Download or read book Extinction Debt of Plants Insects and Biotic Interactions Interactive Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Climate Change written by Ludmilla Figueiredo and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Climate Change on Insects written by Daniel González-Tokman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-03-05 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An advanced textbook that reviews the conceptual approaches and the most important advances in our current understanding of insect physiology, ecology, evolution and conservation, in the ongoing and rapidly developing context of global anthropogenic climate change.
Download or read book Climate Change and Insect Biodiversity written by Habib Ali and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-12-13 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Key points - 1 Reviews the effects of climate change on plant-insect interactions 2 Includes topics such insect biodiversity informatics and conservation 3 Discusses food security, pest management, and beneficial and social insects 4 Covers topics like precision agriculture and climate-smart agriculture 5 Provides insights on the relation between agriculture intensification and insect biodiversity
Download or read book Insect plant Interactions in a Warming World written by Sulav Paudel and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predicting the impact of climate change is one of the leading challenges of current times. Despite the potential to substantially impact crops economically, overall impacts of elevated temperature on insect-plant interactions are poorly understood, especially in agricultural systems. The goal of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of climate warming on insect herbivores, on their host plants and the interactions between them using the case of the corn earworm on tomatoes. First, the interactive effects of elevated temperature on insect herbivory (Helicoverpa zea) and resistance/tolerance traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var Better Boy) were evaluated using artificial warming. In addition to an asymmetric responses between plant and insects, novel mechanisms were identified explaining how varying temperature affected the biosynthesis of insect elicitors and the ability of insects to trigger plant defense responses; insects reared at a warmer temperatures produced significantly less glucose oxidase (GOX), which paralleled a lower level of induction of plant defensive proteins, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and trypsin protease inhibitors (TPI). Similarly, induction of plant defenses and plant resistance to the insect herbivore was highest in plants grown at above optimum temperatures but varied between damaged and undamaged leaves; herbivore growth was significantly reduced when fed on damaged leaves compared to undamaged control. These findings add an exciting new dimension to how climate change may alter plant-insect interactions. Second, using elevation as a proxy for temperature change, a field study in Nepal and greenhouse experiments at Penn State on tomato accessions from the Andes were tested to evaluate changes to plant herbivore interactions approximating the impacts of climate warming. The field study was conducted at various elevations in the Himalayan Mountains of Nepal in farmers fields to simulate climate change. Temperature varied with elevation in the field and significantly affected both insect populations and plant damage. At higher elevation, natural herbivore populations and plant damage from herbivory were significantly increased compared to low-elevation counterparts. In greenhouse experiments, changes in plant defense strategies and resistance to insect herbivory along an elevational gradient was also established by using tomato accessions adapted to a specific elevation range in South America. Plant resistance and defensive chemicals (e.g.,total phenolics content) to insect herbivory was enhanced in accessions from higher elevation. Results from both field and greenhouse experiments indicated a great deal of plasticity and variability in plant defense responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Last, the variation in induced plant defensive traits and strategies between wild and cultivated tomato genotypes was also investigated. Three different tomato genotypes were used; Solanum pimpinellifolium L. (accession LA 2093), b) cherry tomato, S. lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (accession Matts Wild Cherry), and c) cultivated tomato, S. lycopersicum L. var. Better Boy). Multiple chemical (plant volatiles, phenolics, defense proteins) and physical defenses (trichomes) in the cultivated tomato and its closest progenitors were measured. As expected, the wild species of tomato show higher levels of constitutive defenses, but the novel finding is that the cultivated tomato demonstrated the highest level of induced defenses (Paudel et al., 2019). While crop losses are expected to increase with global warming, elevated temperatures in this study produced asymmetric responses between insects and plants, indicating a more complicated response of plants and their herbivores under a climate change scenario. A plasticity in plant defense mechanisms were observed in the elevational studies which may possibly determine the amount of plant damages with expected geographical shift of insect pests towards higher elevations. Similarly, a large variation in plant defense mechanisms were demonstrated between wild and domesticated tomato genotypes which could be exploited as a component of sustainable crop protection in the face of climate change. Moving forward, we cannot assume that all of these crop-pest relationships will change in the same way due to climate warming. Therefore, future studies should include a wide range of host plants, insect herbivores (using both individual plant/herbivore pairs and groupings) and tri-trophic interactions complemented by field studies to provide more realistic assessments.
Download or read book Climate Change and Insect Pests written by Christer Bjorkman and published by CABI. This book was released on 2015-10-01 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insects, being poikilothermic, are among the organisms that are most likely to respond to changes in climate, particularly increased temperatures. Range expansions into new areas, further north and to higher elevations, are already well documented, as are physiological and phenological responses. It is anticipated that the damage by insects will increase as a consequence of climate change, i.e. increasing temperatures primarily. However, the evidence in support of this common “belief” is sparse. Climate Change and Insect Pests sums up present knowledge regarding both agricultural and forest insect pests and climate change in order to identify future research directions.
Download or read book Saving a Million Species written by Lee Hannah and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2012-06-22 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research paper "Extinction Risk from Climate Change" published in the journal Nature in January 2004 created front-page headlines around the world. The notion that climate change could drive more than a million species to extinction captured both the popular imagination and the attention of policy-makers, and provoked an unprecedented round of scientific critique. Saving a Million Species reconsiders the central question of that paper: How many species may perish as a result of climate change and associated threats? Leaders from a range of disciplines synthesize the literature, refine the original estimates, and elaborate the conservation and policy implications. The book: examines the initial extinction risk estimates of the original paper, subsequent critiques, and the media and policy impact of this unique study presents evidence of extinctions from climate change from different time frames in the past explores extinctions documented in the contemporary record sets forth new risk estimates for future climate change considers the conservation and policy implications of the estimates. Saving a Million Species offers a clear explanation of the science behind the headline-grabbing estimates for conservationists, researchers, teachers, students, and policy-makers. It is a critical resource for helping those working to conserve biodiversity take on the rapidly advancing and evolving global stressor of climate change-the most important issue in conservation biology today, and the one for which we are least prepared.
Download or read book Around the World in 80 Species written by Jill Atkins and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-11-08 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is currently experiencing a sixth period of mass species extinction, and extinction of flora and fauna is caused by a variety of factors arising from industrial activity and increasing human population, such as global warming, climate change, habitat loss, pollution and use of pesticides. Most causes of extinction are linked to corporate activity, either directly or indirectly. Around the World in 80 Species: Exploring the Business of Extinction responds to the ongoing mass extinction crisis engulfing our planet by exploring the ways in which accounting, business and finance can be used to prevent species extinctions. From Africa to the Far East and from Europe to the Americas, the authors explore species loss and how businesses can stop mass extinctions through greater transparency, and through closer engagement with their investors and wildlife organisations. The book concludes that global capitalism has led us to this extinction crisis and that therefore the mechanisms of capitalism – namely accounting, finance, investment – can help to pull us out. Businesses must urgently address extinction before it is too late for all species, including ourselves. As the first book to explore corporate accounting and accountability in relation to species on the brink of extinction, this book will be of great interest to both professionals and a wider audience interested in the causes and prevention of extinction.
Download or read book Insect Conservation written by Michael J Samways and published by CABI. This book was released on 2019-12-02 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insects do not live in isolation. They interact with the abiotic environment and are major components of the terrestrial and freshwater biotic milieus. They are crucial to so many ecosystem processes and are the warp and weft of all terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems that are not permanently frozen. This means that insect conservation is a two-way process: insects as the subjects of conservation, while also they are useful tools for conserving the environment. This book overviews strategic ways forward for insect conservation. It is a general view of what has worked and what has not for the maintenance of insect diversity across the world, as well as what might be the right approaches for the future.
