Download or read book Fabrication of Pt Catalyst on TiN Inverse Opal Structure for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell by Atomic Layer Deposition written by 劉又榮 and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fabrication of Platinum Catalyst on Novel Porous Supports by Atomic Layer Deposition for High Specific Power Density Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell and Its Accelerated Degradation Test written by 薛仰志 and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Precision Synthesis with Atomic Layer Deposition for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Enhancement written by Zhaoxuan Wang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology has progressed significantly over the past few decades for CO2-free energy conversion. However, the energy efficiency of PEMFCs is still far below the thermodynamic limit for numerous reasons. A major cause is the overpotential induced by the sluggish reaction kinetics, especially for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode. To overcome the limitation, efforts have been devoted to developing catalyst material structure engineering to maintain a high intrinsic catalytic activity. In this thesis, I will firstly discuss a strained Pt catalyst with an enhanced catalytic activity for ORR. The catalyst was fabricated by sequential atomic layer deposition(ALD) of cobalt oxide and Pt on the carbon supports, followed by acid leaching that removes almost the entire cobalt oxide template. A compressive strain in the Pt-Pt lattice of the strained catalyst was observed by both extended x-ray absorption fine structure and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy in which negligible Pt-Co interaction is found. Therefore the performance enhancement is mostly attributed to the Pt lattice strain. Secondly I will introduce a precision alloyed Pt-Ti catalyst with a Ti-rich subsurface layer. This catalyst structure was found to have a higher confidence level regarding significant catalytic activity enhancement in density functional theory model. An almost 8-fold activity enhancement compared to Pt ALD catalyst were achieved. Both dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy indicate significant Ti enrichment close to the very surface. Finally, I will describe the fabrication and performance of strained Pt catalyst and Pt-Ti alloy catalyst integrated in membrane electrode assembly(MEA). To further improve the mass activity of the strained Pt catalyst, passivation gas incorporated atomic layer deposition (PALD) was applied. The mass activity was pushed to 0.59A/mg on a Ketjen Black carbon support and even close to 0.8 A/mg on CMK-3. The Ketjen Black-supported catalyst additionally demonstrated impressive durability. For Pt-Ti alloy catalyst, significant performance enhancement especially in specific activity was demonstrated. The temperature-dependent performance was studied and the Pt-Ti alloy catalyst indicates improvement in ORR performance mainly attribute to lowered activation energy barrier.

Download or read book Low Platinum Fuel Cell Technologies written by Junliang Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-11-21 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to the fundamental physics and chemistry of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), followed by discussions on recent advances in low platinum electrocatalysis and related catalyst development for PEMFC (the book’s primary focus), methods of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabrication for low platinum catalysts, and durability issues in connection with MEA. While energy and environmental issues are becoming the two main subjects in global sustainable development, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), a clean and efficient new energy technology, has attracted more and more attention in recent years The major hurdle for more extensive applications of the PEMFC, especially for the automotive sector, is the high platinum loading requirement. Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals and methods of low platinum PEMFC. This book is intended for researchers, engineers and graduate students in the fields of new energy technology, the fuel cell vehicle industry and fuel cell design.

Download or read book Fabrication of Platinum Catalyst and Novel Supports by Atomic Layer Deposition for Fuel Cell Application written by 金子剛 and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Understanding the Formation structure functionality Relationship of the Catalyst Layer in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell written by Donglei Yang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology provides a sustainable power solution as it electrochemically converts the chemical energy stored in hydrogen molecules into electricity, heat, and water. The electrochemical reactions occurring in the catalyst layer (CL), however, requires the use of precious group metal (PGM) catalysts, such as platinum, which is a major factor contributing to the high cost of PEMFC technology. To reduce the cost, there have been extensive research efforts in developing low-PGM and PGM-free catalyst materials. Nevertheless, the CLs incorporating these novel materials are often found to suffer from severe mass transport resistance resulting in significant performance loss. Based on the literature, this undesired mass transport resistance is mainly attributed to the cathode oxygen transport due to the heterogeneous characteristics of the hierarchical microstructure of the CL. Although a standard CL only contains carbon supported catalyst and ionomer, understanding the formation of the structure and the origin of the structural characteristics have been very challenging due to its complicated preparation process. A CL is usually prepared by an ink casting method, which involves multiple steps. The catalyst ink consists of the CL constituent materials uniformly dispersed in a liquid medium forming a suspension, which has an opaque, heterogeneous, and highly time-sensitive nature making the experimental investigation on the particulate structure in the catalyst ink very challenging. Despite the long history of using the CLs, a principled framework for understanding the structure-property relationship of the CLs has not yet fully developed. To advance the design and development of low-cost and robust CLs, this research 1) conceptualized a physical process capturing the key aspects of the particulate structure formation with respect to the CL fabrication process, 2) based on the complex fluid nature of the catalyst ink, designed a holistic non-destructive hierarchical approach to investigate the particulate structure in the catalyst ink, and 3) qualitatively and experimentally established the formation-structure-process-functionality relationship for CLs. With the newly proposed framework, this research advances current understanding on the structure-property relationship of the CLs and provides novel and practical insights into the design of low-cost functionality-tailored CLs.

