Download or read book Evidence and Hypothesis in Clinical Medical Science written by John Alexander Pinkston and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-08 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the author argues that no current philosophical theory of evidence in clinical medical science is adequate. None can accurately explain the way evidence is gathered and used to confirm hypotheses. To correct this, he proposes a new approach called the weight of evidence account. This innovative method supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the “hierarchical pyramid” of evidence–based medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials at the top and case reports, case series, expert opinion, and the like at the bottom. The author illustrates the development of various “levels” of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer. He shows that the weight of evidence account explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank them. In addition, he presents a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials. The title also considers ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects. It illustrates and discusses these issues in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for certain cancers in adults. The author shows that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials.
Download or read book Evidence And Hypothesis In Clinical Medical Science written by John Pinkston and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several philosophical theories of scientific evidence (or confirmation) have been proposed. I argue, however, that none satisfactorily explain the way that evidence is gathered and used to confirm the variety of hypotheses that are commonly formulated in clinical medical science. I consider five philosophical theories of scientific evidence, and Inference to the Best Explanation to the extent that it can be considered a theory of evidence or theory choice. I argue that none adequately explain confirmation in clinical medical science, and I offer a new account of evidence that I argue does constitute a satisfactory explanation, and which I am calling the weight of evidence account. I divide hypotheses that are found in clinical medical science into three categories: therapeutic, etiologic, and diagnostic. Therapeutic hypotheses are those that are concerned with treatments or other medical interventions, etiologic hypotheses are those concerned with the causes of disease or other adverse medical conditions, and diagnostic hypotheses are those considered by clinicians when making a diagnosis. I illustrate the methods of gathering and using evidence in the confirmation process by using examples of each type of hypothesis drawn from the clinical medical scientific literature. I also argue that the weight of evidence account supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the ìhierarchical pyramidî of evidenceñbased medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials, at the top of the pyramid, and case reports, case series, expert opinion and the like at the bottom. Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and nonrandomized clinical trials fall into the middle. I illustrate the development of various ìlevelsî of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer, and argue that the weight of evidence account satisfactorily explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank evidence. In addition, I provide a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials. I also consider ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects, and illustrate and discuss these issues as they arose in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for cancers of the anus and testis in adults. I argue that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials.
Download or read book Hypotheses in Clinical Medicine written by Mohammadali M. Shoja and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hypotheses are fundamental to all sciences, including medicine. They play a critical role in motivating the development of science, since interesting and important hypotheses foster the diversity and debate upon which the scientific process depends. It is necessary to learn and understand how to assess a process, realise and discuss details and consequently launch a hypothesis. This book offers a number of novel, non-mainstream hypotheses in various states of development from authors with relevant expertise and experience.
Download or read book Hypotheses in Clinical Medicine written by Mohammadali M. Shoja and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hypotheses are fundamental to all sciences, including medicine. They play a critical role in motivating the development of science, since interesting and important hypotheses foster the diversity and debate upon which the scientific process depends. It is necessary to learn and understand how to assess a process, realize and discuss details and consequently launch a hypothesis. This book offers a number of novel, non-mainstream hypotheses – in various states of development – from authors with relevant expertise and experience.
Download or read book Clinical Epidemiology Evidence Based Medicine written by David L. Katz and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2001-08-21 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The presentation is consistently excellent. One, the writing is lucid and organized in a way that should be very natural for the clinical reader. Two, the text requires no background in mathematics and uses a minimum of symbols. And, three, the methodological concepts and clinical issues are well integrated through a number of carefully prepared and comprehensive examples. Greg Samsa, Associate Director, Duke Center for Clinical Health Policy Research If a patient is older or younger than, sicker or healthier than, taller or shorter than or simply different from the subjects of a study, do the results pertain? Clinical Epidemiology & Evidence-based Medicine is a resource for all health-care workers involved in applying evidence to the care of their patients. Using clinical examples and citing liberally from the peer-reviewed literature, the book shows how statistical principles can improve medical decisions. Plus, as Katz shows how probability, risk and alternatives are fundamental considerations in all clinical decisions, he demonstrates the intuitive basis for using clinical epidemiolgy as a science underlying medical decisions. After reading this text, the practitioner should be better able to access, interpret, and apply evidence to patient care as well as better understand and control the process of medical decision making.