Download or read book Ant Plant Interactions written by Paulo S. Oliveira and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-17 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first volume devoted to anthropogenic effects on interactions between ants and flowering plants, considered major parts of terrestrial ecosystems.
Download or read book Effects of Habitat Fragmentation and Plant Community Composition on an Old field Insect Community written by Sharmila V. Pradhan and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Forest Insect Population Dynamics Outbreaks And Global Warming Effects written by A. S. Isaev and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new approach to insect modeling discusses population dynamics' regularities, control theory, theory of transitions, and describes methods of population dynamics and outbreaks modeling for forest phyllophagous insects and their effects on global climate change. Research in insect population dynamics is important for more reasons than just protecting forest communities. Insect populations are among the main ecological units included in the analysis of stability of ecological systems. Moreover, it is convenient to test new methods of analyzing population and community stability on the insect-related data, as by now ecologists and entomologists have accumulated large amounts of such data. In this book, the authors analyze population dynamics of quite a narrow group of insects – forest defoliators. It is hoped that the methods proposed herein for the analysis of population dynamics of these species may be useful and effective for analyzing population dynamics of other animal species and their effects and role in global warming. What can insects tell us about our environment and our ever-changing climate? It is through studies like this one that these important answers can be obtained, along with data on the insects and their behaviors themselves. The authors present new theories on modeling and data accumulation, using cutting-edge processes never before published for such a wide audience. This volume presents the state-of-the-art in the science, and it is an essential piece of any entomologist's and forest engineer's library.
Download or read book Preventing Extinction of At risk Plant Species in a Complex World written by Holly Lee Bernardo and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earth's current biodiversity crisis is now considered a true mass extinction event, with species level extinction rates well above background rates and population level extinction rates orders of magnitude more common that species extinctions. There are many threats driving this loss of biodiversity. How each threat impacts the viability of a species is highly context dependent, but all are anthropogenic in origin and so as the human population continues to increase, so too will the pressure of these threats on our natural systems. Ultimately, how much a threat decreases the viability of a species depends on how that threat influences a species' demographic vital rates and population sizes. Therefore, in this dissertation, I use demographic modeling to quantify viability and the impact of threats on viability for many rare or at-risk plant species. Then, I use the results of those models to make management recommendations to reduce plant species' risk of extinction. I had three goals for my dissertation. My first goal was to simultaneously quantify the effects of multiple threats on the viability of two rare plant species as case studies to determine whether incorporating the complexity of interacting threats would change management recommendations. In the first case study, I found an interaction between the increase in drought frequency expected with climate change the habitat management frequency of Cedar Glades on the viability of Astragulus bibullatus. Typical management for open habitats like Cedar Glades is frequent disturbance. But by detecting this interactive effect, I was able to recommend managing disturbance to maintain two types of environments across a landscape; those that promote high survivorship during climatically unfavorable (drought) years, and those that promote increased reproduction and recruitment during climatically favorable (non-drought) years. In my second case study, I found an interaction between local scale threats (woody species encroachment and browsing by White Tailed deer) and climate change on the viability of Eurybia furcata. This interaction was such that populations well managed for local threats are not expected to be vulnerable to climate change, but populations with high levels of local threats are expected to be driven extinct as the climate changes. This result suggests that management actions targeting local threats (mostly woody invasive species encroachment) could increase E. furcata's viability in two ways; by reducing the direct negative effect of woody encroachment and indirectly by decreasing the impact of climate change. Therefore, in both systems, I showed that complex non-additive effects among threats influence what is the most optimal or most cost-efficient management strategy. My second goal was to expand the use of count-based population monitoring data in plant conservation biology. To my knowledge, I am the first to use this type of data to compare the relative impacts of many threats and test for non-additive effects among them. The methods I developed in my dissertation use these data for viability and threat assessments and can be widely applied to count-based monitoring data already in existence, expanding the use of these data in rare plant species conservation globally. My last goal was to determine if incorporating complex multi-threat assessments into conservation decision making could substantially improve conservation outcomes over our current methods, which are largely based on practitioner observation and experience. I had a unique opportunity through a long-term rare plant monitoring program to compare assessments of species' viability and the impact of threats on viability between practitioner's expert opinions and quantitative analyses. I found no significant correlations between them, indicating the two sources of information result in conflicting priorities for rare plant conservation. Then, I showed that this conflict could arise from the complexity of threats themselves. For example, I found a strong three-way interaction among threats showing that rare plant species are particularly vulnerable to the compounding effects of threats during the time immediately after a disturbance management event (e.g. prescribed fire). Thus, making an observational assessment of any one theat difficult as the impact of the one threat is different depending on the level of another. Overall, all aspects of my dissertation highlight the critical need for comprehensive, multi-threat assessments to better understand what is causing a species to have poor viability, to more effectively manage rare plant species to reduce their risk of extinction, and ultimately to better combat the global biodiversity crisis.
Download or read book Habitat Fragmentation and Landscape Change written by David B. Lindenmayer and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2013-02-22 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Habitat loss and degradation that comes as a result of human activity is the single biggest threat to biodiversity in the world today. Habitat Fragmentation and Landscape Change is a groundbreaking work that brings together a wealth of information from a wide range of sources to define the ecological problems caused by landscape change and to highlight the relationships among landscape change, habitat fragmentation, and biodiversity conservation. The book: synthesizes a large body of information from the scientific literature considers key theoretical principles for examining and predicting effects examines the range of effects that can arise explores ways of mitigating impacts reviews approaches to studying the problem discusses knowledge gaps and future areas for research and management Habitat Fragmentation and Landscape Change offers a unique mix of theoretical and practical information, outlining general principles and approaches and illustrating those principles with case studies from around the world. It represents a definitive overview and synthesis on the full range of topics that fall under the widely used but often vaguely defined term "habitat fragmentation."
Download or read book Climate Change and Insect Pests written by Christer Björkman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on understanding climatic effects on agricultural and forest pest populations. The importance of insect pests in providing an excellent framework for evaluating climatic effects on a wide range of ecological systems are also discussed.
Download or read book The Theory of Island Biogeography written by Robert H. MacArthur and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Population theory.
Download or read book Mutualistic Networks written by Jordi Bascompte and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-12-08 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mutualistic interactions among plants and animals have played a paramount role in shaping biodiversity. Yet the majority of studies on mutualistic interactions have involved only a few species, as opposed to broader mutual connections between communities of organisms. Mutualistic Networks is the first book to comprehensively explore this burgeoning field. Integrating different approaches, from the statistical description of network structures to the development of new analytical frameworks, Jordi Bascompte and Pedro Jordano describe the architecture of these mutualistic networks and show their importance for the robustness of biodiversity and the coevolutionary process. Making a case for why we should care about mutualisms and their complex networks, this book offers a new perspective on the study and synthesis of this growing area for ecologists and evolutionary biologists. It will serve as the standard reference for all future work on mutualistic interactions in biological communities.
Download or read book Instant Insights Climate Change Insect Pests and Invasive Species written by Kayode David Ileke and published by . This book was released on 2020-12-08 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This specially curated collection features three reviews of current and key research on climate change, insect pests and invasive species. The first chapter reviews the impact of climate change on insect pests and how it has affected insect pest development and population dynamics, activity and abundance, diversity and geographical distribution. It also assesses insect-host plant interactions and the effectiveness of crop pest management techniques. The second chapter discusses the literature on the potential impact of climate change on the principal insect pests of wheat, including cereal aphids, Hessian fly, orange wheat blossom midge, cereal leaf beetle and cotton bollworm. It assesses the different methods used to assess likely impacts as well climate change effects on biological control in wheat systems. The final chapter surveys what we know about the ecology of invasive species and potential management strategies. In particular, it assesses how integrated pest management (IPM) needs to evolve to deal with invasive species, particularly in focussing more on monitoring, prevention and rapid response.
