Download or read book Exploring Mechanisms Underlying Axon Regeneration Using Drosophila Sensory Neurons written by Kavitha Rao and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Axons and dendrites form two morphologically and functionally distinct compartments of a polarized neuron, and thus require different sets of proteins and organelles. Microtubules are at the crux of neuronal polarity, as they facilitate directional trafficking within the neuron. Moreover, microtubule orientation within each compartment is considered to be one of the key determinants of axonal and dendritic identity. Neurons are vulnerable to various types of injury and it is critical for these cells to repair, as most neurons cannot be replaced. The overarching theme of the upcoming sections is neuronal responses to injury and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Loss of an axon is a major challenge to a neuron. Neurons in both vertebrates and invertebrates respond to axon loss by converting a dendrite to an axon. In Chapter 2, we show that the nociceptive Class IV sensory neurons in Drosophila, also respond to complete axon loss or proximal axotomy by converting a dendrite to a new axon. However, distal axotomy frequently led to formation of two axons, one from the axon stump and another by converting a dendrite. Using microtubule polarity changes as a read-out, we describe a novel feedback mechanism between the two regenerating axons, such that when growth from the stump is blocked, the decision to convert a dendrite becomes accelerated. Previous studies have discovered that axon regeneration in Drosophila sensory neurons requires spastin, a microtubule-severing enzyme. However, it is not known how loss of spastin leads to this defect. In Chapter 3, we present evidence that loss of atlastin, a protein that interacts with spastin, also results in defective axon regeneration. Interestingly, impaired axon regeneration was observed only when reduced levels of spastin or atlastin were combined with the presence of a dominant-negative microtubule regulator. Further, impaired axon regeneration due to loss of spastin or atlastin was associated with defects in localization of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at regenerating axon tips. Thus, we propose a model where, spastin and atlastin are involved in ER-microtubule co-ordination during axon regeneration. In comparison to axon regeneration, very little is known about dendrite regeneration. Previous studies in the dendrites of Drosophila peripheral neurons have revealed that dendrite regeneration does not require the dual leucine-zipper kinase (DLK) signaling pathway, which is critical during axon regeneration. In order to extend these studies to vertebrates, somatosensory neurons in zebrafish can be used as a model. However, the input-receiving sensory branches of these neurons have been considered as axons, and not dendrites. In Chapter 4, microtubule polarity of the sensory endings in zebrafish Rohon-Beard neurons is investigated by live imaging techniques, in an effort to resolve their identity. Also, tools to test the requirement of the DLK pathway in the regeneration of zebrafish sensory endings are also described.
Download or read book Investigating the Molecular Mechanisms of Axon and Dendrite Regeneration in Drosophila Peripheral Neurons written by Rachel Swope and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurons must endure the lifetime of an organism, but their axons and dendrites are vulnerable to insults, including stoke, neurodegenerative disease, traumatic injuries to the brain and spinal cord, anticancer drugs, and infection. Neurons in the PNS have evolved robust mechanisms to regenerate a damaged axon or dendrite(s). Molecular mechanisms for dendrite regeneration remain undefined, so I performed a candidate-based screen of protein traps and Gal4-enhancer traps to find a reporter for dendrite regeneration. I also studied how plasma membrane (PM) expansion is polarized during axon regeneration. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is enriched at the tip of regenerating axons but not regenerating dendrites, so I hypothesized that the SER is a site of local lipid synthesis here and adds lipids to the PM via non-vesicular transport at membrane contact sites. The alternate hypothesis is that the bulk of new PM is added via Exocyst-dependent polarized secretion of post-Golgi vesicles. SER could provide Ca2+ to trigger the fusion of these vesicles with the PM at the regenerating axon tip. I found that the ER-PM lipid transfer protein, extended synaptotagmin 2 (ESyt2), is not enriched in the SER at the tip of the regenerating axon. Instead, I found that the Exocyst complex is essential for axon regeneration and several other forms of neurite outgrowth. My findings support the hypothesis that most new PM comes from Exocyst-dependent secretion of post-Golgi vesicles rather than non-vesicular lipid transfer at ER-PM membrane contact sites.