Download or read book Clinical Research Methodology and Evidence Based Medicine written by Ajit N Babu and published by Wolters kluwer india Pvt Ltd. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research methodology is a discipline concerned with the scientific conception, design, implementation and analysis of research. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is an approach for evaluating and applying medical knowledge, particularly that derived from original research, in the care of individual patients. This book strives to give the reader a sound introduction to these related subjects which form a continuum. In this revised and expanded second edition, existing areas have been treated in greater depth, more examples provided and a number of fresh topics added. New chapters now address the finer points of survey design, provide tips on effective scientific writing for publication and outline the process of drug discovery from product conception to marketing. With these modifications, the book provides a more holistic picture of EBM and clinical research, appealing to a broader audience of medical students, practicing physicians, nursing staff, new investigators and researchers in CRO as well as the pharmaceutical industry.
Download or read book Foundations of Clinical Research written by Leslie G Portney and published by F.A. Davis. This book was released on 2020-01-16 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Become a successful evidence-based practitioner. How do you evaluate the evidence? Is the information accurate, relevant and meaningful for clinical decision making? Did the design fit the research questions and was the analysis and interpretation of data appropriate? Here are all the materials you need to take your first steps as evidence-based practitioners…how to use the design, data and analysis of research as the foundation for effective clinical decision making. You’ll find support every step of the way as you progress from the foundations of clinical research and concepts of measurement through the processes of designing studies and analyzing data to writing their own research proposal.
Download or read book Sharing Clinical Trial Data written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data sharing can accelerate new discoveries by avoiding duplicative trials, stimulating new ideas for research, and enabling the maximal scientific knowledge and benefits to be gained from the efforts of clinical trial participants and investigators. At the same time, sharing clinical trial data presents risks, burdens, and challenges. These include the need to protect the privacy and honor the consent of clinical trial participants; safeguard the legitimate economic interests of sponsors; and guard against invalid secondary analyses, which could undermine trust in clinical trials or otherwise harm public health. Sharing Clinical Trial Data presents activities and strategies for the responsible sharing of clinical trial data. With the goal of increasing scientific knowledge to lead to better therapies for patients, this book identifies guiding principles and makes recommendations to maximize the benefits and minimize risks. This report offers guidance on the types of clinical trial data available at different points in the process, the points in the process at which each type of data should be shared, methods for sharing data, what groups should have access to data, and future knowledge and infrastructure needs. Responsible sharing of clinical trial data will allow other investigators to replicate published findings and carry out additional analyses, strengthen the evidence base for regulatory and clinical decisions, and increase the scientific knowledge gained from investments by the funders of clinical trials. The recommendations of Sharing Clinical Trial Data will be useful both now and well into the future as improved sharing of data leads to a stronger evidence base for treatment. This book will be of interest to stakeholders across the spectrum of research-from funders, to researchers, to journals, to physicians, and ultimately, to patients.
Download or read book Evidence based Practice written by Milos Jenicek and published by Amer Medical Assn. This book was released on 2005 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence-Based Practice: Logic and Critical Thinking in Medicine provides easy access to fundamental principles, quickly assimilated techniques, and proven, rigorous application that demonstrates how logic and critical thinking are applied to the medical thinking process. This marriage allows health professionals to understand the critical use of evidence logically and in a structured, methodological way to make medical decisions. Such uses of evidence are the essence of Evidence-Based Practice as reflected in the spirit of this book. In order to ensure better patient outcomes, physicians have to learn how rational, practical uses of evidence allow organized decision-making in practice and research. In a textbook format, Evidence-Based Practice: Logic and Critical Thinking in Medicine offers the reader principles and techniques in Part One. Part Two shows the application of logic and critical thinking to clinical problem solving in practice, medical research, and public health.
