with contributions from the most well-cited researchers conducting groundbreaking research in the field, the book covers how the genetic makeup influences the response to foods and nutrients and how nutrients affect gene expression. Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition is broken into four parts providing a valuable overview of genetics, nutrigenetics, and nutrigenomics, and a conclusion that helps to translate research into practice. With an overview of the background, evidence, challenges, and opportunities in the field, readers will come away with a strong understanding of how this new science is the frontier of medical nutrition. Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition is a valuable reference for students and researchers studying nutrition, genetics, medicine, and related fields. Uniquely foundational, comprehensive, and systematic approach with full evidence-based coverage of established and emerging topics in nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics Includes a valuable guide to ethics for genetic testing for nutritional advice Chapters include definitions, methods, summaries, figures, and tables to help students, researchers, and faculty grasp key concepts Companion website includes slide decks, images, questions, and other teaching and learning aids designed to facilitate communication and comprehension of the content presented in the book

Book Prenatal Stress and Child Development

Download or read book Prenatal Stress and Child Development written by Ashley Wazana and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-19 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the complex impact of prenatal stress and the mechanism of its transmission on children’s development and well-being, including prenatal programming, epigenetics, infl ammatory processes, and the brain-gut microbiome. It analyzes current findings on prenatal stressors affecting pregnancy, including preconception stress, prenatal maternal depression, anxiety, and pregnancy-specific anxieties. Chapters explore how prenatal stress affects cognitive, affective, behavioral, and neurobiological development in children while pinpointing core processes of adaptation, resilience, and interventions that may reduce negative behaviors and promote optimal outcomes in children. Th is complex perspective on mechanisms by which early environmental influences interact with prenatal programming of susceptibility aims to inform clinical strategies and future research targeting prenatal stress and its cyclical impact on subsequent generations. Key areas of coverage include: The developmental effects of prenatal maternal stress on children. Epigenetic effects of prenatal stress. Intergenerational transmission of parental early life stress. The microbiome-gut-brain axis and the effects of prenatal stress on early neurodevelopment. The effect of prenatal stress on parenting. Gestational stress and resilience. Prenatal stress and children’s sleeping behavior. Prenatal, perinatal, and population-based interventions to prevent psychopathology. Prenatal Stress and Child Development is an essential resource for researchers, professors and graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, and related professionals in infancy and early childhood development, maternal and child health, developmental psychology, pediatrics, social work, child and adolescent psychiatry, developmental neuroscience, and related behavioral and social sciences and medical disciplines. Excerpt from the foreword: “I would make the plea that in addition to anyone with an interest in child development, this book should be essential reading for researchers pursuing “pre-clinical, basic science models of neurodevelopment and brain health”.... This book provides what in my mind is the most advanced compilation of existing knowledge and state-of-the-art science in the field of prenatal psychiatry/psychology (and perhaps in the entire field of prenatal medicine). This volume can brilliantly serve to focus future directions in our understanding of the perinatal determinants of brain health.” Michael J Meaney James McGill Professor of Medicine Translational Neuroscience Programme Adjunct Professor of Paediatrics

Book Toxicological Profile for Lead

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Lead written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8

Download or read book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.

Book Pathophysiology of Obesity Induced Health Complications

Download or read book Pathophysiology of Obesity Induced Health Complications written by Paramjit S. Tappia and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-17 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​According to the World Health Organization, the epidemic of global obesity has nearly tripled since 1975. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight, over 650 million of which were obese. Being overweight and obese has been linked to a number of non-communicable, chronic diseases. Pathophysiology of Obesity-Induced Health Complications is a compilation of review articles dedicated to describe co-morbidities associated with obesity. The wide range that is covered is of significant interest to basic research scientists, clinicians and graduate students who are engaged in studying obesity-induced health complications. Furthermore, this book highlights the potential of novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of obesity and its related illnesses. Nineteen articles in this book are organized in four sections that are designed to provide an overview of obesity-induced health complications. The first section serves as an introductory section on the prevalence, causes, consequences, treatments and preventive approaches for obesity. Section two covers the metabolic disturbances and inflammation due to obesity. The third section is focused on neurological and visceral complications as a consequence of obesity. The final section covers strategies for the prevention of obesity-induced complications. The book illustrates that obesity can result in a diverse range of pathophysiological conditions that adversely affect health.