Download or read book Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts written by Radoslav Adzic and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-11 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a science and technology of a new type of electrocatalysts consisting of a single atomic layer of platinum on suitable supports. This development helped overcome three major obstacles—catalysts‘ cost, activity, and stability—for a broad range of fuel cell applications. The volume begins with a short introduction to the science of electrocatalysis, covering four reactions important for energy conversion in fuel cells. A description follows of the properties of metal monolayers on electrode surfaces, and underpotential deposition of metals. The authors then describe the concept of Pt monolayer electrocatalysts and its implications and their synthesis by galvanic displacement of less-noble metal monolayers and other methods. The main part of the book presents a discussion of catalysts’ characterization and catalytic properties of Pt monolayers for the four main reactions of electrochemical energy conversion: oxygen reduction and oxidation of hydrogen, methanol and ethanol. The book concludes with a treatment of scale-up syntheses, fuel cell tests, catalysts’ stability and application prospects.

Download or read book A Characterization Study on Catalyst Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells written by Luyue Li and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis describes the work for the catalyst layer (CL) characterization study of proton exchange membranes (PEM) for fuel cells. In particular, both the structure and performance of catalyst layers with alternative ionomers were studied. Structure wise, the morphology, surface area and pore size distribution studies were accomplished with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption processed through Brunauer--Emmett--Teller (BET) and Barrett- Joyner-Halenda (BJH) theory. Water uptake isotherms of the CLs have been developed under well controlled relative humidity (RH) levels. The performance characterization focuses on polarization study, catalyst layer proton conductivity measurement and estimation of the proton conduction tortuosity. Also, a thermal investigation between various components of the catalyst layer was performed. Two different sets of CLs were examined, the in-house fabricated 3M ionomer CLs and free-standing 3M CLs directly provided from the 3M Company. A characteristic comparison of the structure and electrochemical performance have been carried out, along with further discussion on the formation of CLs containing 3M polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ionomer. Our data revealed that higher ionomer to carbon (I/C) ratio reduced the amount of micro- , meso- and macropores. This allowed the construction of a more completely developed ionic transport network, however, could potentially hinder the mass transfer. Also, our study showed that higher Pt:C ratio lead to a more intense Pt agglomeration. The CL's porosity was strongly affected by such Pt clustering. Furthermore, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) revealed that the 3M ionomer preferred attaching to the carbon surface over the Pt particles. According to our polarization study, in contrast of tradition Nafion fuel cells, the 3M fuel cells reached its optimal performance at 60%-70% RH and suffered dramatic mass transfer losses at saturated humidity level. Therefore, the 3M fuel cells are able to function fully under drier conditions than the Nafion units. However, the high sensitivity on the cells' water content requires efficient water management during operation, especially at higher current density. Polarization study also showed an optimal 3M ionomer loading of 36 wt.% at 30:70 Pt:C ratio, which is similar to traditional Nafion fuel cells.

Download or read book Platinum Group Metal Free Catalyst and Catalyst Layer Design for PEM Fuel Cells written by Pan Xu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Facing the crises of energy shortage and climate change, it becomes increasingly urgent to find renewable and low carbon emission replacements for fossil fuels. Renewable energy such as wind power, hydropower, solar energy, geothermal energy, and bioenergy has been applied as power sources, mostly converted to electric power. In the area of transportation, gasoline and diesel are still the most widely used fuels, which are eco-unfriendly because of CO2, SOX and NOX emissions as the exhaust. In order to electrify the transportation process, electric power needs to be stored within appropriate media in the form of chemical energy, which must be able to easily transfer to electricity to power cars, buses, trains, cruises, airplanes, and other transportation modes. Lithium and hydrogen are the most promising candidates for transportation applications as the energy carrier, which puts the lithium-ion battery and hydrogen fuel cell into the dominance in the market. Restricted by the energy density of the lithium-ion battery, the driving range of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) is very limited. Comparing to BEV, Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) has a much higher driving range benefit from the high energy density of compressed hydrogen. There are challenges that FCEVs are confronting as well, among which the high cost of PEM fuel cell is one of the biggest challenges. The major reason that makes proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell expensive is the platinum used to catalyze the anode and cathode reactions, mainly the cathode. The primary goal of the works for this thesis is to prepare catalysts that are: (1) highly active; (2) durable; (3) cost-effective; (4) scalable. The catalysts prepared will not only be tested in the "half-cell" simulated by the three-electrode system to verify their oxygen reduction reaction activity, but also be incorporated to the PEM fuel cell to see their performance in real applications. In the first work of this thesis, we prepared an ultra-high surface area hollow carbon sphere as the carbon support. By using the aminothiophenol as the N, S co-doping precursor, the hollow sphere structure was successfully retained in the final catalyst HCS-A, which also has a high surface area. HCS-A was also found to have high activity, especially in the alkaline medium. In the second work of this thesis, the heteroatom doping is restricted with nitrogen. However, we applied a secondary nitrogen doping precursor to enhance the nitrogen doping and boost the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. In order to meet the requirements for larger-scale applications, we have successfully scaled up the catalyst from milligram-scale to gram-scale, without any diminishment in the ORR activity. The scale-up catalyst with secondary nitrogen doping SU-PAU has demonstrated the state of art half-cell activity and PEM fuel cell performance. The last work of this thesis focuses on operating condition study and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) design optimization. Through a systematic study, we were able to obtain in-depth knowledge of how the operating parameters and design parameters may affect the performance. After careful optimization, the highest H2-air performance to date was achieved with a commercial size MEA.

Download or read book Method of Fabricating Electrode Catalyst Layers with Directionally Oriented Carbon Support for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of the invention comprises an anode and a cathode and a proton conductive membrane therebetween, the anode and the cathode each comprising a patterned sheet of longitudinally aligned transition metal-containing carbon nanotubes, wherein the carbon nanotubes are in contact with and are aligned generally perpendicular to the membrane, wherein a catalytically active transition metal is incorporated throughout the nanotubes.

Download or read book Production of High performance and Improved durability Pt catalyst support for Proton exchange membrane Fuel Cells with Pulsed Laser Deposition written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book On the Fabrication of Model Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Films written by Patrick Nicholson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Developing Electrocatalysts precious and Non precious for PEM Fuel Cells Applying Metal Organic Frameworks written by Foroughazam Afsahi and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fuel cells have great potential for use as alternative energy conversion devices for a wide variety of applications. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be potential replacements for internal combustion engines in automobiles, owing to their reduced emissions and better efficiency. A platinum (Pt)-based catalyst is required to facilitate both hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) which occur at the anode and cathode of PEMFCs, respectively. The ORR kinetic is inherently very sluggish and is considered the limiting factor facing the performance of PEMFCs. In order to generate power at an acceptable rate for real world applications, a significant amount of Pt catalyst is required. This is traditionally in the form of Pt nanoparticles evenly distributed on a porous carbon support material (Pt/C). Pt is an extremely expensive noble metal with very limited natural abundance. Thus, large-scale commercialization of PEMFCs requires significant advances in catalyst development in order both to reduce the amount of Pt metal and to enhance catalyst durability. In this research work, we employed Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as a sole precursor for preparing PEMFC electrocatalysts. Owing to their crystalline, porous, hybrid structure, these materials have potential to be applied as PEMFCs electrocatalyst precursor. The clearly-defined three-dimensional structure of these materials can produce a high density of metal active sites evenly distributed through their regularly arranged structure. They can therefore enhance catalyst utilization. The organic linkers of the MOF-based precursor would be converted to carbon during thermal activation while maintaining the porous framework, leading to catalysts with high surface area and uniformly distributed active sites without the need for a carbon support. Pt and Fe containing MOF precursors were synthesized and used as the sole precursor to develop both Pt and non-precious (Fe)-based electrocatalysts for PEMFCs. A Pt-based electrocatalyst was the first reported on implementation of precious metal containing MOFs for developing PEMFC electrocatalyst. The Pt-based electrocatalyst derived from this Pt-containing MOF precursor demonstrated catalytic performance comparable to the commercially available Pt/C especially for HOR at the anode side. To prepare a non-precious electrocatalyst, Fe containing MOF belonging to a different class of MOF materials other than ZIFs was synthesized and used as the sole electrocatalyst precursor. This was the first report on using non-ZIF MOF precursor for ORR electrocatalyst development. This Fe-based electrocatalyst revealed promising ORR activity and PEM fuel cell performance when applied at the cathodic catalytic layer of the corresponding membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In addition, the effect of catalyst ink composition prepared from the MOF derived Pt-based electrocatalyst, in terms of Nafion ionomer content, on the overall performance of PEMFC was investigated via a macroscopic CFD model. The trend predicted from the model calculations was then surveyed experimentally in search for the optimum Nafion ionomer content. Furthermore, the products of thermal transformation of Pt-based MOF into carbon-black based electrocatalyst were studied using a.c. impedance spectroscopy. Along with the electrocatalyst precursor, thermolysis products of parent MOF-253 (Al-containing) were considered in these studies. The materials subjected to thermolysis at increasing temperatures were found to pass through different conduction states starting from insulator and ending up with a particular metal-like conductance with positive temperature dependence and high ambient conductivity.

Download or read book Improving Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells written by Jarrid A. Wittkopf and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells include proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs). PEMFCs use a proton conducting electrolyte, generating an acidic environment, while HEMFCs employ a hydroxide conducting electrolyte, providing a basic environment. For both types of fuel cells, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode is sluggish and controls the fuel cell performance. Therefore, this thesis focuses on improving ORR catalyst activity and durability. ☐ PEMFCs, the more mature technology, have been commercially implemented in fuel cell cars like the Toyota Mirai and Honda Clarity. However, PEMFCs are expensive because they require a large amount of platinum (Pt) catalyst to overcome the ORR overpotential and the rapid catalyst degradation caused by the acidic operating environment. Current PEMFCs use Pt nanoparticles supported on amorphous carbon black as ORR catalysts. These catalysts have activity and durability concerns resulting from both the Pt nanoparticles and the amorphous carbon support. Strategies to improve catalyst activity and durability include generating a support-less catalyst, increasing the durability of the catalyst support, and switching to a basic environment. ☐ A transition to unsupported catalysts with an extended surface structure improves specific activity and durability and in turn, the cost-effectiveness of the entire fuel cell. Pt-coated copper nanowires (Pt/CuNW) exemplify these desirable catalytic traits. Improving this platform, post-synthetic processing is used to further enhance the ORR performance of the Pt/CuNW catalyst. Specifically, annealing followed by electrochemical dealloying increases activity by introducing geometric lattice tuning through Cu alloying. The resultant bimetallic PtCu-coated copper nanowire (PtCu/CuNW) catalyst yields ORR specific and mass activities of 2.65 mA cmPt-2 and 1.24 A mgPt-1, surpassing the respective DOE targets (SA and MA) of 0.72 mA cmPt-2 and 0.44 A mgPt-1. PtCu/CuNWs demonstrate enhanced durability over Pt nanoparticle catalysts by maintaining 64.1 % of its active surface area after undergoing 30,000 cycles of a potential cycling accelerated durability test (0.6 - 1.1 vs RHE). Post durability PtCu/CuNWs outperformed the DOE targets with a SA and MA of 1.50 mA cmPt-2 and 0.477 A mgPt-1 ☐ Alternately, increasing catalyst support durability through the introduction of a more durable carbon support has also been accomplished. Highly graphitic and cost-effective Cup-stacked carbon nanofiber supports have the potential to address the support durability concerns. Pt supported on carbon black (Vulcan XC-72) and cup-stacked carbon nanofibers as well as each carbon support alone underwent a high potential (1.4 V vs RHE) accelerated durability test in acidic and basic environments using rotating disk electrode techniques. It was shown that in all environments the cup-stacked carbon nanofiber support demonstrated higher durability and the catalysts tested in the basic environment had better overall stability compared to their acidic counterpart. ☐ HEMFCs have the potential for incorporating a wide variety of non-precious metal catalysts and promise to dramatically lower the fuel cell cost. One commercially available non-precious metal catalyst is Acta 4020. This carbon-based catalyst, containing 3.5 wt. % transition metals, when compared to state-of-the-art Pt/C catalysts shows comparable ORR performance and superior durability while exposed to a potential cycling (0.6 – 1.1 V vs RHE) accelerated durability test. Fuel cell testing also demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating this catalyst into the cathode electrode of a HEMFC.

Download or read book Optimization of Ultra low Loading Catalyst Layers for Pemfc and Pemwe Using Reactive Spray Deposition Technology written by Haoran Yu and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The optimization of low catalyst loading electrode fabricated with reactive spray deposition technology (RSDT) is conducted for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) applications. For PEMFC, the key catalyst layer parameters studied in this work include: ionomer-to-carbon (I/C) ratio, platinum particle size, and platinum loading on carbon. The RSDT-derived catalyst layers were shown to exhibit better ionomer coverage on the carbon support than traditional fabrication method, reducing the amount of ionomer needed for optimal fuel cell performance. Analysis on the fuel cell polarization sources for RSDT-derived catalyst layer was performed to further elucidate the influence of I/C ratio on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and oxygen transport. The effect of platinum particle size and platinum loading on carbon were studied by employing two types of gradient cathode to mitigate platinum dissolution and migration to the electrolyte membrane. One type of the gradient cathode was made with platinum particle size of 5 nm near the membrane and platinum particle size of 2 nm toward the GDL. The platinum loading on carbon was kept constant at 40 wt% throughout the cathode. The other type of gradient cathode kept the platinum particle size of 2 nm throughout the cathode but used higher platinum loading on carbon (60 wt%) near the membrane and 40 wt% platinum toward the GDL. Accelerated stress test was performed using triangular wave potential cycling from 0.6V to 1.0V at 50 mV s-1for 30,000 cycles. The degradation mechanism was investigated using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Durable anode catalyst layer for PEMWE was developed with an IrOx/Nafion composite thin film with the key catalyst layer parameters being the surface oxidation state of iridium and the homogeneity of the catalyst layer. The oxide rich iridium showed superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and higher catalyst stability in electrolyzer test. In addition, the catalyst layer homogeneity played an important role in the catalyst stability. The optimized electrolyzer durability achieved ~1400 hours with ~0.08 mg cm-2 iridium loading, more than 90% reduction compare to the commercial catalyst.

Download or read book Pore scale Simulation of Cathode Catalyst Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells PEMFCs written by Weibo Zheng (Ph. D. in mechanical engineering) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the complex phenomena occurring inside the catalyst layer of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is critical to design of an optimized structure with low platinum loading and high performance. Describing detailed physical and chemical processes in the catalyst layer at the resolution of pore scale, pore-scale simulation is considered as a promising approach for use in understanding the structure-performance relation and subsequent optimization of the catalyst layer. For wide spread use in industry, the computational cost of pore-scale simulation needs to be reduced. To achieve this goal, a multiscale decomposition method that accelerates the convergence of an iteratively-solved variable distribution in porous electrodes is proposed. The multiscale method combines the macroscopic method with pore-scale simulation by decomposing a variable distribution into the macroscopic component and local fluctuations. The decomposition removes the slowly converged, long wavelength components in an iteratively-solved variable distribution, thereby accelerating the convergence. In this research, to reduce the computational cost of multiphase pore-scale simulation, the multiscale method is applied to the electrolyte phase potential and oxygen concentration, both of which converge slowly and limit the overall computational efficiency. The results show that the multiscale method can substantially accelerate the convergence without sacrificing the accuracy. It is also found that the estimation of the effective transport property appearing in the volume-averaged part of the multiscale method influences the convergence rate of the multiscale method. With more accurate estimation of an effective transport property, the multiscale method is shown to work more effectively, especially for a thick porous electrode. Being an important parameter in the application to oxygen concentration, the effective oxygen diffusivity in pores is systematically investigated using pore-scale simulation, and empirical correlations for use in the multiscale method, as well as other macroscopic simulation methods, are obtained. The emphasis is placed on the importance of Knudsen diffusion in nanoscale pores in the catalyst layer. The results also highlight the importance of liquid water distribution on the effective diffusivity estimation and, therefore, on the computational efficiency of the multiscale method. With reduced computational cost, multiphase pore-scale simulation of a catalyst layer used in a laboratory experiment is successfully performed. The proposed multiscale decomposition method can be extended to pore-scale simulation for any porous electrodes.

Download or read book Platinum and Platinum Alloy Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Electrodes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells written by Sanjeev Mukerjee and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: