Download or read book Exposure of Paris Taxi Drivers to Automobile Air Pollutants Within Their Vehicles written by E. Zagury and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Health Effects of Transport related Air Pollution written by Michal Krzyzanowski and published by WHO Regional Office Europe. This book was released on 2005 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diseases related to the air pollution caused by road transport affect tens of thousands of people in the WHO Europe region each year. This publication considers the policy challenges involved in the need to reduce the related risks to public health and the environment, whilst meeting socio-economic requirements for effective transport systems. It sets out a systematic review of the literature and a comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of transport-related air pollution, including factors determining emissions, the contribution of traffic to pollution levels, human exposure and the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies to identify and measure the health effects, and suggestions for policy actions and further research.

Download or read book Human Exposure to Pollutants via Dermal Absorption and Inhalation written by Mihalis Lazaridis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-22 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Estimates of the air pollution health impact play a crucial role in environmental protection. These estimates require accurate data on the pollutant exposure and dose to the population as well as the dose–response relationships to calculate the health impact. From an air quality manager’s perspective there is concern about the validity and accuracy of these calculations. There is a need for information and possible ways to adjust the assessment. One important topic for air quality managers is to understand the relative cont- bution of sources to the total exposure. These sources may be coming from both different outdoor sources from sectors such as transport, industry and energy ind- tries, and from a number of indoor sources, such as heating, ventilation and indoor activities as well as out-gassing from building material and furniture. Indoor air quality is now drawing the attention of policy makers. The basic right to, and importance of, healthy indoor air was emphasized by the World Health Organization as early as 2000 and several countries have described target conc- trations for various pollutants. The WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2005 rec- mended the development of specific guidelines for indoor air quality and these are expected to be published soon. Indoor air pollutants have not been as extensively monitored as outdoor air pollutants and the evidence base for contributions to health effects needs to be strengthened.

Download or read book Air Quality Guidelines written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents revised guideline values for the four most common air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - based on a recent review of the accumulated scientific evidence. The rationale for selection of each guideline value is supported by a synthesis of information emerging from research on the health effects of each pollutant. As a result, these guidelines now also apply globally. They can be read in conjunction with Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, which is still the authority on guideline values for all other air pollutants. As well as revised guideline values, this book makes a brief yet comprehensive review of the issues affecting the application of the guidelines in risk assessment and policy development. Further, it summarizes information on: . pollution sources and levels in various parts of the world, . population exposure and characteristics affecting sensitivity to pollution, . methods for quantifying the health burden of air pollution, and . the use of guidelines in developing air quality standards and other policy tools. Finally, the special case of indoor air pollution is explored. Prepared by a large team of renowned international experts who considered conditions in various parts of the globe, these guidelines are applicable throughout the world. They provide reliable guidance for policy-makers everywhere when considering the various options for air quality management.

Download or read book Mobilities and Health written by Anthony C. Gatrell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-22 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking at health and health care in a new way, this book examines health risks and benefits as encountered 'on the move' rather than focusing on the risks and benefits incurred at fixed locations. The provision and utilization of health care is also investigated, as produced/delivered and consumed/accessed in mobile settings. Engaging with the contemporary concern with 'mobilities' this book covers many forms of movement and flow, including movements of people, disease, information and health care. The issues and problems which are considered - whether re-emerging infections, displaced persons, or the 'risks' of globalised travel - are of current and ongoing concern. Drawing on three main disciplines, geography, sociology, and epidemiology, author Tony Gatrell makes strong connections between these areas of inquiry, drawing on (for example) social theorising, geographical concepts, and epidemiological methods and data. The book will be of interest to the growing number of geographers working on the geography of health, along with social scientists involved in the mobilities 'turn'. More broadly, as issues of global public health that invariably involve the movements of people, goods, viruses and information continue to hit the headlines, the book is both timely and of policy relevance.

Download or read book Motor Vehicles Air Pollution and Health written by United States. Division of Air Pollution and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Pollution the Automobile and Public Health written by Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.

Download or read book The Exposure of Car Drivers and Passengers to Vehicle Emissions written by Paul Jefferiss and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book General and Applied Toxicology 6 Volume Set written by Bryan Ballantyne and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 792 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encompassing 150 articles written by leading scientists in the field, the third edition of General and Applied Toxicology provides a comprehensive and in-depth review of the basic science of toxicology, its specializations, and the application of toxicological knowledge. This new edition reflects developments within the field that have taken place since the second edition was published in 1999. These include: New information developed in the areas of both the fundamental and applied aspects of toxicology Considerable increase in the development of fundamental information and its applications, refinement of technical methods, advances in mechanistic toxicology, and greater interest in areas of toxicology previously regarded as of limited scope Changing approaches to methodological, interpretative, regulatory, and ethical aspects of basic and applied toxicology General and Applied Toxicology, 3rd Edition is the first port of call for academic researchers, industrial researchers, regulatory professionals, and advanced students looking for timely and authoritative information in the field. Due to the increase in public and media interest in exposure to toxic substances, this provides an indispensable general reference source for general physicians, lawyers, law enforcement agencies, information resource facilities, and members of the general public. New online resource available now! In 2011, the content from the third edition of General and Applied Toxicology merged with the two-volume Handbook of Systems Toxicology. The result? General, Applied and Systems Toxicology - a new online resource combining traditional toxicology with the latest developments to present the ultimate reference in toxicology! For full details visit wileyonlinelibrary.com/ref/gast

Download or read book The Exposure of Cyclists Car Drivers and Pedestrians to Traffic related Air Pollutants written by J. H. van Wijnen and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Traffic related Air Pollution written by Health Effects Institute. Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Motor Vehicles Air Pollution and Health written by National Center for Air Pollution Control (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Automotive Air Pollution written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Automotive air pollution will intensify with increasing urbanization and the rapid pace of motorization in developing countries. Without effective measures to curb air pollution, some 300-400 million city dwellers in developing countries will become exposed to unhealthy and dangerous levels of air pollution by the end of the century. Administratively simple policies that encourage clean fuels and better traffic management are the most promising approach to controlling vehicle pollutant emissions in developing countries.

Download or read book Air Pollution Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 1184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Safety and Health at Work written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Human Exposure to Urban Vehicle Emissions written by Joshua Schulz Apte and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation investigates human exposure to vehicular air pollutant emissions in urban areas. Since resources for protecting human health from the adverse consequences of inadvertent environmental releases are constrained, it is often desirable to identify sources and settings in which emissions controls could lead to especially high human health benefits per unit effort. The three measurement and modeling studies that comprise this dissertation aim to contribute towards this goal by advancing a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between urban vehicle emissions and subsequent human exposures. Two key themes that permeate these investigations include the exposure consequences of vehicle emissions in low-income settings such as developing world cities, and the role of dynamic processes in influencing the emissions-to-exposure relationship for urban air pollutant sources. Chapter 1 introduces each of the dissertation chapters and provides context and background related to the broader themes motivating the investigation. In Chapter 2, I report on exposures to particulate matter (PM) in the megacity of New Delhi, India. Previous work has identified New Delhi as a hotspot for ambient PM pollution. To investigate the degree to which in-vehicle exposures can be represented by ambient fixed-site measurements in New Delhi, I undertook a multi-month field campaign in 2010. In-vehicle measurements focused on concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP, measured by particle number count, PN) inside the cabins of auto-rickshaws, a common type of unenclosed vehicle in South Asia. Supplemental measurements considered PM levels inside conventional (enclosed) automobiles. Contemporaneously with the in-vehicle measurements, I conducted routine ambient monitoring of PM2.5, BC and PN at a rooftop fixed site. In-vehicle particle concentrations measured during this field campaign were substantially elevated relative to the levels recorded at the ambient monitoring site. Geometric mean concentrations inside the auto-rickshaw, averaged over ~160 h of 1 Hz data, were 190 μg m−3 PM2.5, 42 μg m−3 BC, and 280 × 103 particles cm−3. These concentrations rank among the highest levels ever reported for routine transportation microenvironments. Short-duration peak concentrations (averaging time: 10 s), attributable to exhaust plumes of nearby vehicles, were greater than 300 μg m−3 for PM2.5, 85 μg m−3 for BC, and 650 × 103 particles cm−3 for PN. In-vehicle PM2.5 levels were 1.5× higher than the high ambient PM2.5 concentrations (geometric mean: 120 μg m−3) in Delhi. In-vehicle BC and PN levels were more substantially elevated above background levels (respectively 3.6× and 8.4×). The especially high degree of elevation for PN suggests that in-vehicle exposures might account for a large fraction of daily PN exposure for auto-rickshaw users. The in-vehicle amplification for PN is likely attributable to proximity to a major PN source (traffic emissions) as well as dynamic loss processes such as coagulation that may remove UFP from ambient air. A small subset of measurements collected inside conventional cars with open windows resulted in similar mean concentrations to contemporaneous measurements inside auto-rickshaws. In contrast, concentrations were somewhat lower inside automobiles with air conditioning, likely owing to dynamic in-vehicle particle removal mechanisms. Overall, this investigation concludes that in-vehicle exposures in New Delhi substantially exceed the high ambient background concentrations recorded at fixed sites. Chapter 3 presents a global analysis of the population exposure implications of urban vehicle emissions using the intake fraction (iF) metric. Intake fraction is a dimensionless parameter that represents the fraction of a source's emissions that are ultimately inhaled by all exposed individuals. In this chapter, I develop and apply a model to estimate iF for spatially distributed, ground-level emissions (e.g., from vehicles) in 3646 worldwide urban areas, each with year-2000 population > 100,000. This large dataset of cities accounts for ~ 2.0 billion people, roughly ~70% of the year-2000 urban population. The investigation develops the first-ever iF estimates for urban emissions in many regions outside of North America and Europe, including for numerous megacities for which iF data did not previously exist. In particular, Chapter 3 considers the intraurban iF for each of the cities in this dataset, which accounts for the inhalation exposure to an urban area's emissions that occurs within that same city. Base-case model runs consider an archetypal primary, conserved, non-reactive pollutant. Sensitivity scenarios consider primary pollutants with first-order decay. These broad classifications are representative of many health-relevant pollutants emitted by vehicles and other urban sources. Moreover, they provide a point of comparison for understanding the exposure implications of non-conserved and secondary pollutants, which are explored in more detail in Chapter 4. For conserved primary pollutants, population-weighted median, mean, and interquartile range iF values are 26, 39, and 14 - 52 ppm, respectively, where 1 ppm signifies 1 g inhaled per tonne emitted. The global mean urban iF determined here is roughly twice as large as previous estimates for cities in the United States and Europe, owing primarily to the inclusion of cities with higher iF located outside of these two regions. Intake fractions vary among cities owing to differences in population size, population density, and meteorology. Sorting by size, population-weighted mean iF values are 65, 35, and 15 ppm, respectively, for cities with populations larger than 3 million, 0.6 - 3 million, and 0.1 - 0.6 million. For the 20 worldwide megacities in the dataset, the population-weighted mean intraurban iF is 83 ppm. Overall, mean iF values are greatest in Asia and lowest in land-rich high-income regions, owing primarily to differing patterns in urban form between these two regions. Among the 10 countries with the largest urban populations, population-weighted mean intraurban iF varies by a factor of 3. Intake fraction results for individual cities are predicted well by a parsimonious regression model that incorporates metrics of urban land area, population density, and meteorology. Chapter 4 extends the concept of intake fraction to incorporate semivolatile organic emissions. The analysis emphasizes the consequences of these emissions for population exposure to organic particulate matter, which is a major constituent in both vehicle exhaust and ambient urban air. Organic aerosols (OA) blur traditional notions of primary and secondary pollutants owing to dynamic exchange of material between the vapor and particle phases. Dilution of fresh organic PM emissions (primary organic aerosol, POA) with ambient air typically causes a profound shift of material from particle to vapor phase. Relatively more volatile vapor-phase material is then "aged" into lower-volatility products over its residence time in a regional airshed via oxidation reactions initiated by photochemically produced radicals (e.g., the hydroxyl radical OH). In turn, these lower volatility products oxidized from evaporated emissions then condense to form quasi-secondary particles that make up the so-called oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA). In this analysis, I update the definition of intake fraction to accommodate the cumulative contributions of population exposure to primary and quasi-secondary organic particles (i.e., POA and OPOA) as well as vapor-phase material to the overall intake fraction for semivolatile organic emissions. As in Chapter 3, the primary emphasis of the analysis is on vehicles and other urban, ground level emissions sources. Because photochemical aging at the regional scale is the major mechanism for converting evaporated POA material into OPOA, I develop and employ a nested multi-compartment mechanistic model to consider exposures at the urban, periurban and regional scales with a 400-km domain. Base-case model simulations consider an archetypal medium-sized US city (population 1.5 M); alternative cases include a model of iF for a global megacity (population 12 M). Key transformation processes for semivolatile emissions (e.g., dilution, partitioning, aging) are represented using the Volatility Basis Set (VBS) framework. A major goal of the modeling exercise is to contrast the magnitude and spatial distribution of iF for semivolatile organic emissions with patterns in iF for nonreactive pollutants. For urban emissions of non-reactive particles, ~75% of domain-wide population intake occurs in the same urban compartment as emissions. In contrast, for semivolatile emissions, spatial patterns and gas-particle partitioning of intake depend substantially on emissions volatility. Low volatility organic emissions in urban areas produce predominantly intraurban, particle-phase exposures (similar to inert pollutants). As volatility of material emitted in urban areas increases, three key trends emerge that reduce particle-phase iF: (1) the overall proportion of population exposure that takes place in the particle phase decreases and the proportion of exposure in the gas phase increases, (2) photochemically aged material (OPOA) accounts for a larger fraction of particle-phase population intake, and (3) regional-scale exposures account for the predominant fraction of organic aerosol exposure attributable to urban precursor emissions. Since higher volatility compounds account for a large fraction of motor vehicle emissions, the overall iF for organic particles attributable to urban semivolatile organic emissions is lower.