Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Gender Disparities in the Health and Labor Markets written by Britni Wilcher and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are asymmetric effects by gender in the domain of health that interact with the labor market. Theoretical channels point to the quality of health technology and individual health investments to explain gender disparities. Less is known about how gender diverse clinical participation influences the quality of health technology innovation and how female unpaid labor impacts health investments. This dissertation examines: (1) how the sex composition of clinical trials impacts therapeutically novel drug risks, (2) how female unpaid labor interacts with health investments, and (3) the downstream impact of health investments on employment outcomes.Using novel data containing information about U.S. adverse drug reactions linked with the regulatory and therapeutic characteristics of drugs approved from 1996 - 2004, chapter one explores whether the 1998 FDA Demographic Rule requirement to provide an analysis of clinical safety and effectiveness data by sex when seeking approval for U.S. marketing shifted the sex balance of clinical trial populations and, in turn, improved drug safety for female patients. While the rule corresponded with improvements in the sex balance of clinical trial populations, mortality related to novel drugs in this period increased 226% with no differences when disaggregating by sex. This was driven, in part, by changes in the therapeutic composition of drugs over time.Chapter two examines how local labor market conditions affect maternal health. Mothers spend twice as much time on unpaid care work, yet they are the sole or co-breadwinner in nearly half of U.S. households. This dual time burden can increase exposure to health risks. I find that that unemployment reduces stress-related conditions (e.g., strokes), while employment growth increases stress-related conditions (e.g., heart disease). Unemployment also reduces medical care utilization (e.g., pap smears). Child care subsidies offset some of the negative impacts of employment growth by reducing heart disease and increasing routine medical care.The third chapter examines how paid family leave affects long-run maternal labor market detachment. In the absence of paid leave, maternal labor market detachment is nearly 30% following a birth; it attenuates over time but remains significantly different from zero as much as eleven years later. Access to paid family leave at the time of a birth significantly increases labor market participation by more than 5% in the year of a birth. This effect attenuates over time but remains significantly different from zero as much as five years later. The impacts are the largest for women with higher educational attainment.

Download or read book Essays on Labor and Health Economics written by Chen Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first essay looks how the disability wage gap as well as the gender, race, and ethnicity wage gaps are affected by macroeconomic conditions. Even though a large literature looks at the trends of these wage gaps, very little research considers their cyclicality. I use the SIPP linked to administrative earnings records to look at how these gaps vary with local labor market conditions from 1978 to 2010. For annual earnings, the disabled and blacks seem to fare better than their counterparts as labor market conditions worsen while women seem to fare worse than men, and the results are mixed for Hispanics. For hourly earnings, the results are largely mixed and inconclusive. There is also evidence that these results vary by decade. The second essay asks whether the gender gap in total compensation is smaller than the gender wage gap. One potential explanation for the observed gender wage gap is that men and women value the nonwage aspects of a job differently. I construct two individual level measures of total compensation - one using supplemental CPS data on employer contribution to health insurance premiums and one using the NLSY linked to employer cost data. I find that the observed gender gap resulting from these measures of total compensation is almost identical to the observed gender gap in wages. The third essay considers how parents allocate scarce resources among children with different levels of initial endowment. Parents that are interested in maximizing the return on their investment might reinforce initial conditions, but parents motivated by equity might compensate. I use the SIPP to directly measured health endowment as whether the child has any health conditions and parental investment as the frequency with which parents do various activities with each child. The results show that there is some evidence that parents do not invest equally in children of different health endowments, but the evidence is far from overwhelming. Moreover, the results differ depending on parents' education and the children's age group. In general, these results seem to indicate that pattern of parental behavior depends crucially on the specific investment.

Download or read book Gender China and the World Trade Organization written by Günseli Berik and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China’s joining the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001 signifies a milestone in the country’s global integration after two decades of economic reforms that have fundamentally transformed the economic organization of China. This collection seeks to identify the gendered implications within China of the country’s transition from socialism to a market economy and its opening up to international trade and investment. The changes have created greater wealth for some, while at the same time, serious gender, class, ethnic, and regional disparities have also emerged. Drawing from historical, analytical, and policy-oriented work, the essays in this collection explore women’s well-being relative to men’s in rural and urban China by looking at land rights, labor-market status and labor rights, household decision-making, health, the representation of women in advertising and beauty pageants. This book was previously published as a special issue of the journal, Feminist Economics, the official journal of the International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE). All contributions have been subjected to the journal's rigorous peer review process and comply with the journal's editorial policies, as overseen by the editor, Diana Strassmann, and the journal's editorial team, including the associate editors, the editorial board, numerous volunteer reviewers, and the journal's in-house editorial staff and freelance style editors. The special issue and book have been made possible by the generous financial support of Rice University and the Ford Foundation-Beijing.

Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Discrimination written by Emily P. Hoffman and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collection of essays examining labour market discrimination, the impact of laws and policies, the treatment of children compared to the elderly, discrimination within the family, the economic underclass, and the treatment of minority members of society.

Download or read book Essays in Development and Labor Economics written by Garima Sharma (Economist) and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis comprises three chapters studying labor markets in developing countries. The first two chapters examine two sources of gender gaps in the labor market -- gender differences in employers' monopsony power over their workers, and the possibility that the decision-makers who design workplaces do not prioritize women's needs when doing so. The final chapter focuses on a different population, of the poorest Indian households, and studies whether a "big-push" program providing these households with a large asset transfer can durably lift them out of poverty. The first chapter examines the extent and sources of gender differences in employers' monopsony power over their workers in Brazil. I exploit establishment-level demand shocks induced by the end of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement to show that women are substantially less likely than men to separate from an employer that lowers their wage. The implied gender difference in monopsony power would generate an 18pp gender wage gap among equally productive workers, explaining over half the raw gender wage gap. To study the source of this gender difference in monopsony power, I build and estimate a discrete choice model wherein employers can have more monopsony over women either because women strongly prefer their current employer, or because they have fewer good employers than men. Of the 18pp monopsony gender gap, I find that 10 points are attributable to women's stronger preference for their specific employer, and 8 points to the fact that good jobs for women are highly concentrated in the textile sector. Surprisingly, I show that this concentration is itself largely a product of amenities/disamenities present in different sectors, rather than gender-specific comparative advantage. My findings demonstrate that although the textile industry provides women desirable jobs, this desirability confers its employers with higher monopsony power. By contrast, desirable jobs for men are not similarly concentrated. The second chapter (joint with Viola Corradini and Lorenzo Lagos) investigates why workplaces are not better designed for women. In particular, we show that changing the priorities of those who set workplace policies can create female-friendly jobs. Starting in 2015, Brazil's largest trade union federation, the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) made women central to its bargaining agenda. We use a difference-in-differences design to compare establishments negotiating with CUT-affiliated unions to those negotiating with non-CUT unions. We find that "bargaining for women" increases female-centric amenities in collective bargaining agreements as well as in practice. These changes cause women to queue for jobs at treated establishments and separate from them less--both of which are revealed preference measures of firm value. We find no evidence that the gain in amenities comes at the expense of either men or women's employment or wages, or of firm profits. Our results thus suggest that changing institutional priorities can narrow the gender compensation gap. The final chapter (joint with Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo) studies the long-run effects of a "big-push" program that provides a large asset transfer to the poorest Indian households. The program is premised on the idea that the poor are stuck in a poverty trap, which implies that a one-time capital grant that makes very poor households substantially less poor ("big push") can set off a virtuous cycle that takes them out of poverty. In a randomized controlled trial that follows these households over ten years, we find that the program improves poor households' well-being over the long run, increasing their consumption by 0.6 standard deviations (SD), food security by 0.1 SD, income by 0.3 SD, and health by 0.2 SD. These effects grow for the first seven years following the transfer and persist until year ten. One main channel for persistence is that treated households take greater advantage of opportunities for income gains that arise naturally over time, such as by diversifying into lucrative wage employment and migration.

Download or read book Women Family and Work written by Karine Moe and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women, Family, and Work is a collection of original essayson a wide variety of topics related to the economics of gender andthe family. Written by leading thinkers in the field, the essaysapply traditional economic theory to unconventional topics, whilealso developing neoclassical economic thought to provide a bettermodel of economic interactions. 12 newly-commissioned essays on the economics of labor, gender,and family life. Juxtaposes various viewpoints, allowing readers to weigh thebenefits and drawbacks of each model. Applies traditional economic theory to unconventional topics,while also revisioning neoclassical economic thought.

Download or read book The Economics of Women and Work in the Global Economy written by Reyna Elizabeth Rodríguez Pérez and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-07-25 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an analysis of the key issues faced by women in the labor market in the 21st century. It identifies the factors that inhibit women's participation in the labor market, studies occupational segregation by gender and analyzes labor transitions, questioning whether the experience for men and women differs. It also explores the effect of entrepreneurship support programs on women's economic and social positions, as well as the public policy implications of women's entry into the labor market. The book investigates working women in Mexico and also offers comparisons with countries such as Spain and developing countries within Eastern Europe. It explores a variety of topics, from a gender perspective, such as labor participation, the feminization of poverty, migration, wage gaps, changes in employment, informal work programs and public policy. Finally, the book offers a topical and timely analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic, tracking the gender inequalities among men and women in labor markets. The main market for the book is the global community of academics, researchers and graduate students in the fields of economics and, specifically, in the study of the labor market from a gender perspective. It will also be beneficial to government institutions responsible for the creation of public programs and policies, as well as non-governmental and non-profit organizations.

Download or read book Gender in the Labor Market written by Solomon W. Polachek and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2015-08-20 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why in 2015 are there still large gender differences in economic success? This volume consists of a set of state of the art research articles to answer this question. Focus areas include educational attainment, financial risk management, bargaining power, social mobility, and intergenerational transfers in the US and abroad.

Download or read book Gender Inequality and Wages written by Francine D. Blau and published by IZA Prize in Labor Economics. This book was released on 2016-06-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In all Western societies women earn lower wages on average than men. The gender wage gap has existed for many years, although there have been some important changes over time. This volume of collected papers contains extensive research on progress made by women in the labor market, and the characteristics and causes of remaining gender inequalities. It also covers other dimensions of inequality and their interplay with gender, such as family formation, wellbeing, race, and immigrant status. The author was awarded the 2010 IZA Prize in Labor Economics for this research. Part I comprises an Introduction by the Editors. Part II probes and quantifies the explanations for the gender wage gap, including differential choices made in the labor market by men and women as well as labor market discrimination and employment segregation. It also delineates how the gender wage gap has decreased over time in the United States and suggests explanations for this narrowing of the gap and the more recent slowdown in wage convergence. Part III considers international differences in the gender wage gap and wage inequality and the relationship between the two. Part IV considers a variety of indicators of gender inequality and how they have changed over time in the United States, painting a picture of significant gains in women's relative status across a number of dimensions. It also considers the trends in female labor supply and what they indicate about changing gender roles in the United States and considers a successful intervention designed to increase the relative success of academic women. Part V focuses on inequality by race and immigrant status. It considers not only race difference in wages and the differential progress made by African-American women and men in reducing the race wage gap, but also race differences in wealth which are considerably larger than differences in wages. It also examines immigrant-native differences in the use of transfer payments, and the impact of gender roles in immigrant source countries on immigrant women's labor market assimilation in the U.S. labor market.

Download or read book Gender and Economics written by Jane Humphries and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 1995 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents 27 articles dating from 1923 to 1994 on gender differences, female labour supply, male-female wage differences and on the historical significance of women's work.