Download or read book Philosophy of Medicine written by Fred Gifford and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-08-23 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume covers a wide range of conceptual, epistemological and methodological issues in the philosophy of science raised by reflection upon medical science and practice. Several chapters examine such general meta-scientific concepts as discovery, reduction, theories and models, causal inference and scientific realism as they apply to medicine or medical science in particular. Some discuss important concepts specific to medicine (diagnosis, health, disease, brain death). A topic such as evidence, for instance, is examined at a variety of levels, from social mechanisms for guiding evidence-based reasoning such as evidence-based medicine, consensus conferences, and clinical trials, to the more abstract analysis of experimentation, inference and uncertainty. Some chapters reflect on particular domains of medicine, including psychiatry, public health, and nursing. The contributions span a broad range of detailed cases from the science and practice of medicine, as well as a broad range of intellectual approaches, from conceptual analysis to detailed examinations of particular scientific papers or historical episodes. Chapters view philosophy of medicine from quite different angles Considers substantive cases from both medical science and practice Chapters from a distinguished array of contributors
Download or read book Introduction to Research in the Health Sciences E Book written by Stephen Polgar and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-08-22 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This popular textbook provides a concise, but comprehensive, overview of health research as an integrated, problem-solving process. It bridges the gap between health research methods and evidence-based clinical practice, making it an essential tool for students embarking on research. Practitioners also benefit from guidance on interpreting the ever-expanding published research in clinical and scientific journals, to ensure their practice is up to date and evidence-based and to help patients understand information obtained online. Uses simple language and demystifies research jargon Covers both quantitative and qualitative research methodology, taking a very practical approach Gives examples directly related to the health sciences Each chapter contains a self-assessment test so that the reader can be sure they know all the important points Provides an extensive glossary for better understanding of the language of research Online interactive self-assessment tests: Multiple choice questions True or false questions Short answer questions Log on to evolve.elsevier.com/Polgar/research and register to access the above assets.
Download or read book Evaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine written by Veli-Pekka Parkkinen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is the first to develop explicit methods for evaluating evidence of mechanisms in the field of medicine. It explains why it can be important to make this evidence explicit, and describes how to take such evidence into account in the evidence appraisal process. In addition, it develops procedures for seeking evidence of mechanisms, for evaluating evidence of mechanisms, and for combining this evaluation with evidence of association in order to yield an overall assessment of effectiveness. Evidence-based medicine seeks to achieve improved health outcomes by making evidence explicit and by developing explicit methods for evaluating it. To date, evidence-based medicine has largely focused on evidence of association produced by clinical studies. As such, it has tended to overlook evidence of pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence of the mechanisms of action of interventions. The book offers a useful guide for all those whose work involves evaluating evidence in the health sciences, including those who need to determine the effectiveness of health interventions and those who need to ascertain the effects of environmental exposures.
Download or read book Interpreting Biomedical Science written by Ülo Maiväli and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-06-12 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interpreting Biomedical Science: Experiment, Evidence, and Belief discusses what can go wrong in biological science, providing an unbiased view and cohesive understanding of scientific methods, statistics, data interpretation, and scientific ethics that are illustrated with practical examples and real-life applications. Casting a wide net, the reader is exposed to scientific problems and solutions through informed perspectives from history, philosophy, sociology, and the social psychology of science. The book shows the differences and similarities between disciplines and different eras and illustrates the concept that while sound methodology is necessary for the progress of science, we cannot succeed without a right culture of doing things. - Features theoretical concepts accompanied by examples from biological literature - Contains an introduction to various methods, with an emphasis on statistical hypothesis testing - Presents a clear argument that ties the motivations and ethics of individual scientists to the success of their science - Provides recommendations on how to safeguard against scientific misconduct, fraud, and retractions - Arms young scientists with practical knowledge that they can use every day
Download or read book Converting Data into Evidence written by Alfred DeMaris and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-23 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Converting Data into Evidence: A Statistics Primer for the Medical Practitioner provides a thorough introduction to the key statistical techniques that medical practitioners encounter throughout their professional careers. These techniques play an important part in evidence-based medicine or EBM. Adherence to EBM requires medical practitioners to keep abreast of the results of medical research as reported in their general and specialty journals. At the heart of this research is the science of statistics. It is through statistical techniques that researchers are able to discern the patterns in the data that tell a clinical story worth reporting. The authors begin by discussing samples and populations, issues involved in causality and causal inference, and ways of describing data. They then proceed through the major inferential techniques of hypothesis testing and estimation, providing examples of univariate and bivariate tests. The coverage then moves to statistical modeling, including linear and logistic regression and survival analysis. In a final chapter, a user-friendly introduction to some newer, cutting-edge, regression techniques will be included, such as fixed-effects regression and growth-curve modeling. A unique feature of the work is the extensive presentation of statistical applications from recent medical literature. Over 30 different articles are explicated herein, taken from such journals. With the aid of this primer, the medical researcher will also find it easier to communicate with the statisticians on his or her research team. The book includes a glossary of statistical terms for easy access. This is an important reference work for the shelves of physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician’s assistants, medical students, and residents.
