Download or read book Femtosecond UV and Infrared Time resolved Spectroscopy of DNA written by Kimberly Desneiges De La Harpe and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: DNA contains the genetic code for all life. The nucleic acid bases that comprise DNA readily absorb ultraviolet light, making them susceptible to photodamage that can lead to mutations and skin cancer. Knowledge of the pathways by which excess electronic energy is dissipated in DNA is important for understanding how photodamage to DNA occurs. The aim of this work is to understand the effect of sequence and secondary structure on the excited-state dynamics in a diverse set of DNA systems. The excited-state dynamics of various GC-containing oligonucleotides were studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Long-lived states with lifetimes at least an order of magnitude slower than the constituent monomers were observed in all the systems studied. Significantly altering the structural conformation of d(GC)9 d(GC)9 through the use of high ionic conditions and low pH revealed that long-lived excited state lifetimes were nearly independent of base stacking geometries and base pairing motifs. The electronic coupling for charge recombination in the long-lived exciplex states of d(GC)9 d(GC)9 is proposed to be large and not significantly altered by helix conformation. The driving force, rather than electronic coupling, for charge recombination is proposed to influence strongly the decay of the long-lived exciplex states in this duplex. Transient absorption experiments were carried out on a genomic DNA sequence to study the effect of sequence disorder on excite-state dynamics. Long-lived excited states were observed in the individual single strands as well as in the duplex of the ras61 oligodeoxynucleotide. The lifetimes of the individual strands were sensitive to composition, with a slower decay observed for the purine-rich strand compared to the pyrimidine-rich strand. In addition, a large ultrafast decay component was observed in the duplex suggesting monomer-like decay pathways are accessible in well-stacked DNA systems. This study shows that long-lived excited states are not an artifact of well-ordered model systems, but are also present in genomic DNA. Isotopic studies revealed a pronounced deuterium isotope effect on the excited-state dynamics of alternating GC-containing oligonucleotides that is not present in non-alternating GC-duplexes. This result parallels those of similar AT-DNAs and is proposed to involve interstrand proton transfer initiated by the formation of an exciplex state with significant charge transfer character. To investigate further the possibility of interstrand proton transfer in DNA duplexes, a series of A- and T-containing oligonucleotides were studied by UV-pump / mid-IR probe spectroscopy. Unique, strong positive bands are observed in alternating AT-DNA, but not in the single- and double-strand non-alternating AT-oligomers. These bands are proposed to be marker bands for proton transfer. Possible absorption bands for excimer states were also observed in (dA)1 in the spectral region of 1500 - 1800 cm−1, supporting previous measurements on polyA.
Download or read book Vibrational and Excited state Dynamics of DNA Bases Revealed by UV and Infrared Femtosecond Time resolved Spectroscopy written by Christopher Todd Middleton and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Exposure to UV light, particularly from the sun, is the primary controllable risk factor for the development of skin cancer. The damaging effects of UV photons results from their ability to induced photochemistry in DNA bases. While the many possible photoproducts of DNA are well known, the formation mechanisms for these photoproducts are not. In order to better understand these processes, we seek to better understand the events that occur between photon absorption and photoproduct formation - the photophysics of DNA. Femtosecond UV pump/UV probe transient absorption spectroscopy was used to study the ground-state vibrational cooling of the DNA base derivative 9-methyladenine (9MA) in solution. Photoexcitation of 9MA to the lowest bright electronic excited state at 267 nm is followed by rapid ([tau] ~ 0.4 ps) internal conversion to the electronic ground state, generating more than 30000 cm−1 of excess vibrational energy. Transfer of this excess vibrational energy to the solvent was monitored via changes in the ground-state electronic absorption band at 250 and 285 nm. The vibrational cooling time increases in H2O (2.4 ps), D2O (4.2 ps), methanol (4.5 ps) and acetonitrile (13.1 ps) solvents. The studies show that the initial vibrational energy transfer from the hot solute molecule to the first solvent shell determined the thermalization rate. The studies also suggest that energy transfer between high-frequency solute and solvent modes play a more important role in vibrational cooling than expected. While the majority of excitation lead to ultrafast internal conversion, in pyrimidine bases additional decay pathways exist involving long-lived, intermediate, 1n[pi]* and 3[pi][pi]* states. The 1n[pi]*, 1[pi][pi]*, 3[pi][pi]* and S0 states of single pyrimidine bases have strongly-overlapping electronic absorption spectra which complicates study of their dynamics with conventional UV and visible