Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Integration written by Axel Franzen and published by . This book was released on 2016-06 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Economic Integration and Inequality written by Mingzhi Xu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic activities worldwide are becoming increasingly integrated, in terms of freely traded consumption, globalized production as well as information sharing alike. The tightened linkages are thought to improve resource allocation, promote technology transfer and enhance living standard, while the challenge for policymakers is to ensure that these benefits are sufficiently widely shared. It highlights the importance of understanding how economic integration affects labor. My dissertation focuses on the how integration shapes the organization of production and the effects on the well-being. The first chapter focuses the impacts of integration by removing information transmission barrier on the diffusion of economic activities as well as its welfare and inequality consequence. The paper studies the aggregate and distributional impacts of high-speed railways (HSR) in an economy with internal trade and migration costs. I make two contributions to the understanding of the impacts of large transportation infrastructure projects. Firstly, taking advantage of the rapid expansion as plausible exogenous shocks that improves firm-to-firm matching efficiency across regions over time, I identify the causal relationship between HSR connection and exporting performance in case of China. We find the connection to HSR significantly promotes a region's exports. Besides the direct impact, I also find the positive spillovers of HSR, and such effect is stronger in areas closer to HSR hubs. Our second contribution is to shed light on the mechanisms at work by relating the HSR-driven regional outsourcing to the HSR-driven increases in welfare and inequality. To do so, I construct and calibrate a quantitative spatial equilibrium model with producer-supplier linkage, taking care of trade, migration, and outsourcing in a unified framework to examine the general equilibrium effects of the HSR and to perform counterfactuals. Chapter 2 studies the role of international trade for household income polarization, the phenomenon in which the size of high- and low-income groups increases but mid-income group declines. I propose a new channel that emphasizes the supply change of skills in rationalizing the phenomenon. We build a simple theory of trade featuring endogenous choices on occupation and firm productivity. In the model, individuals choose to become low-skilled, high-skilled workers, or entrepreneurs based on their innate abilities. Entrepreneurs improve the firm efficiency by investing in the managerial effort. I show that while the households with high human capital optimally respond to export opportunity by moving up the income distribution, other households with median level human capital self-select downward the income distribution, the long run consequence of which may be the polarization in labor market. An empirical test of the model reveals that Chinese regions facing more export exposure exhibit stronger pattern of labor market polarization. While my first two research focus on the welfare changes within-country in case of the largest developing country in the world, China, my third part of dissertation compares a country's living standard in an international framework. Chapter 3, a joint work with my advisor Robert Feenstra and Alexis Antoniades, compares the cost of living for cities in China and in the United States using barcode data, as a complement to the International Comparisons Program (ICP) supervised by the World Bank. We find that, in both countries, there is a greater variety of products in larger cities. But in China, unlike the United States, the prices of products tend to be lower in larger cities. We attribute the lower prices to a pro-competitive effect, whereby larger cities attract more brands and retailers which leads to lower markups and prices. Combining the effect of greater variety and lower prices, it follows that the cost-of-living for grocery-store products in China is lower in larger cities. We further compare the cost-of-living indexes for particular product categories between China and the United States. In product categories with a significant presence of U.S. brands in the Chinese market, the availability of additional Chinese brands leads to greater variety than in the United States, and therefore lower Chinese price indexes for that reason. In product categories with much less presence of U.S. brands in the Chinese market, however, the observed prices differences between the countries (usually lower prices in China) are partially or fully offset by the variety differences (less variety in China), so that the cost of living in China is not as low as the price differences suggest, especially in smaller cities.