Download or read book Essays in Labor and Family Economics written by Maxwell Chenming Rong and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of four essays on labor economics with a particular focus on the causes and consequences of major life cycle choices such as marriage, occupational choice, and retirement. How do the consequential decisions that individuals make in these dimensions affect the kinds of risks they will face throughout their life, and how can they insure themselves against them? I study these questions with a mix of survey and administrative data, using a variety of structural and reduced-form methods. In the first chapter I study how sharing a workplace with one's spouse can affect the dynamics of household income growth and risk, shedding light on the relationship between worker mobility and monopsony power in the labor market. There has been a large empirical literature documenting rent sharing between workers and firms: firms pass through performance shocks to the earnings of their employees, a fact inconsistent with perfectly competitive labor markets. This fact can be rationalized by monopsonistic models of labor markets where firm market power arises from imperfect worker mobility. An untested implication of these models is that firms should use the information available to them to infer differences in mobility for their workers and engage in price discrimination, resulting in differences in rent sharing. In this paper I provide novel evidence for this prediction by studying coworking couples: married couples who share an employer. Using Norwegian administrative data, I quantify differences in the pass-through of idiosyncratic firm shocks to coworking couples, and find that women in coworking couples experience less generous rent sharing: at any given level of firm performance, they have lower income growth than their non-coworking counterparts. These differences result in large differences in household income dynamics: coworking couples face lower average income growth and higher income risk, with substantial consequences for welfare. Firms exploit the fact that coworking couples are less mobile in order to engage in less generous rent sharing agreements, which explain a substantial fraction of the observed difference in income growth and risk. In the second chapter, I study the importance of liquid savings for smoothing consumption in the face of income shocks. I take advantage of a unique institutional feature of certain US retirement accounts, including Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): prior to the age of 59.5, withdrawals from these accounts are subject to an additional 10\% tax penalty to discourage early withdrawal. Thus, IRAs undergo a sharp and predictable change in liquidity at age 59.5. Using survey data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I document 3 facts. First, annual withdrawals from IRAs increase sharply by \$1,500 on average after age 59.5. Second, households with low liquid wealth in the form of checking and savings deposits have the largest proportional increases in withdrawals. Finally, IRA withdrawals increase in response to falls in income, but only for those with low liquid wealth. Using consumption data from the CAMS supplement to the HRS, I quantify how the increased liquidity of IRAs after age 59.5 helps households insure consumption against income shocks. In the third chapter, I study how workers of different skill levels are differentially affected by sudden job displacement events. Through a framework of general and occupation-specific human capital, I study the potential labor market consequences of a technology shock such as AI which displaces workers in high-skill occupations. Workers with high general human capital can partially insure themselves against job loss by switching occupations, but they also tend to be employed in occupations with high returns to specific human capital, meaning that their potential losses are much larger. To evaluate the relative size of these two forces, I specify and estimate a dynamic model of occupational choice, and use it to analyze the impact of a hypothetical job-destroying technology shock to high-skill occupations. Despite finding substantial ability of high skill workers to cushion the shock by switching occupations, the model predicts that a 40\% increase in the job destruction rate in high skill occupations results in average earnings losses of 2.4 to 5.4\% for workers in these occupations. These losses are substantially larger than the losses from an analogous shock in low skill occupations. In the fourth chapter, I document and seek to explain a novel fact about gender differences in the cyclicality of unemployment. Using historical Current Population Survey data, I show that after 1979, male unemployment became significantly more cyclical than female. I hypothesize that the reason for this increase is the drastic decline in male unionization rates from the 1980s to the present. I leverage the passage of right-to-work laws in 7 states that weakened the power of unions to test this hypothesis, and find mixed results. However, I also take advantage of the limited panel dimension of the CPS to directly compare the unemployment cyclicality of unionized and non-unionized workers. I show that due to the drastic decrease in male unionization relative to female, even a small difference in union cyclicality can explain a great deal of the gender unemployment cyclicality gap.

Download or read book Gender Inequality and Economic Growth Evidence from Industry Level Data written by Ata Can Bertay and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-07-03 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study whether higher gender equality facilitates economic growth by enabling better allocation of a valuable resource: female labor. By allocating female labor to its more productive use, we hypothesize that reducing gender inequality should disproportionately benefit industries with typically higher female share in their employment relative to other industries. Specifically, we exploit within-country variation across industries to test whether those that typically employ more women grow relatively faster in countries with ex-ante lower gender inequality. The test allows us to identify the causal effect of gender inequality on industry growth in value-added and labor productivity. Our findings show that gender inequality affects real economic outcomes.

Download or read book Essays on Labour Markets written by Sebastian Buhai and published by Rozenberg Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth written by Raquel Fernández and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-04 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper considers various dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address these. With women accounting for fifty percent of the global population, inclusive growth can only be achieved if it promotes gender equality. Despite recent progress, gender gaps remain across all stages of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic outcomes for women. The roadmap to gender equality has to rely on legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access, and efforts to tackle entrenched social norms. These need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, as well as shocks such as pandemics.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.

Download or read book The Economics of Gender Equality in the Labour Market written by Meltem İnce Yenilmez and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-07 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book evaluates the global labour market in the context of gender equality, and the associated policies and regulations, particularly in developing markets, to recommend measures for encouraging gender equality. It exposes the barriers that women employees encounter as well as some of the societal and workplace policies they, specifically, are subject to. Important themes within this topic include participation rates, the looming gap in hourly pay, availability of part-time and full-time positions, value, and social status associated with jobs held by men and women. The book examines how global gender policy objectives, such as gender equality in careers, gender balance in decision-making, and gender dimensions in research, can be incorporated into policy frameworks. The book analyzes the gendered nature of assumptions, processes and theories. The juxtaposition between family and work, tradition and modernity, and dependency and autonomy, clearly still seems to be misunderstood. Therefore, the book asks whether work improves women’s positions in society and/or changes their roles in their families. The authors explore and uncover the connections among employment, entrepreneurship, migration economies, and gender global labour markets and provide helpful solutions to the perceptions surrounding women’s status, risks, and inequality that limit their economic participation. This insightful read provides comprehensive details on a variety of themes and encourages further research on policies that are key to promoting gender equality. The book will appeal to postgraduate students and researchers of labour and feminist economics, the economics of gender, women’s studies and sociology.

Download or read book Essays on Gender Inequality in the Labour Market written by Julia Philipp and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: