Download or read book Fabrication of 3 Dimensional Si Si Ti Or Ti Photonic Crystals by the Direct Metallothermic Reduction of Oxide Precursors written by Christopher Purdon and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Photonic crystals are well ordered materials characterised by a regularly modulated refractive index in 1, 2 or 3 dimensions, with a period typically near the length scale of the visible spectrum of light. Periodicity gives rise to photonic band gaps; a narrow range of frequencies for which light wave propagation within the photonic crystal is forbidden. Photonic Band Gap materials offer a multitude of opportunities for the manipulation of light, and hence they are finding increasingly widespread use in optical and optoelectronic devices. Currently there is an enormous interest in the fabrication of 3 dimensional Si photonic crystals. This Project aims to explore the feasibility of direct magnesiothermic reduction of SiO2 colloidal crystals (synthetic opals) as a means to fabricate 3 dimensional Si photonic crystal materials. Initially, batches of monodisperse, sub micron sized silica (SiO2) colloids were prepared by the ammonia catalysed hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) using the well known Stöber method. By varying the reaction temperature (20-65oC) and keeping all other reaction parameters constant ([TEOS] = 0.4M, [NH3] = 0.5M, [H2O] = 10M, solvent ethanol), batches of monodisperse silica colloids with diameters of 120-400 nm were synthesised successfully. The silica colloids readily self-assembled to form 3-dimensional silica colloidal crystals (synthetic opals). Silica colloidal crystal powders were obtained by gravitational sedimentation of silica colloids in ethanol, followed by removal of the ethanol and air drying. Silica colloidal crystal thin films on glass or silicon substrates were obtained immersing the planar substrate vertically in dilute ethanolic dispersions of SiO2 colloids, and allowing the ethanol to slowly evaporate at room temperature. SiO2 colloidal crystals formed at the falling meniscus. The obtained silica colloidal crystals displayed angle dependent structural colour similar to natural opal and were structurally and optically characterised by SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis transmission and UV-Vis reflectance measurements. The optical characteristics of the silica colloidal crystals obeyed a modified Bragg's law expression which takes account of both refraction and diffraction of light in the silica colloidal crystal. Magnesiothermic reduction of SiO2 colloidal crystal powders and thin films (on Si substrate) was investigated over the temperature range 650-800oC and at SiO2: Mg ratios of 1:2-1:2.5. The experiments were carried out in sealed stainless steel Swagelok reactors. In agreement with the thermodynamic predictions Mg reduced SiO2 to Si effectively in this temperature range, yielding MgO as a by-product. After digestion of the MgO in dilute hydrochloric acid, the obtained 3-dimensional Si colloidal crystals were successfully characterised by SEM, TEM, EDAX, XRD, N2 physisorption and XPS. The data confirmed the transformation of dense amorphous SiO2 colloids to porous nanocrystalline Si, whilst preserving the overall structure of the 3-dimensional Si colloidal crystal. The Si solid volume fraction in the obtained product was ~30-35% compared to 74% in the SiO2 colloidal crystal precursors. Attempts to prepare Si colloidal crystals by the calciothermic reduction of SiO2 colloidal crystals at 850oC were ineffective, and yielded CaSiO3 as the main product. Magnesiothermic reduction of TiO2 powders at 675-850oC yielded TiO as the main titanium containing phases. By comparison, calciothermic reduction of TiO2 yielded alpha-Ti as the main phase; furthermore magnesiothermic reduction of SiO2-TiO2 yielded Si-Ti alloy phases. All of which is indicative towards the potential of metallothermic reduction of TiO2 containing phases".
Download or read book Fabrication of 3D Silicon based Photonic Crystal Structure with single Self Aligned Etching Process written by Gerard Dang and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Non Ferrous Metal Powders written by Oleg D Neikov and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-02-24 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The manufacture and use of the powders of non-ferrous metals has been taking place for many years in what was previously Soviet Russia, and a huge amount of knowledge and experience has built up in that country over the last forty years or so. Although accounts of the topic have been published in the Russian language, no English language account has existed until now.Six prominent academics and industrialists from the Ukraine and Russia have produced this highly-detailed account which covers the classification, manufacturing methods, treatment and properties of the non-ferrous metals ( aluminium, titanium, magnesium, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, lead, tin, bismuth, noble metals and earth metals).The result is a formidable reference source for those in all aspects of the metal powder industry. - Covers the manufacturing methods, properties and importance of the following metals: aluminium, titanium, magnesium, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, noble metals, rare earth metals, lead, tin and bismuth - Expert Russian team of authors, all very experienced - English translation and update of book previously published in Russian
Download or read book Thermochemical Data of Elements and Compounds written by M. Binnewies and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 2002-12-03 with total page 946 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher Description
Download or read book Nitride Ceramics written by Alexander A. Gromov and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-01-20 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of non-oxide ceramics with special emphasis placed on the combustion synthesis of group I-VI nitrides and oxynitrides. To ensure the widest possible perspective, the authors are experts in academia, industry, or government research, and each chapter discusses different synthetic methods and process parameters, as well as important material properties and applications. The result is invaluable reading for researchers and practitioners in the industry as well as those looking for an introduction to the field. It is equally of great interest to chemists and materials scientists as well as engineers working in the area of inorganic and solid-state chemistry, structural and functional materials, catalysis, metallurgy, and electrochemistry.
Download or read book Metal Organic Framework Materials written by Leonard R. MacGillivray and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-09-19 with total page 1210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline compounds consisting of rigid organic molecules held together and organized by metal ions or clusters. Special interests in these materials arise from the fact that many are highly porous and can be used for storage of small molecules, for example H2 or CO2. Consequently, the materials are ideal candidates for a wide range of applications including gas storage, separation technologies and catalysis. Potential applications include the storage of hydrogen for fuel-cell cars, and the removal and storage of carbon dioxide in sustainable technical processes. MOFs offer the inorganic chemist and materials scientist a wide range of new synthetic possibilities and open the doors to new and exciting basic research. Metal-Organic Frameworks Materials provides a solid basis for the understanding of MOFs and insights into new inorganic materials structures and properties. The volume also reflects progress that has been made in recent years, presenting a wide range of new applications including state-of-the art developments in the promising technology for alternative fuels. The comprehensive volume investigates structures, symmetry, supramolecular chemistry, surface engineering, recognition, properties, and reactions. The content from this book will be added online to the Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry: http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/ref/eibc
Download or read book Materials Science of Carbides Nitrides and Borides written by Yury G. Gogotsi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A survey of current research on a wide range of carbide, nitride and boride materials, covering the general issues relevant to the development and characterisation of a variety of advanced materials. Topics include structure and electronic properties, modeling, processing, high-temperature chemistry, oxidation and corrosion, mechanical behaviour, manufacturing and applications. The volume complements more specialised books on specific materials as well as more general texts on ceramics or hard materials, presenting a survey of materials research as a key to technological development. After decades of research, the materials are being used in electronics, wear resistant, refractory and other applications, but numerous new applications are possible. Roughly equal numbers of papers cover theoretical and experimental research in the general field of materials science of refractory materials. Audience: Researchers and graduate students in materials science and engineering.
Download or read book Glucose Sensing written by Chris D. Geddes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-29 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential reference for any laboratory working in the analytical fluorescence glucose sensing field. The increasing importance of these techniques is typified in one emerging area by developing non-invasive and continuous approaches for physiological glucose monitoring. This volume incorporates analytical fluorescence-based glucose sensing reviews, specialized enough to be attractive to professional researchers, yet appealing to a wider audience of scientists in related disciplines of fluorescence.
Download or read book Nanomaterials for Agriculture and Forestry Applications written by Azamal Husen and published by . This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomaterials for Agriculture and Forestry Applications explores how major nanomaterials are being specially used in the agriculture, forestry, and other associated sectors. Plants and their products are used for synthesis of nanoparticles as they contain primary and secondary metabolites, which reduce the metal salts and metal oxides into their nanoparticles. Exposure of these particles has been examined for their sustainable role and/or interaction with agricultural crops in terms of growth and yields. Nanomaterials accumulation and translocation have shown interaction with cellular organelles, DNA, RNA, proteins, or other biomolecules; and affect various functions of cell organelles. Application of nanosensors holds a significant promise in monitoring signaling pathways, metabolism, detection of crop/soil diseases, and specific pollutants or pesticides. Nanomaterials have also been used in soil and water quality management. In forestry sector, the nanotechnology is considered as the potential platform, which can transform the forest materials into value-added products, such as smart paper, nano-packaging, coating material, building construction, and biomedical and other sectors. This book is an important resource, showing how nanotechnology is being used to enhance large-scale agricultural and/or industrial application and production.