Download or read book Characterization of the Injury Response of Ciliated Neurons in Drosophila written by Abigail Mauger and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Axon regeneration is a well-characterized response to axon injury that maintains the peripheral nervous system. Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model to study axon regeneration because it is genetically tractable and the larval sensory neurons are amenable to imaging in vivo. Sensory neurons with branched dendrites have been shown to regenerate from the axon stump or from converted dendrites after axon injury. However, both insects and vertebrates have neurons that lack branched dendrites and instead have specialized cilia that respond to sensory stimuli. In contrast to neurons with branched dendrites, ciliated sensory neurons cannot convert a dendrite into an axon when the axon stump is too short to support axon outgrowth. To investigate the axon injury response of ciliated neurons, the axons of Drosophila larval chordotonal (Cho) neurons were severed in vivo using a pulsed UV laser and fluorescence microscopy. After distal axon injury, when the axon stump was long, Cho neurons regenerated from the axon stump. After proximal axon injury, Cho neurons regenerated branching neurites from the cell body or axon stump. To determine whether these neurites were axons, the microtubule polarity and ER localization in the regenerating neurites was examined. The results of these experiments suggest that some neurites or portions of neurites have characteristics consistent with axons. To investigate whether Cho neurons rely on the typical axon injury signaling pathway initiated by dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK), the expression of puckered (puc), a reporter of DLK pathway activation, was assessed after injury and RNAi was used to knock down expression of DLK. Increased puc expression indicated that the DLK pathway was activated, and regeneration was reduced by DLK RNAi. These results suggest that Cho neurons use the typical axon injury signaling pathway.
Download or read book CNS Regeneration written by Jeffrey Kordower and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-04-28 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of CNS Regeneration updates the burgeoning field of regeneration in the Central Nervous System (CNS) from molecular, systems, and disease-based perspective. While the book covers numerous areas in detail, special emphasis is given to discussions of movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and spinal cord injury. Incorporates information gained from cutting-edge photomicroscopy techniques Includes current information on clinical trials Presents chapters on stem cells and other novel treatments for diseases of the CNS
Download or read book Epigenetics and Regeneration written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-05-24 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics and Regeneration compiles the first foundational reference on epigenetic mechanisms governing tissue development, repair, homeostasis, and regeneration, as well as pathways to employ these mechanisms in clinical practice and translational science. In this book, life science researchers, clinicians, and students will discover an interdisciplinary resource bringing together common themes in the field, background overviews, research methods, recent advances, and opportunities for drug discovery. Throughout this volume, special attention is paid to pre-clinical and first clinical studies aimed at increasing the regenerative potential of damaged tissues by epigenetic drugs, as well as innovative, discipline spanning strategies to enhance cell reprogramming. As an all-inclusive, evidence-based volume, Epigenetics and Regeneration will stimulate discussion and boost new research in this fascinating and impactful area of translational epigenetics. Provides a foundational overview of epigenetics in regenerative medicine Examines epigenetic components of tissue regeneration for a variety of organ systems and tissue types, as well as current attempts to employ these mechanisms in clinical practice Offers researchers, students, clinicians, and pharmacologists the tools they need to enhance tissue development, repair, homeostasis, and regeneration and explore new epigenetic therapeutic pathways Features chapter contributions from leading international researchers and clinicians in the fields of epigenetics and regenerative medicine
Download or read book Regenerative Biology and Medicine written by David L. Stocum and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-06-07 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Second Edition — Winner of a 2013 Highly Commended BMA Medical Book Award for Medicine — discusses the fundamentals of regenerative biology and medicine. It provides a comprehensive overview, which integrates old and new data into an ever-clearer global picture. The book is organized into three parts. Part I discusses the mechanisms and the basic biology of regeneration, while Part II deals with the strategies of regenerative medicine developed for restoring tissue, organ, and appendage structures. Part III reflects on the achievements of regenerative biology and medicine; future challenges; bioethical issues that need to be addressed; and the most promising developments in regenerative medicine. The book is designed for multiple audiences: undergraduate students, graduate students, medical students and postdoctoral fellows, and research investigators interested in an overall synthesis of this field. It will also appeal to investigators from fields not directly related to regenerative biology and medicine, such as chemistry, informatics, computer science, mathematics, physics, and engineering. Highly Commended 2013 BMA Medical Book Award for Medicine Includes coverage of skin, hair, teeth, cornea, and central neural tissues Provides description of regenetive medicine in digestive, respiratory, urogenital, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular systems Includes amphibians as powerful research models with discussion of appendage regeneration in amphibians and mammals