techniques. A UV-pump/mid-IR-probe femtosecond transient absorption spectrometer was constructed for the purpose of studying, with high resolution and specificity, the excited-state dynamics of DNA bases. Unique marker bands for the 1n[pi]* and 3[pi][pi]* were determined for 1-cyclohexyluracil and thymine, respectively. A marker band for the 1n[pi]* was observed at 1760 cm−1 in acetonitrile and methanol-d1. Marker bands at 1603 and ~1714 cm−1 were assigned to the 3[pi][pi]* state of thymine. This assignment is consistent with previous nanosecond TRIR measurements and theoretical calculations. The triplet state is fully formed on a timescale significantly faster than the 1n[pi]* lifetime, suggesting that intersystem crossing from the 1n[pi]* state to the 3[pi][pi]* state occurs before the excited population reaches the minimum on the 1n[pi]* potential surface, supporting previous conclusions from UV-visible transient absorption measurements. The excited-state dynamics of poly(A) were studied with UV and mid-IR transient absorption. Comparison with mid-IR measurements of AMP allow the quantum yield for ultrafast internal conversion in poly(A) to be estimated. Comparison of transient spectra with ground-state absorption spectrum of poly(A) provides insight into the location of absorption bands of the long-lived excimer-like state. DNA photophysics; femtosecond spectroscopy; time-resolved spectroscopy; time-resolved infrared; vibrational cooling; vibrational relaxation; excited state dynamics.
Download or read book Ultrafast Dynamics at the Nanoscale written by Stefan Haacke and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-01-06 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrafast Dynamics at the Nanoscale provides a combined experimental and theoretical insight into the molecular-level investigation of light-induced quantum processes in biological systems and nanostructured (bio)assemblies. Topics include DNA photostability and repair, photoactive proteins, biological and artificial light-harvesting systems, plasmonic nanostructures, and organic photovoltaic materials, whose common denominator is the key importance of ultrafast quantum effects at the border between the molecular scale and the nanoscale. The functionality and control of these systems have been under intense investigation in recent years in view of developing a detailed understanding of ultrafast nanoscale energy and charge transfer, as well as fostering novel technologies based on sustainable energy resources. Both experiment and theory have made big strides toward meeting the challenge of these truly complex systems. This book, thus, introduces the reader to cutting-edge developments in ultrafast nonlinear optical spectroscopies and the quantum dynamical simulation of the observed dynamics, including direct simulations of two-dimensional optical experiments. Taken together, these techniques attempt to elucidate whether the quantum coherent nature of ultrafast events enhances the efficiency of the relevant processes and where the quantum–classical boundary sets in, in these high-dimensional biological and material systems. The chapters contain well-illustrated accounts of the authors’ research work, including didactic introductory material, and address a multidisciplinary audience from chemistry, physics, biology, and materials sciences. The book is, therefore, a must-have for graduate- and postgraduate-level researchers who wish to learn about molecular nanoscience from a combined spectroscopic and theoretical viewpoint.
Download or read book Ultrafast Phenomena XV written by Paul Corkum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-07-10 with total page 853 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a collection of papers presented at the Fifteenth International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena held at the Asilomar Conference Grounds, Pacifc Grove, CA, USA, from July 31 – August 4, 2006. The Ultrafast P- nomena conferences are held every two years and provide a forum for disc- sion of the latest results in ultrafast optics and their applications in science and engineering. These meetings bring together researchers spanning several felds of science and engineering to discuss and debate the latest advances in ult- fast science. This unique forum provides a conduit for the greater dissemi- tion of the latest advances using ultrashort coherent pulses of light. More than 280 papers were presented. Signifcant progress in creating ever shorter pulses of light was reported in the attosecond range, with new applications in high harmonic generation and frequency comb metrology. Multidimensional sp- troscopy is rapidly evolving to provide new insights into quantum coherence and interactions in complex systems. Improvements in time resolved electron and x-ray diffraction provide better atomic scale perspectives on structural dynamics. These examples are but a small subset of the collected works ga- ered in this volume, which provides a valuable synopsis of the recent advances and impact of ultrafast technology in illuminating fundamental processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. There were 323 attendees at the meeting, more than one third of which were graduate and postdoctoral students. Increased s- dent attendance energized the proceedings.
Download or read book Ultrafast Dynamics of Photoexcited DNA Nucleotides Probed with Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy written by Joohyun Lee and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The interaction between UV light and DNA molecules has been a very attractive research field because of not only the pharmaceutical relevance for UV-induced cancer problems but also the unique ultrafast dynamics of these photochemical systems. DNA molecules have undergone natural selection for millennia, but despite that evolution, their strong absorption of harmful UV light and their critical role in the reproduction of genetic information would seem to be irreconcilable properties. However, the relatively recent discovery that they undergo ultrafast nonradiative decay after absorbing UV light and thereby rapidly quench the excited state and prevent photodamage explains their photostability under UV irradiation. Ultrafast energy dissipation mechanism of DNA helps its photochemistry be very stable despite of countless interaction with sunlight. Spectroscopic tools to monitor ultrafast photo-induced events have become more prevalent and accurate as femtosecond laser techniques have been progressively developed. Until now, the applied methodologies have been inclined to monitor the lifetimes of excited states by femtosecond transient absorption and fluorescence up-conversion spectroscopy because they detect signals using the large cross-sections of electronic transitions. However, how the vibrational structures of excited-state DNA change during the ultrafast energy deactivation event is poorly studied. Here, we investigate this structural picture of the ultrafast dynamics of DNA with femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS). FSRS has been a very powerful time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy to monitor structural changes during ultrafast excited-state dynamics. To overcome inherently weak Raman signal, we utilized resonance Raman enhancement to boost the signal intensity with UV and visible Raman pump pulses generated by our whitelight-seeded stimulated Raman shifter with high-pressure hydrogen gas. In UV-resonance FSRS of DNA base monomers, hot ground-state vibrations were not observed but very broad vibrations with time constants comparable with excited-state lifetime were weakly shown in dGMP. In visible-resonance FSRS of dGMP, the broad linewidth signals were consistently observed more clearly with resonance Raman enhancement. The results from the resonance FSRS of dGMP indicate that dGMP assumes a broad distribution of out-of-plane structures during the ultrafast evolution on the excited-state potential energy surface"--Pages ix-xi
Download or read book Photoinduced Phenomena in Nucleic Acids I written by Mario Barbatti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-12-26 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students
Download or read book Introduction to Experimental Infrared Spectroscopy written by Mitsuo Tasumi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-09-15 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infrared spectroscopy is generally understood to mean the science of spectra relating to infrared radiation, namely electromagnetic waves, in the wavelength region occurring intermediately between visible light and microwaves. Measurements of infrared spectra have been providing useful information, for a variety of scientific research and industrial studies, for over half a century; this is set to continue in the foreseeable future. Introduction to Experimental Infrared Spectroscopy is intended to be a handy guide for those who have no, or limited, experience in infrared spectroscopic measurements but are utilising infrared-related methods for their research or in practical applications. Written by leading researchers and experienced practitioners, this work consists of 22 chapters and presents the basic theory, methodology and practical measurement methods, including ATR, photoacoustic, IR imaging, NIR, 2D-COS, and VCD. The six Appendices will aid readers in understanding the concepts presented in the main text. Written in an easy-to-understand way this book is suitable for students, researchers and technicians working with infrared spectroscopy and related methods.
Download or read book Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy written by V.P. Gupta and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-08-21 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy, Advances and Applications: Volume 3 gives students and researchers an up-to-date understanding of the fast-developing area of molecular and laser spectroscopy. This book covers basic principles and advances in several conventional as well as new and upcoming areas of molecular and laser spectroscopy. This third volume is an extension of the two previous volumes of the same title and includes all-new topics. Each chapter is devoted to a particular fast-growing area of research and fills the gap between elementary texts and advanced material found in research articles. Some of the topics covered include: terahertz spectroscopy and its applications in health care· linear and non-linear vibrational optical activity spectroscopy; cascade laser IR-spectroscopy and frequency comb techniques; step-scan infrared spectroscopy (absorption and emission) for detecting reaction intermediates· surface-enhanced (SERS) and tip-enhanced (TERS) Raman scattering; infrared and Raman micro-spectroscopy; time-resolved linear and non-linear infrared spectroscopy using pico-second and femtosecond lasers. The spectroscopic techniques have been applied to medical sciences, forensics, security, material science, agriculture, food, chemical, pharmaceutical and petrochemical industries and used to study molecular vibrational dynamics, and hydrogen bonding in ground and excited states. This book serves as a valuable resource for students, teachers, and beginning researchers engaged in the area of molecular and laser spectroscopy. On account of the wide range of applications, researchers and scientific personnel in many industries will find this book useful for learning about the latest techniques and putting them to practical use. Written by eminent research scientists having an intricate knowledge of the latest activities in the field Includes exhaustive lists of research articles, reviews, and books at the end of each chapter to aid in further pursuit of research activity Uses illustrative examples of the varied applications to provide a practical guide to those interested in using molecular and laser spectroscopy tools in their research Each chapter is written in simple, clear language and develops its topic systematically, from basics to the latest developments and future projections
Download or read book Multidimensional Time Resolved Spectroscopy written by Tiago Buckup and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-07 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.
Download or read book Femtosecond Broadband Time resolved Fluorescence and Transient Absorption Investigation on the Excited States of Model DNA Oligomers Containing Adenine written by Yat Fung Ho and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Biophysics written by Gordon Roberts and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-10-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Biophysics is envisioned both as an easily accessible source of information and as an introductory guide to the scientific literature. It includes entries describing both Techniques and Systems. In the Techniques entries, each of the wide range of methods which fall under the heading of Biophysics are explained in detail, together with the value and the limitations of the information each provides. Techniques covered range from diffraction (X-ray, electron and neutron) through a wide range of spectroscopic methods (X-ray, optical, EPR, NMR) to imaging (from electron microscopy to live cell imaging and MRI), as well as computational and simulation approaches. In the Systems entries, biophysical approaches to specific biological systems or problems – from protein and nucleic acid structure to membranes, ion channels and receptors – are described. These sections, which place emphasis on the integration of the different techniques, therefore provide an inroad into Biophysics from a biological more than from a technique-oriented physical/chemical perspective. Thus the Encyclopedia is intended to provide a resource both for biophysicists interested in methods beyond those used in their immediate sub-discipline and for those readers who are approaching biophysics from either a physical or biological background.
Download or read book Comprehensive Biophysics written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-04-12 with total page 3533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biophysics is a rapidly-evolving interdisciplinary science that applies theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology. Biophysics encompasses many disciplines, including physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, biochemistry, medicine, pharmacology, physiology, and neuroscience, and it is essential that scientists working in these varied fields are able to understand each other's research. Comprehensive Biophysics, Nine Volume Set will help bridge that communication gap. Written by a team of researchers at the forefront of their respective fields, under the guidance of Chief Editor Edward Egelman, Comprehensive Biophysics, Nine Volume Set provides definitive introductions to a broad array of topics, uniting different areas of biophysics research - from the physical techniques for studying macromolecular structure to protein folding, muscle and molecular motors, cell biophysics, bioenergetics and more. The result is this comprehensive scientific resource - a valuable tool both for helping researchers come to grips quickly with material from related biophysics fields outside their areas of expertise, and for reinforcing their existing knowledge. Biophysical research today encompasses many areas of biology. These studies do not necessarily share a unique identifying factor. This work unites the different areas of research and allows users, regardless of their background, to navigate through the most essential concepts with ease, saving them time and vastly improving their understanding The field of biophysics counts several journals that are directly and indirectly concerned with the field. There is no reference work that encompasses the entire field and unites the different areas of research through deep foundational reviews. Comprehensive Biophysics fills this vacuum, being a definitive work on biophysics. It will help users apply context to the diverse journal literature offering, and aid them in identifying areas for further research Chief Editor Edward Egelman (E-I-C, Biophysical Journal) has assembled an impressive, world-class team of Volume Editors and Contributing Authors. Each chapter has been painstakingly reviewed and checked for consistent high quality. The result is an authoritative overview which ties the literature together and provides the user with a reliable background information and citation resource
Download or read book The Life and Scientific Legacy of George Porter written by David Phillips and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sir George Porter (Lord Porter of Luddenham) was one of the most highly regarded and well known scientists in Britain. He was appointed Director of the Royal Institution in 1966, awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967, and was the only Director of the Royal Institution to later become President of the Royal Society (1985-1990). Porter had a marvellous gift for communicating his infectious enthusiasm for science, and as President of the Royal Society, he worked hard to improve the status of science, and employed his communication skills ably in the defence of British science under attack from inadequate government funding, of which he was fiercely critical.It was for his work on flash photolysis in Cambridge that ultimately led him to win the Nobel Prize. Together with Ronald Norrish and Manfred Eigen, he shared