Download or read book Properties of Metal Silicides written by Karen Maex and published by Institution of Electrical Engineers. This book was released on 1995 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The properties of silicon alloyed with metals are presented here for silicides of both transition and rare earth metals.
Download or read book Field Assisted Sintering written by Eugene A. Olevsky and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-09 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents the first ever scientific monograph including an in-depth analysis of all major field-assisted sintering techniques. Until now, the electromagnetic field-assisted technologies of materials processing were lacking a systematic and generalized description in one fundamental publication; this work promotes the development of generalized concepts and of comparative analyses in this emerging area of materials fabrication. This book describes modern technologies for the powder processing-based fabrication of advanced materials. New approaches for the development of well-tailored and stable structures are thoroughly discussed. Since the potential of traditional thermo-mechanical methods of material treatment is limited due to inadequate control during processing, the book addresses ways to more accurately control the resultant material's structure and properties by an assisting application of electro-magnetic fields. The book describes resistance sintering, high-voltage consolidation, sintering by low-voltage electric pulses (including spark plasma sintering), flash sintering, microwave sintering, induction heating sintering, magnetic pulse compaction and other field-assisted sintering techniques. Includes an in-depth analysis of all major field-assisted sintering techniques; Explains new techniques and approaches for material treatment; Provides detailed descriptions of spark plasma sintering, microwave sintering, high-voltage consolidation, magnetic pulse compaction, and various other approaches when field-assisted treatment is applied.
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 1132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Lithium Batteries written by Bruno Scrosati and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-06-18 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains the current state of the science and points the way to technological advances First developed in the late 1980s, lithium-ion batteries now power everything from tablet computers to power tools to electric cars. Despite tremendous progress in the last two decades in the engineering and manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries, they are currently unable to meet the energy and power demands of many new and emerging devices. This book sets the stage for the development of a new generation of higher-energy density, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries by advancing battery chemistry and identifying new electrode and electrolyte materials. The first chapter of Lithium Batteries sets the foundation for the rest of the book with a brief account of the history of lithium-ion battery development. Next, the book covers such topics as: Advanced organic and ionic liquid electrolytes for battery applications Advanced cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries Metal fluorosulphates capable of doubling the energy density of lithium-ion batteries Efforts to develop lithium-air batteries Alternative anode rechargeable batteries such as magnesium and sodium anode systems Each of the sixteen chapters has been contributed by one or more leading experts in electrochemistry and lithium battery technology. Their contributions are based on the latest published findings as well as their own firsthand laboratory experience. Figures throughout the book help readers understand the concepts underlying the latest efforts to advance the science of batteries and develop new materials. Readers will also find a bibliography at the end of each chapter to facilitate further research into individual topics. Lithium Batteries provides electrochemistry students and researchers with a snapshot of current efforts to improve battery performance as well as the tools needed to advance their own research efforts.
Download or read book Tunable Hydrogels written by Antonina Lavrentieva and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-31 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the current knowledge on tunable hydrogels, including the range of different materials and applications, as well as the existing challenges and limitations in the field. It covers various aspects of the material design, particularly highlighting biological responsiveness, degradability and responsiveness to external stimuli. In this book, readers will discover original research data and state-of-the-art reviews in the area of hydrogel technology, with a specific focus on biotechnology and medicine. Written by leading experts, the contributions outline strategies for designing tunable hydrogels and offer a detailed evaluation of the physical and synthetic methods currently employed to achieve specific hydrogel properties and responsiveness. This highly informative book provides important theoretical and practical insights for scholars and researchers working with hydrogels for biomedical and biotechnological applications.
Download or read book Nondestructive Materials Characterization written by Norbert G. H. Meyendorf and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With an emphasis on aircraft materials, this book describes techniques for the material characterization to detect and quantify degradation processes such as corrosion and fatigue. It introduces readers to these techniques based on x-ray, ultrasonic, optical and thermal principles and demonstrates the potential of the techniques for a wide variety of applications concerning aircraft materials, especially aluminum and titanium alloys. The advantages and disadvantages of various techniques are evaluated.
Download or read book Nutrient Recovery by Biogas Digestate Processing written by Bernhard Drosg and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sintering of Ceramics written by Mohamed N. Rahaman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-07-06 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sintering of Ceramics provides the only comprehensive treatment of the theories and principles of sintering and their application to the production of advanced ceramics with the required target microstructure. Stemming from the author's bestselling text, Ceramic Processing and Sintering, this book includes additional material selected