Download or read book Studying a Study and Testing a Test written by and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2005 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its Fifth Edition, this best-selling text presents a step-by-step approach to critical and efficient reading of the medical literature. Health care professionals will learn how to evaluate clinical studies, identify flaws in study design, interpret statistics, and apply evidence from clinical research in practice. This edition's new section, Guide to the Guidelines, reflects the growing use and importance of clinical guidelines. The outcomes research chapter includes concepts of safety and effects of interactions on outcomes. This edition also presents statistics more graphically. Unique learning aids include question checklists, scenarios illustrating study design, and flaw-catching exercises, plus a StudyingaStudy.com Website providing interactive materials.
Download or read book Rational Diagnosis and Treatment written by Peter Gøtzsche and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-03-11 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its fourth edition, Rational Diagnosis and Treatment: Evidence-Based Clinical Decision-Making is a unique book to look at evidence-based medicine and the difficulty of applying evidence from group studies to individual patients. The book analyses the successive stages of the decision process and deals with topics such as the examination of the patient, the reliability of clinical data, the logic of diagnosis, the fallacies of uncontrolled therapeutic experience and the need for randomised clinical trials and meta-analyses. It is the main theme of the book that, whenever possible, clinical decisions must be based on the evidence from clinical research, but the authors also explain the pitfalls of such research and the problems involved in applying evidence from groups of patients to the individual patient. For this new edition, the sections on placebo and meta-analysis and on alternative medicine have been thoroughly updated, and there is more focus on insufficient reporting of harms of interventions. The sections on different research designs describe advantages and limitations, and the increased medicalisation and the effects of cancer screening on health people are noted. A section on academic freedom when clinicians collaborate with industry and ghost authors is added. This essential reference work integrates the science and statistical approach of evidence-based medicine with the art and humanism of medical practice; distinguishing between data, sets of data, knowledge and wisdom, and their application. Such an intellectually challenging book is ideal for both medical students and doctors who require theoretical and practical clinical skills to help ensure that they apply theory in practice.
Download or read book Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Issues of Proof in Health Science written by Léo Coutellec and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2023-05-05 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an interdisciplinary reflection on the scientific and ethical issues of the notion of proof in medicine. The book poses the following questions: why does an argument convince? How does one make a rational decision in the face of contradictory data? Why and how can we prioritize levels of evidence? What is the value of physicians' professional experience in the production of evidence? By asking these questions, this book highlights the debates surrounding the notions of robustness, relevance and statistical significance regarding different conceptions of the reliability of biomedical knowledge. It is intended for both biomedical scientists (clinicians, epidemiologists, biostatisticians, etc.) and researchers in the social sciences and humanities who are interested in the social organization of clinical trials and in decision-making in a context of uncertainty. It also provides a better understanding of social issues in specific contexts, such as gynecological care, prevention policies, significance tests, and the management of the COVID-19 pandemic.
