Download or read book Factors Affecting Fusarium Head Blight Development and Trichothecene Accumulation in Fusarium Infected Wheat Heads written by Pravin Gautam and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-08 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2010 in the subject Biology - Botany, grade: none, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, language: English, abstract: Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is an economically important disease as it results in yield and quality losses of infected grain and the accumulation of mycotoxins produced by the invading fungus. Though it is well established that moisture around the anthesis period promotes FHB development and trichothecene accumulation, the role of moisture from anthesis to harvest has been largely overlooked. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of environmental factors, especially moisture, host resistance, and pathogen variation on infection, FHB disease development and mycotoxin production and accumulation in planta. The split-split-plot Field experiments were conducted in 2006-2008. Main plots were the duration of mist-irrigation after inoculation. Three wheat cultivars used as sub-plots were Alsen, 2375 and Wheaton. Sub-sub-plots were F. graminearum isolates. Plots were inoculated twice, at anthesis. FHB severity was assessed 21 dai. Visually scabby kernels, deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and nivalenol were determined on grain harvested at maturity. Additionally, in 2007 and 2008, whole heads were sampled at 0, 7, 11, 14, 21, 28 and 41 dai analyzed for mycotoxins. Severity, VSK and the DON concentration of mature grain, were significantly higher in the susceptible wheat cultivar Wheaton than in the other two cultivars examined. Although FHB severities were not significantly different in plots receiving different durations of mist irrigation, VSK were significantly lower in the treatments receiving the least amount of mist-irrigation than for treatments receiving mist-irrigation for longer periods, suggesting that extended periods of moisture promote disease development. DON was however significantly lower in the longest misting trea

Download or read book Exploring Fusarium Head Blight Disease Development and Biological Control written by Anita Behari and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease of wheat and other cereals caused by species of Fusarium, namely Fusarium graminearum. This disease is sporadic and highly weather dependent, and affects wheat production globally resulting in reduced grain quality and contamination with mycotoxins. The mycotoxin most commonly associated with FHB is deoxynivalenol (DON). DON is a virulence factor in disease, as well as toxic to plants, humans, and animals. Ultimately, reducing DON contamination in grain depends on preventing infection and subsequent disease. Current mitigation strategies for FHB include the use of moderately resistant cultivars and fungicides; however, when conditions are conducive to disease development even a combination of mitigation strategies offers limited control. Improving mitigation of FHB depends on an improved understanding of disease development, especially the effects of weather variables on facilitating infection, disease, and DON accumulation in cultivars with varying levels of resistance. Additionally, given that global wheat production is threatened by rust and wheat blast, identifying other mitigation strategies for FHB will support flexibility with disease control. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the effects of temperature on disease development and DON accumulation in cultivars varying in resistance to FHB, and to explore biological control (biocontrol) as an additional tool for FHB mitigation. The first objective was to examine the effects of cultivar (moderately resistant: Alsen and susceptible: Wheaton) and temperature (15C and 22C) on fungal spread, ergosterol accumulation, and DON accumulation in Fusarium head blight diseased wheat. Using the point inoculation technique, the florets of the central spikelet of wheat heads were inoculated with a macroconidia suspension. Wheat heads were harvested every two days over a period of thirty days, with one floret per spikelet used to collect data on incidence of F. graminearum, while the other floret was used for extraction of DON and ergosterol. The moderately resistant cultivar Alsen was found to have the least fungal spread, DON, and ergosterol, while 15C also reduced fungal spread, DON, and ergosterol. The combination of Alsen 15C had the lowest F. graminearum incidence, and the least DON and ergosterol. The second objective was to isolate, identify, and characterize microbes from environmental sources in Pennsylvania, with the abilities to inhibit F. graminearum and remove DON from liquid culture. Additionally, the third objective was to screen Bacillus isolates isolated from quinoa in Bolivia and Ecuador for the same abilities. Microbes (mostly bacteria) were isolated from soil and plant material using various media and selected based on morphology for co-culturing with F. graminearum, while samples of soil and plant material were incubated in mineral salt media with DON and tested individually using GC-ECD to monitor DON removal from liquid culture. A total of 151 microbes were screened for inhibition, 59 of which were isolated from mineral salt media containing DON. Of the 151 microbes, 12 were found to inhibit F. graminearum, of which 4 were also able to reduce DON levels in culture. Five other microbes from the mineral salt media incubations were found to significantly decrease DON in culture, but did not inhibit F. graminearum. The fourth objective was to field test spray treatments of two microbes, one able to inhibit F. graminearum and the other able to remove DON, separately and combined, for their effects on FHB disease incidence, head severity, Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), and DON accumulation in a FHB moderately resistant and a FHB susceptible cultivar of wheat. Using non-parametric two-way ANOVA analyses between medians, we found that treatment, cultivar, and treatment*cultivar were significant for all measured variables. Additionally, for some of the measured variables, microbe treatments were found to exacerbate disease and DON accumulation. Future research can further elucidate the effects of weather variables on affecting disease and DON accumulation in cultivars with varying degrees and types of resistance. Biocontrol research can focus on supporting the establishment and antagonistic activities of biocontrol agents in field environments. This dissertation contributes to furthering the understanding of factors influencing disease and DON levels, as well as the use of F. graminearum inhibition and DON removal for FHB biocontrol.