Download or read book Interior Frontiers written by Ann Laura Stoler and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-06-03 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Ann Laura Stoler navigates the shadows and shatterzones of democratic policies, considering how imperial features are folded through (il)liberal orders, where racial inequities thicken in the borderlands of interior frontiers. Sometimes those frontiers, or the lines that define the contours of belonging and not belonging, are porous--often fixed and firm. For those on the wrong side of the fabulated division between inside and out, entry requirements can be opaque, neither verbal nor visible. Illegibilities are secured in code. The sites of inequity are disparate, the sensibilities that produce and sustain those inequities are as well. Borrowing Ralph Ellison's phrase, Stoler exposes unexpected sites and scenes that register the lower frequencies of denigration. Seemingly benign sites are laid bare as toxic, as in her essay eviscerating the warped criteria assigned to taste and who can have it, and in her study of the seared lives that longing, envy, and humiliation inscribe. In so doing, she hews close to the soft violences of sentiments that ascribe, distribute, and assess human kinds. But the project of these essays turns as much to those who reject those violences, who distil refusal in poetic rage--the phrase Stoler invokes to describe the anti-colonial avant-garde. Stoler casts this aesthetic of dissent through a surge of multi-media archiving ventures among Palestinians bent on creating and conjuring landscapes beyond Israeli violences-for the future and today. Stoler hugs close to the dark corridors where racial inequalities thrive. These inequities may be blatant but unnoticed, others are neither muted nor unseen. Each essay iterates a (sub)metric of inequality as a fictive measure of human worth. With an optic, ever bold and subtle, she turns the reader to the social ecologies and racial logics targeting the body and the senses. These are hazardous zones for the instruments and infrastructures in which (il)liberalisms invest. Increasingly unsettled and challenged by a more radically just demos, these sites of contest may be the emergent political scenes of racial sovereignty's unmaking and where the weapons of that unmaking are readied, and stored.

Download or read book The Idea of Natural Inequality and Other Essays written by André Béteille and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Volume As A Whole Seeks To Combine Social Analysis With Social Criticism, Directing The Critical Approach To Traditional Hierarchical Orders As Well As Modern Systems Of Inequality Generated By The Market And The State. A Classic. Slightly Shop-Soiled But In Excellent Condition Otherwise.

Download or read book Re thinking Assimilation and Integration written by Paul Statham and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-08-01 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does immigration transform societies and relations between ethnic and racial groups? This volume brings together scholars working at the cutting-edge of theory and empirical research on integration and assimilation in the US and Europe. It is dedicated to the life and works of Richard Alba, who has done so much to re-invigorate and establish ideas about integration and assimilation. The book aims to open a dialogue on the continuing value of assimilation and integration for studying social change in an era of increasing ethno-racial diversity in Western liberal democracies. Assimilation and integration, and the understandings of societal change that they theorise, depict, and empirically study, remain a contested terrain that is open for critical re-evaluation. This insightful volume offers a set of expert scholarly contributions, including contributions from Richard Alba himself, that tease out critical junctures and disagreements, in the belief that this collective effort can provide insights about where the future research agenda needs to go. Re-thinking Assimilation and Integration will be a key resource for academics, researchers, and advanced students of sociology, ethnic and racial studies, international politics, and migration studies. It was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies.

Download or read book Essays on economic integration written by and published by Rozenberg Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Deprivation Inequality and Polarization written by Indraneel Dasgupta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-22 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a collection of original, state-of-the-art essays addressing various aspects of the economic analysis of inequality, deprivation, poverty measurement and social polarization, at both the theoretical and empirical level. Written by leading authorities in the fields of distributional analysis and normative economics, the respective chapters present detailed overviews of cutting-edge literature, as well as stand-alone research. Compiled as a tribute to Satya Ranjan Chakravarty’s lifetime contributions in the fields of normative economics and distributional analysis, it represents an indispensable resource for researchers, policymakers and doctoral students working on issues pertaining to income/wealth distribution, social inclusion and poverty reduction.

Download or read book Capitalism and Social Cohesion written by I. Gough and published by Springer. This book was released on 1999-08-02 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together essays on modernity, social integration, social differentiation and social exclusion by Lockwood, Mouzelis and other eminent social theorists. At the same time it addresses critical issues facing Western democracies, such as social exclusion, the underclass, unemployment, new inequalities, globalization and the new competitive environment. Its novelty lies in the imaginative way it uses social theory to critique old, and suggest new, policies and political practices.

Download or read book Getting Real About Inequality written by Cherise A. Harris and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2022-01-06 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Getting Real About Inequality is a contributed reader that gives instructors a set of materials to help them moderate civil, productive, and social science-based discussions with their students about social statuses and identities. It is organized around myths and stereotypes that students might already believe or be familiar with, and employs an intersectional perspective to underscore the nuanced mechanisms of power and inequality that are often lost in everyday discourse.

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Development written by Shibalee Majumdar and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Inequality in the social, political and economic realms of an individual and a society's existence affects the social fabric and individual well-being. Even when the average income and food production of the world has increased manifolds in the last fifty years, extreme poverty and malnutrition exists in many parts of the world. The aim of my dissertation is to address a few relevant questions that are bound to arise in any mind that has been exposed to the developments of the local and global world. While my first essay questions the efficacy of the political reservation system in India in abating social and political inequality and improving the life of minority groups, my second and third essays studies the interactions between economic growth, government policies and income inequality. Reviewing previous research and detailed empirical analysis shows that the affirmative action of political reservation still has to go a long way in bringing the standard of living of the minority groups at par with the mainstream population, that economic growth has a heterogeneous association with income inequality across regions and that people-based and place-based government policies have non-uniform impact on inequality.

Download or read book Two Essays on Inequality written by Sang Yoon Lee and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Inequality written by Jack Richard Blundell and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The widespread prevalence of rising economic inequality across western democracies has led to immense academic and policy interest, as well as the rapid development of the tools required to study it. Researchers are now equipped with rich data and advanced computational methods which are well-suited to analyzing the processes underlying the extensive differences exhibited across individuals and groups within and between societies. To an extent, diverse outcomes reflect an intrinsic natural variation in individual tastes and preferences. However, in many cases we rather consider inequalities, particularly economic inequalities, to reflect injustice, misallocation and constrained opportunities. When considering labor market earnings, a substantial proportion of the variation across individuals can be explained by a single predictor: a worker's gender. In the first chapter of this dissertation I study a policy explicitly designed to reduce this association, in which employers are required to publicly report gender pay gap statistics. Proponents argue that increasing the information available to workers and consumers places pressure on firms to close pay gaps, but opponents argue that such policies are poorly targeted and ineffective. I contribute to the debate by analyzing the UK's recent reporting policy, in which employers are mandated to publicly report simple measures of their gender pay gap each year. Exploiting a discontinuous size threshold in the policy's coverage, I apply a difference-in-difference strategy to linked employer-employee payroll data. I find that the introduction of reporting requirements led to a 1.6 percentage-point narrowing of the gender pay gap at affected employers. This large-magnitude effect is primarily due to a decline in male wages within affected employers and is not caused by a change in the composition of the workforce. To explain this effect, I propose that a worker preference against high pay gap employers induces the closing of pay gaps upon information revelation. Newly-gathered survey evidence shows that female workers in particular exhibit a significant preference for low pay gap employers. In a hypothetical choice experiment, over half of women accept a 2.5\% lower salary to avoid a high pay gap employer. I also demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in the interpretation of pay gap statistics across workers and show that this affects their valuation of jobs at employers with different pay gaps. Does the importance of your family background on how far you get in adulthood also depend on where you grow up? For England and Wales, a paucity of data has made this a difficult question to reliably answer. My second chapter, co-authored with Brian Bell and Stephen Machin, presents a new analysis of intergenerational mobility across three cohorts in England and Wales using linked decennial census microdata. These data permit the study of different mobility outcomes in occupation, home ownership and education, at the spatial level through time. As well as showing national results consistent with previous studies, we find strong sub-regional patterns in mobility, with four main results emerging. First, area-level differences in upward occupational mobility are highly persistent over time. Second, consistent with evidence from other countries, absolute and relative mobility are positively correlated for all measures and particularly strongly for home ownership. Third, there is a robust relationship between upward educational and upward occupational mobility. Last, there is a small negative relationship between upward home ownership mobility and upward occupational mobility, revealing that social mobility comparisons based on different outcomes can have different trends. Social scientists have long been interested in the relationship between parental factors and later child income. Finding the best characterization of this relationship for the question at hand is however fraught with choices. In my third chapter, co-authored with Erling Risa, we use machine learning methods to assess the `completeness' of one popular modelling approach. Here, completeness refers to how well the model summarizes the total predictive relationship between multiple parental factors and a single child outcome. Machine learning methods enable us to depart from functional form assumptions, allowing flexible interactions between a large set of possible parental factors. Using our most flexible complete model as a benchmark, we assess the popular `rank-rank' model relating parent and child incomes. Applying our approach to high-quality Norwegian administrative data, we demonstrate that the rank-rank model explains 68\% of the total explainable variation in child income rank, based on a broad set of potential parental factors entering a neural network. Parental wealth and parental education explain the majority of the remaining explainable variation. At the regional level, we estimate homogeneous completeness across areas. Rankings of areas based on rank-rank slope estimates align with those based on the predictive fit of the broader flexible model.

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Poverty written by Marta Ruiz-Arranz and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Education written by Fernando Miguel Borraz and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Migration written by Yajna Govind and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis focuses on the intricate link between inequality, migration, and colonization. Chapter 1 looks at the causal effect of naturalization on the labor market integration of foreigners. It is acknowledged that better integration is beneficial for both migrants and the host country. In this respect, granting citizenship could be an important policy to boost migrants' integration. In this chapter, I estimate the causal impact of obtaining citizenship on migrants' labor market integration. I exploit a change in the law of naturalization through marriage in France in 2006. This reform amended the eligibility criteria for applicants by increasing the required number of years of marital life from 2 to 4, generating an exogenous shock and thus a quasi-experimental setting. Using administrative panel data, and a difference-in-differences approach, I estimate the labor market returns to naturalization. I find that, among those working, citizenship leads to an increase in annual earnings. While the gain in earnings is similar for both men and women, the effect for men is mostly driven by an increase in hours worked compared to an increase in hourly wages for women. I provide suggestive evidence that naturalization helps reduce informality and discrimination. This chapter thus provides strong evidence that naturalization acts as a catalyst for labor market integration.Chapter 2 studies the post-colonial trends of income inequality in four ex-French colonies. Most ex-colonies have gained their independence during the decolonization wave in the last century. Recent research on the colonial legacy in terms of inequality has thus mostly focused on these independent states, overlooking the few territories which were assimilated by their ex-colonizers. This chapter analyzes the post-colonial inequality in four such territories- La Reunion, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Guyane. Drawing on a new income tax dataset put together in this chapter, I study the evolution of income inequality since their decolonization in 1946 until recent years. The results of the top 1% income share a rapid decline of inequality since decolonization and stabilization in the recent decade. Despite the general catch-up of the overseas departments, the top 10% income share remained consistently higher than in the metropolis. Going further, I investigate the hidden underlying cleavage: the metropolitan-native divide. Using administrative data, I show that metropolitans are over-represented at the top of the distribution and that there exists a “metropolitan income premium” in the overseas departments, even after controlling for observable characteristics.Chapter 3 is joint work with Luis Bauluz, Filip Novokmet, and Daniel Sanchez Ordonez. It aims at measuring land inequality in a large variety of countries across different regions. It is known that agricultural land is vital for three out of four of the poorest billion individuals in the world yet little is known about its distribution. Existing cross-country estimates of land inequality, based on agriculture census data, measure the size distribution of agricultural holdings. These neither reflect land ownership inequality nor value inequality and often do not account for the landless population. In this chapter, we tackle these issues and provide novel and consistent estimates of land inequality across countries, based on household surveys. We show that i) land-value inequality can differ significantly from land-area inequality, ii) differences in the proportion of landless across countries vary substantially, affecting markedly inequality estimates and, iii) regional patterns in inequality according to our benchmark metric contradict existing estimates from agricultural censuses. Overall, South Asia and Latin America exhibit the highest inequality with top 10% landowners capturing up to 75% of agricultural land, followed by Africa and 'Communist' Asia (China and Vietnam) at levels around 55-60%.

Download or read book Understanding Inequality written by Barbara A. Arrighi and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2001 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together essays by some of the most influential writers of our time--including Derrick Bell, bell hooks, Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler, and Deborah Tannen--offering a systematic and integrated portrait of social inequality in America today. Unusual in its combination of both statistical analyses and descriptive accounts, this up-to-date book is a cogent introduction to race, class, gender and other current dimensions of social and economic inequalities. It also serves as an invaluable reference source for any university, research, or large public library.

Download or read book Equality and Universality written by André Béteille and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays, the third after Antinomies and Sociology, reflects Béteille's thinking on the large inequalities that exist in democratic societies. The essays examine the different forms of inequality and also the limits to the persuit of equality. While the focus is primarily on India, a general and comparative method for discussion is also adopted. The essays draw from the author's substantial work on class, status and caste as also on those concerning justice and equality.