the 1967 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, for their work on techniques for observing and studying extremely fast chemical reactions during the processes of combustion, explosion and chain reaction.In this volume, his peers, former colleagues, students and friends -- themselves highly regarded and well known scientists in their own right -- come together to honour and celebrate the enormous contributions of this man. They comment on their respective personal and working relationships with Porter and on his work.The contributors include Mary Archer (University of Cambridge, UK), James Barber (Imperial College London, UK), Godfrey Beddard (University of Leeds, UK), Graham Fleming (University California, Berkeley, USA), Michael George (University of Nottingham, UK), Anthony Harriman (University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK), David Klug (Imperial College London, UK), Harry Kroto (University of Sussex, UK), Edward Land (Keele University, UK), A J MacRobert (University of College London, UK), David Phillips (Imperial College London, UK), Martyn Poliakoff (University of Nottingham, UK), F Sherwood Rowland (University of California, Irvine, USA), Brian Thrush (University of Cambridge, UK), George Truscott (Keele University, UK), James Turner (University of Nottingham, UK), Barry Ward (UK), Frank Wilkinson (Loughborough University of Technology, UK), Keitaro Yoshihara (Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan), and Ahmed Zewail (California Institute of Technology, USA).
Download or read book Ultrafast Electronic Deactivation Dynamics in DNA Model Systems by Femtosecond UV Fluorescence Spectroscopy written by Nina K. Schwalb and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Methods in Molecular Biophysics written by Nathan R. Zaccai and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-05-18 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current techniques for studying biological macromolecules and their interactions are based on the application of physical methods, ranging from classical thermodynamics to more recently developed techniques for the detection and manipulation of single molecules. Reflecting the advances made in biophysics research over the past decade, and now including a new section on medical imaging, this new edition describes the physical methods used in modern biology. All key techniques are covered, including mass spectrometry, hydrodynamics, microscopy and imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy, electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance. Each method is explained in detail using examples of real-world applications. Short asides are provided throughout to ensure that explanations are accessible to life scientists, physicists and those with medical backgrounds. The book remains an unparalleled and comprehensive resource for graduate students of biophysics and medical physics in science and medical schools, as well as for research scientists looking for an introduction to techniques from across this interdisciplinary field.
Download or read book Spectroscopy and Modeling of Biomolecular Building Blocks written by Jean-Pierre Schermann and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-10-16 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spectroscopy and Modeling of Biomolecular Building Blocks presents an overview of recent advances in the intertwining of the following research fields: photon and electron spectroscopy, quantum chemistry, modelling and mass-spectrometry. The coupling of these disciplines offers a new point of view to the understanding of isolated elementary building blocks of biomolecules and their assemblies. It allows the unambiguous separation between intrinsic properties of biomolecular systems and those induced by the presence of their environment. The first chapters provide background in modelling (I), frequency-resolved spectroscopy using microwave, infrared and UV photons, time-resolved spectroscopy in the femtosecond domain and energy-resolved electron spectroscopy (II) and production of gas-phase neutral and ionic biomolecular species, mass-spectrometry, ion mobility and BIRD techniques (III). Chapter IV is devoted to case studies of gas-phase experimental investigations coupled to quantum or classical calculations. The topics are structural studies of nucleobases and oligonucleotides, peptides and proteins, sugars; neuromolecules; non-covalent complexes; chiral systems, interactions of low-energy electrons with biomolecules in the radiation chemistry context and very large gas-phase biomolecular systems. The fifth chapter concerns the link between gas-phase and liquid-phase. Different treatments of solvation are illustrated through examples pointing out the influence of progressive addition of water molecules upon properties of nucleobases, peptides, sugars and neuromolecules. Offer a new perspective to the understanding of isolated elementary building blocks of bio molecules Includes case studies of experimental investigations coupled to quantum or classical calculations
Download or read book Femtosecond Time resolved Spectroscopy of Organic Molecular Crystals written by Leah Ruby Williams and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