Download or read book Major mycotoxin producing Fusarium species in wheat factors affecting the species complex composition and disease management written by Melanie Klix and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2007-11-22 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fusarium head blight (FHB) infections can significantly reduce yield and quality of the wheat grain, since Fusarium species are known to produce a range of mycotoxins. The most common mycotoxin-producing FHB species in wheat are F. graminearum (teleomorph G. zeae), F. culmorum, F. avenaceum (teleomorph G. avenacea), and F. poae. These species differ in their epidemiology as well as in the range of mycotoxins that they produce. The aim of this study was (i) to determine the effectiveness of plant production methods in reducing contamination of wheat grain by deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the major toxins produced by Fusarium species, (ii) to elucidate the way that wheat cultivation practices and specific environmental conditions influence the FHB species complex composition in wheat, (iii) to identify the Fusarium species in Schleswig-Holstein, and (iv) to determine the effectiveness of triazoles against ascospores, which form the primary inoculum of the most prevalent Fusarium species. Cultivation of moderately susceptible wheat cultivars (-76+-7%) instead of susceptible ones, proved the most effective method for reducing DON levels in infected wheat grain. Avoiding maize as a previous crop, or using a moldboard plough, reduced DON contents by 67+-11% and 67+-7%, respectively, while the application of triazole fungicides at wheat anthesis reduced DON contents on average by 47+-4%. The frequency of selected mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species in wheat heads was analyzed using Fusarium genus- and species-specific primers. Fusarium graminearum was the species most frequently detected (41%) at 26 sampling sites between 2004 and 2006, followed by F. poae (13%), F. culmorum (12%), and F. avenaceum (9%). The detection frequencies of F. graminearum decreased from the Southeast to the Northwest of the area surveyed. Leaf wetness during the period of wheat anthesis was positively correlated with the detection frequencies of F. graminearum, whereas F. culmorum frequencies were negatively affected. Precipitation, humidity, or temperature did not significantly affect the frequency of any of the Fusarium species studied and neither did the sampling year. The presence of one, two, and three species co-inhabiting wheat ears was encountered at frequencies of 57%, 19%, and 2%, respectively. However, F. avenaceum and F. poae were found more frequently in combinations with other species than expected. The Fusarium species complex composition was cultivar dependent on three different wheat cultivars (P

Download or read book Wheat Blast written by Sudheer Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-04-09 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wheat Blast provides systematic and practical information on wheat blast pathology, summarises research progress and discusses future perspectives based on current understanding of the existing issues. The book explores advance technologies that may help in deciding the path for future research and development for better strategies and techniques to manage the wheat blast disease. It equips readers with basic and applied understanding on the identification of disease, its distribution and chances of further spread in new areas, its potential to cause yield losses to wheat, the conditions that favour disease development, disease prediction modelling, resistance breeding methods and management strategies against wheat blast. Features: Provides comprehensive information on wheat blast pathogen and its management under a single umbrella Covers disease identification and diagnostics which will be helpful to check introduction in new areas Discusses methods and protocol to study the different aspects of the disease such as diagnostics, variability, resistance screening, epiphytotic creation etc. Gives deep insight on the past, present and future outlook of wheat blast research progress This book’s chapters are contributed by experts and pioneers in their respective fields and it provides comprehensive insight with updated findings on wheat blast research. It serves as a valuable reference for researchers, policy makers, students, teachers, farmers, seed growers, traders, and other stakeholders dealing with wheat.