Download or read book The NEURON Book written by Nicholas T. Carnevale and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-01-12 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authoritative reference on NEURON, the simulation environment for modeling biological neurons and neural networks that enjoys wide use in the experimental and computational neuroscience communities. This book shows how to use NEURON to construct and apply empirically based models. Written primarily for neuroscience investigators, teachers, and students, it assumes no previous knowledge of computer programming or numerical methods. Readers with a background in the physical sciences or mathematics, who have some knowledge about brain cells and circuits and are interested in computational modeling, will also find it helpful. The NEURON Book covers material that ranges from the inner workings of this program, to practical considerations involved in specifying the anatomical and biophysical properties that are to be represented in models. It uses a problem-solving approach, with many working examples that readers can try for themselves.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Translational Neuroscience written by Mark H. Tuszynski and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-08 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translational Neuroscience offers a far-reaching and insightful series of perspectives on the effort to bring potentially revolutionary new classes of therapies to the clinic, thereby transforming the treatment of human nervous system disorders. Great advances in the fields of basic neuroscience, molecular biology, genomics, gene therapy, cell therapy, stem cell biology, information technology, neuro devices, rehabilitation and others over the last 20 years have generated unprecedented opportunities to treat heretofore untreatable disorders of the nervous system. This book provides a wide-ranging yet detailed sample of many of these efforts, together with the methods for pursuing clinical translation and assessing clinical outcomes. Among the topics covered are Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, motor neuron disease, pain, inborn errors of metabolism, brain tumors, spinal cord injury, neuroprosthetics, rehabilitation and clinical trial design/consideration. Translational Neuroscience is aimed at basic neuroscientists, translational neuroscientists and clinicians who seek to gain a perspective on the nature and promise of translational therapies in the current era. Both students and established professionals will benefit from the content.
Download or read book Axon Degeneration written by Elisabetta Babetto and published by Humana. This book was released on 2020-06-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of classical as well as innovative methods used to investigate axon degeneration with a particular focus on addressing the common challenges encountered while performing these procedures. Particular attention is devoted to the study of axon loss in several model organisms, as each poses unique challenges and provides powerful advantages. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Axon Degeneration: Methods and Protocols is an ideal guide for facilitating the application and further development of these protocols, which will help the scientific community tackle important questions regarding axon degeneration. Chapters 2, 3, and 20 are available Open Access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Download or read book Cellular Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-05-06 with total page 1081 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of neural development are essential for understanding evolution and disorders of neural systems. Recent advances in genetic, molecular, and cell biological methods have generated a massive increase in new information, but there is a paucity of comprehensive and up-to-date syntheses, references, and historical perspectives on this important subject. The Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience series is designed to fill this gap, offering the most thorough coverage of this field on the market today and addressing all aspects of how the nervous system and its components develop. Particular attention is paid to the effects of abnormal development and on new psychiatric/neurological treatments being developed based on our increased understanding of developmental mechanisms. Each volume in the series consists of review style articles that average 15-20pp and feature numerous illustrations and full references. Volume 2 offers 56 high level articles devoted mainly to Formation of Axons and Dendrites, Migration, Synaptogenesis, Developmental Sequences in the Maturation of Intrinsic and Synapse Driven Patterns. Series offers 144 articles for 2904 full color pages addressing ways in which the nervous system and its components develop Features leading experts in various subfields as Section Editors and article Authors All articles peer reviewed by Section Editors to ensure accuracy, thoroughness, and scholarship Volume 2 sections include coverage of mechanisms which regulate: the formation of axons and dendrites, cell migration, synapse formation and maintenance during development, and neural activity, from cell-intrinsic maturation to early correlated patterns of activity
Download or read book Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System written by Norman Saunders and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System brings together an international team of contributors to produce a series of critical reviews appraising key papers in the field. The pace of research on brain and spinal cord injury quickened considerably in the last ten years and there is much that is new and important that is covered in this book. However, there is still a long way to go before our knowledge will explain fully why the central nervous system has such a limited capacity for regeneration, and before experimental solutions can be applied to the patient. With emphasis on actual and therapeutic importance of the work reviewed, Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System is a useful overview for graduate students, their teachers and researchers working in this field.
Download or read book Muscle Regeneration written by Alexander Mauro and published by Raven Press (ID). This book was released on 1979 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Green Fluorescent Protein written by Martin Chalfie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-11-18 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the discovery of the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP), derived from jellyfish, this protein that emits a green glow has initiated a revolution in molecular biosciences. With this tool, it is now possible to visualize nearly any protein of interest in any cell or tissue of any species. Since the publication of the first edition, there have been tremendously significant technological advances, including development of new mutant variants. Proteins are now available in yellow and blue, and Novel Fluorescent Proteins (NFPs) have expanded their utility in developing biosensors, biological markers, and other biological applications. This updated, expanded new edition places emphasis on the rise of NFPs, including new chapters on NFP properties with detailed protocols, applications of GFPs and NFPs in industry research, and biosensors. This book provides a solid theoretical framework, along with detailed, practical guidance on use of GFPs and NFPs with discussion of potential pitfalls. The expert contributors provide real examples in showing how to tailor GFP/NFP to specific systems, maximize expression, and enhance detection.
Download or read book The Neurobiology of Olfaction written by Anna Menini and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-11-24 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive Overview of Advances in OlfactionThe common belief is that human smell perception is much reduced compared with other mammals, so that whatever abilities are uncovered and investigated in animal research would have little significance for humans. However, new evidence from a variety of sources indicates this traditional view is likely
Download or read book Concepts of Biology written by Samantha Fowler and published by . This book was released on 2018-01-07 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concepts of Biology is designed for the single-semester introduction to biology course for non-science majors, which for many students is their only college-level science course. As such, this course represents an important opportunity for students to develop the necessary knowledge, tools, and skills to make informed decisions as they continue with their lives. Rather than being mired down with facts and vocabulary, the typical non-science major student needs information presented in a way that is easy to read and understand. Even more importantly, the content should be meaningful. Students do much better when they understand why biology is relevant to their everyday lives. For these reasons, Concepts of Biology is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand.We also strive to show the interconnectedness of topics within this extremely broad discipline. In order to meet the needs of today's instructors and students, we maintain the overall organization and coverage found in most syllabi for this course. A strength of Concepts of Biology is that instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Concepts of Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand--and apply--key concepts.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Invertebrate Neurobiology written by John H. Byrne and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-29 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invertebrates have proven to be extremely useful model systems for gaining insights into the neural and molecular mechanisms of sensory processing, motor control and higher functions such as feeding behavior, learning and memory, navigation, and social behavior. A major factor in their enormous contributions to neuroscience is the relative simplicity of invertebrate nervous systems. In addition, some invertebrates, primarily the molluscs, have large cells, which allow analyses to take place at the level of individually identified neurons. Individual neurons can be surgically removed and assayed for expression of membrane channels, levels of second messengers, protein phosphorylation, and RNA and protein synthesis. Moreover, peptides and nucleotides can be injected into individual neurons. Other invertebrate model systems such as Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans offer tremendous advantages for obtaining insights into the neuronal bases of behavior through the application of genetic approaches. The Oxford Handbook of Invertebrate Neurobiology reviews the many neurobiological principles that have emerged from invertebrate analyses, such as motor pattern generation, mechanisms of synaptic transmission, and learning and memory. It also covers general features of the neurobiology of invertebrate circadian rhythms, development, and regeneration and reproduction. Some neurobiological phenomena are species-specific and diverse, especially in the domain of the neuronal control of locomotion and camouflage. Thus, separate chapters are provided on the control of swimming in annelids, crustaea and molluscs, locomotion in hexapods, and camouflage in cephalopods. Unique features of the handbook include chapters that review social behavior and intentionality in invertebrates. A chapter is devoted to summarizing past contributions of invertebrates to the understanding of nervous systems and identifying areas for future studies that will continue to advance that understanding.