Download or read book Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley written by Kurt J. Leonard and published by American Phytopathological Society. This book was released on 2003 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a comprehensive record of current knowledge on the nature of Fusarium head blight, the damage it causes, and current research on how to control it. The book begins with a historical account of Fusarium head blight epidemics that gives context to recent attempts to control epidemics in wheat and barley. A review of pathogen taxonomy and population biology helps scientists to see relationships among head blight pathogens and other Fusarium species. The information on epidemiology included in this review also provides an understanding of the weather conditions and cultural practices that promote explosive epidemics. New information on infection processes will lead the reader to a better understanding of how to breed for resistance in wheat and barley.

Download or read book Epidemiology and Variability of Disease and Deoxynivalenol in Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat in Ohio written by Kylea J. Odenbach and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch), is the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a fungal disease of wheat and other small grain. This fungus produces a trichothecene mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), which accumulates in infected grain. The United States Food and Drug Administration has issued a 2 ppm advisory limit for DON in unprocessed grain intended for human consumption. In this study, the effect of host resistance, growth stage at infection, and inoculum density, as well as the interactions of these factors, were evaluated on disease measures and DON content of grain under different environmental conditions. A second study, overlaid on the first, evaluated the same effects on DON and F. graminearum colonization of grain from wheat spikes asymptomatic for FHB. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-split-split plot treatment structure, with planting date (PD) as the whole plot, wheat cultivar (CV) as the sub-plot, infection time (IT) as the sub-sub plot, and inoculum density (ID) as the sub-sub-sub plot. Main effects of CV, IT, and ID were significant in both years for DON and visual measures of disease. The greatest DON levels for the two years were seen when temperatures were cool (

Download or read book Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety written by Kaushal K. Shinha and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-07-16 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes a range of mycotoxins occurring as contaminants in agricultural crops and animal products, and details the implementation of food safety regulations via governmental and international agencies. The book charts the progress made in mycotoxicology since the early 1990s. It also profiles recent advances in mycotoxin analysis methods.

Download or read book The Fusarium Laboratory Manual written by John F. Leslie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the first time in over 20 years, a comprehensive collection of photographs and descriptions of species in the fungal genus Fusarium is available. This laboratory manual provides an overview of the biology of Fusarium and the techniques involved in the isolation, identification and characterization of individual species and the populations in which they occur. It is the first time that genetic, morphological and molecular approaches have been incorporated into a volume devoted to Fusarium identification. The authors include descriptions of species, both new and old, and provide protocols for genetic, morphological and molecular identification techniques. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual also includes some of the evolutionary biology and population genetics thinking that has begun to inform the understanding of agriculturally important fungal pathogens. In addition to practical “how-to” protocols it also provides guidance in formulating questions and obtaining answers about this very important group of fungi. The need for as many different techniques as possible to be used in the identification and characterization process has never been greater. These approaches have applications to fungi other than those in the genus Fusarium. This volume presents an introduction to the genus Fusarium, the toxins these fungi produce and the diseases they can cause. "The Fusarium Laboratory Manual is a milestone in the study of the genus Fusarium and will help bridge the gap between morphological and phylogenetic taxonomy. It will be used by everybody dealing with Fusarium in the Third Millenium." --W.F.O. Marasas, Medical Research Council, South Africa

Download or read book Toxigenic Fusarium Species Identity and Mycotoxicology written by W. F. O. Marasas and published by Penn State University Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The taxonomy of fungi in the genus Fusarium is complex and confusing because of the different taxonomic systems in use in various parts of the world. Taxonomy of the genus is further complicated by its extreme variability in culture and by the fact that Fusarium species mutate and degenerate rapidly in culture. This situation has led to great confusion in the extensive literature on Fusarium mycotoxicoses because the same fungus is known under a variety of different names in different countries. This book, a comparative taxonomic study of Fusarium species reported to be toxigenic in published findings, represents the first serious attempt to clarify the confusion in the taxonomy and nomenclature of toxigenic Fusarium species. It is a catalog of the isolates in the International Toxigenic Fusarium Reference Collection, which is made up of isolates collected from research workers around the world. Information on each isolate includes the correct identification, references to publications in which the isolate is cited, and information on the toxic properties of and mycotoxins reported to be produced by each isolate. The nomenclature used follows the system given in Fusarium Species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. These two volumes will be useful to anyone interested in the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species.

Download or read book Fusarium written by Paul E. Nelson and published by Penn State University Press. This book was released on 1981 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diseases caused by Fusarium and their control; The fungus Fusarium: ecology; The fungus Fusarium: genetics and cytology; The fungus Fusarium: Physiology and histopathology; The fungus Fusarium: Taxonomy.

Download or read book Future Challenges in Crop Protection Against Fungal Pathogens written by Aakash Goyal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-06 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the issues and challenges of crop pathogens and plant protection. Composed of the latest knowledge in plant pathology, the book covers topics such as fungal diseases of the groundnut, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, plant pathogenic fungi in the genomics era, the increased virulence of wheat rusts and oat fungal diseases. Written by experienced and internationally recognized scientists in the field, Future Challenges in Crop Protection Against Fungal Pathogens is a concise yet comprehensive resource valuable for both novice as well as experienced plant scientists and researchers.

Download or read book Biotic Stress Resistance in Millets written by I. K. Das and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-08-03 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biotic Stress Resistance in Millets presents an important guide to the disease and pest-related challenges of this vital food crop. Biotic stresses are one of the major constraints for millet production, but newly emerging and forward-thinking problems with disease and insect pests are likely to increase as a result of changing weather, making this an imperative book on best practices. Current strategies are mainly through the development of resistant cultivars, as the use of chemicals is cost-prohibitive to many of those producing millet in developing countries where it is of most value as a food source. This book explores non-chemical focused options for improving plant resistance and protecting crop yield. This single-volume reference will be important for researchers, teachers and students in the disciplines of Agricultural Entomology, Plant protection, Resistance Plant Breeding and Biotechnological pest management. Establishes basic concepts of host resistance providing foundational insight Synthesizes past biotic stress resistance research with the latest findings to orient research for future strategies for plant protection Focuses exclusively on host plant resistance on all major diseases and pests of millets Presents data and strategies that are globally applicable as millets gain importance as a health food

Download or read book Molecular Identification of Fungi written by Youssuf Gherbawy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-03 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fungi enjoy great popularity in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and biotechnological applications. Recent advances in the decipherment of whole fungal genomes promise an acceleration of these trends. This timely book links scientists from different parts of the world who are interested in the molecular identification of fungi combined with the exploration of the fungal biodiversity in different ecosystems. It provides a compendium for scientists who rely on a rapid and reliable detection of fungal specimens in environmental as well as clinical resources in order to ensure the benefit of industrial and clinical applications. Chapters focus on the opportunities and limits of the molecular marker-mediated identification of fungi. Various methods, procedures and strategies are outlined. Furthermore, the book offers an update of the current progress in the development of fungal molecular techniques, and draws attention to potential and associated problems, as well as integrating theory and practice.

Download or read book Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants written by J. P. Felix D'Mello and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-03-27 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1997. Natural toxicants are the subject of research throughout the world, and they are used for many purposes. The Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants presents a wide range of compounds and considers how they relate to food safety, therapeutic purposes in medicine, and uses in breeding plants for enhanced resistance to insects and disease. Alkaloids, both from plant and fungal sources, are emphasized. Also covered are a variety of toxicants and phytochemicals including: bracken fern poisons polyphenolics gossypol flavones isoflavones pyrimidine glycosides fruit and vegetable allergens linear furanocoumarins photosensitizing agents nitrates oxalates Pinus ponderosa toxicants The text stresses the positive aspects of plant secondary compounds and presents examples of beneficial attributes in the context of environmental protection and human health. An international authorship addresses the global diversity and ecological distribution of plant and fungal toxicants. This handbook is ideal for senior-level college students and post-graduate students studying animal science, toxicology, and pharmaceutical sciences.

Download or read book The Genus Fusarium written by Wolfgang Gerlach and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fusarium Mycotoxins written by Anne E. Desjardins and published by American Phytopathological Society. This book was released on 2006 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Also included is a thorough review of the molecular genetics of both trichothecene and fumonisin biosynthesis, presenting more than 15 years of molecular biological research in an accessible form. Part one then reviews the natural occurrence and toxicity of agriculturally important mycotoxins, with historical case studies of suspected mycotoxicoses in humans and animals. These chapters also contain updates on the molecular genetics of additional mycotoxins and the importance of mycotoxins in plant diseases. This useful reference presents concise descriptions of mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species, as defined by the most recent concepts of fungal species biology and evolution. Each species' report includes a risk assessment based on its mycotoxin profile, occurrence in food and feed crops, and association with human and animal mycotoxicoses. Data on species distribution, mycotoxin profiles, and animal toxicity facilitate risk assessment for food and feed safety.

Download or read book Wheat Production in Stressed Environments written by H.T. Buck and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-16 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a unique overview to wheat and related species, this book comprises the proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Conference, held in Mar del Plata, Argentina, at the end of 2005. Leading scientists from all over the world, specialized in different areas that contribute to the better understanding of wheat production and use, review the present achievements and discuss the future challenges for the wheat crop.