Download or read book Essays in Commodities and Firms written by Yuanzhi Gao and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Competition and Markets written by John Dawsond and published by Springer. This book was released on 1990-06-14 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses some of the major issues associated with competition in theory and practice. Among other essays, Paul Samuelson considers the theoretical underpinning of privatising state assets. Mary Gregory ponders on the possibility of cooperation rather than competition between employer and worker and whether incomes policies are likely to feature on a medium-term political agenda. Christopher Moir claims that food retail markets are not as competitive as is often claimed and that large food retailers may enjoy monopoly profits. Aubrey Silbertson very cogently sets out the orthodox case for removing trade protection on the industrialised world's clothing industries.

Download or read book Commodities as an Asset Class written by Alan G. Futerman and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-03 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges the notion that commodities are always good hedges against inflation, which is the conventional belief today in financial markets. Specifically, it focuses on gold as a traditional hedge and the ways in which crypto assets are argued to be positioned as an alternative hedge against inflationary risk. The book engages with emerging debates around the performance of gold since the 2008 financial crisis, analyzing its characteristics, relationship with inflation, and the role of mining companies, and discusses ways that cryptocurrencies have replaced precious metals as an attractive asset class during an inflationary scenario. In considering the case of crypto as being or not a good inflation hedge, the book devotes particular attention to the theoretical financial and macroeconomic implications of a monetary system based on Bitcoin, dealing with the concept of money and the determination of Bitcoin’s supply and purchasing power. Additionally, it outlines the consequences that such a system would entail for the banking industry, and financial conditions involving interest rates, exchange rates, and the inflation-deflation dynamic. The book also analyses the relative impact of past and future events on the different commodity families. This work will be of interest to students and researchers in financial economics, macroeconomics, and monetary economics, as well as analysts and traders in financial and commodity markets.

Download or read book Essays on Value and Distribution written by Nicholas Kaldor and published by New York : Holmes & Meier Publishers. This book was released on 1981 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays in Political Economy written by John Elliott Cairnes and published by . This book was released on 1873 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Economics written by Herbert Stanley Jevons and published by . This book was released on 1905 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays in Political Economy Theoretical and Applied by J E Cairnes written by John Elliot Cairnes and published by . This book was released on 1873 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mr Sraffa on Joint Production and Other Essays written by Bertram Schefold and published by Routledge. This book was released on 1989 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in the application of the classical theory of prices, in its significance for thecritique of economic theory, and in the special aspect of joint production hasdeveloped slowly but steadily since Sraffa's Production of Commodities by Means ofCommodities (henceforth to be abbreviated as PCMC) was published in 1960. The coreof this book (Part II) consists of my PhD thesis 'Mr Sraffa On Joint Production',which was written in 1969/70 when I was first a Visitor to the Faculty of Economics,then an Advanced Student at King's College, Cambridge. At that time, almostnobody had written about the.

Download or read book Essays on Prices and Varieties in International Trade written by Luca Macedoni and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of international economic integration on the prices the firms charge and the number of varieties available for consumption is crucial for the welfare of consumers. This dissertation is a compilation of three essays, which, using both theory and empirical analysis, study the determinants of prices and of the number of varieties available for consumption. Recent empirical work has shown that world trade is dominated by firms producing multiple products, and that a few large exporters, or superstars, account for most of a country's exports. These findings challenge traditional models of trade, in which each firm is small and produces a single product. The first two chapters of my dissertation study how the presence of multiproduct firms and superstars affects the predictions of the traditional models of trade. In chapter one, I study the effects of international integration on consumers' welfare in the presence of large multiproduct exporters. The welfare of consumers depends on how large firms choose the number of the varieties they export - their product scope. I focus on two determinants of the scope of large exporters: income effects and cannibalization effects, namely the reduction in a firm's own sales following the introduction of a new variety. Several sources of data confirm the empirical relevance of the two determinants: 1) the product scope increases with the per capita income of the destination, and 2) as evidence of cannibalization effects, there exists a hump-shaped relationship between product scope and market share of a firm. I build a model of large multiproduct firms that generates results consistent with the empirical evidence. The model features firms competing oligopolistically and consumers with non-homothetic preferences. What are the effects of international integration on the welfare of consumers? To answer to this question, I derive a new formula for the welfare gains from trade that arise in a world of large multiproduct exporters. The formula highlights the contributions of income and cannibalization effects to the welfare gains from trade. In fact, models that ignore income effects would overestimate the gains from trade, while models that ignore cannibalization effects underestimate the gains. Moreover, neglecting cannibalization effects causes a sizable underestimation of the gains from trade in more concentrated industries. A common prediction of standard models of multiproduct firms is that firm's total sales are proportional to the firm's scope. The underlying assumption is that the ability of a firm to produce efficiently a variety is proportional to its ability to introduce new varieties. In chapter two, joint with Mingzhi Xu, we document that such a prediction performs poorly in the data. Using Chinese firm-level data, we find a disconnect between sales and scope across firms within a destination: for any level of sales, there are several single product firms and wide scope firms. Moreover, firm-destination specific shocks explain more than 50% of the variation in scope across firms and destinations, and the scope of exporters conditional on sales depends on measurable characteristics of firms, such as capital intensity and R&D expenditures. We rationalize the three stylized facts in a model in which firms differ in their productivity and in their flexibility, namely the ability to introduce new varieties in a destination at low costs. The additional layer of heterogeneity has new implications for both intensive and extensive margins of trade.While the first two chapters of the dissertation study how economic integration - modeled as a reduction in trade frictions - affects the welfare of consumers, in the third chapter, I examine those trade frictions, decomposing their nature and their effects. Recent research showed that deviations from the Law of One Price are starkly smaller within a currency union. Can a reduction in trade costs within a currency union explain this fact? I answer to this question in chapter three. I apply Heckscher's insight that transaction costs create bands of inaction in which price differences are not arbitraged away. Only when price differences exceed a certain threshold does arbitrage become profitable and prices begin to converge. A simple model of international arbitrage predicts that bands of inaction between two countries increase with trade costs and decline with the countries' sizes. I use monthly disaggregated price indices from 32 European countries from 1999 to 2016 and estimate the bands of inaction for the relative prices of 43 tradable commodities, using a Threshold Autoregressive Model. Currency unions reduce trade costs: the bands of inaction between countries that are in the European Monetary Union are 17% lower than the average band.

Download or read book Trade Stability and Macroeconomics written by George Horwich and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-05-10 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trade, Stability, and Macroeconomics: Essays in Honor of Lloyd A. Metzler provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of trade, stability, and macroeconomics. This book covers a variety of topics, including nontraded and intermediate commodities, prices, production, exchange rates, and wages. Organized into five parts encompassing 22 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the theory of international trade and the effect of a tariff or export tax on domestic prices. This text then defines the supply of the international commodities as a function of their prices and of the output of the domestic commodity. Other chapters consider the Stolper–Samuelson analysis of the effects of protection of the distribution of income. This book discusses as well the theory of external–internal balance or the assignment problem as related to macroeconomic policy in an open economy. The final chapter deals with the dynamic allocation of scarce resources. This book is a valuable resource for economists.

Download or read book Essays on Economic Volatility and Financial Frictions written by Hongyan Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three essays in macroeconomics. The first one essay discusses the reasons of Chinese huge foreign reserves holdings. It contributes to the literature of sudden stops, precautionary saving and foreign assets holdings. In the second essay, I study the price volatility of commodities and manufactured goods. I measure the price volatility of each individual goods but not on the aggregated level and therefore the results complete the related study. The third essay explores the correlation between the relative volatility of output to money stock and financial development. It extends the application of financial accelerator model. In the first essay, I address the question of China's extraordinary economic growth during the last decade and huge magnitude of foreign reserves holdings. The coexistence of fast economic growth and net capital outflow presents a puzzle to the conventional wisdom that developing countries should borrow from abroad. This paper develops a two-sector DSGE model to quantify the contribution of precautionary saving motivation against economic sudden stops. The risk of sudden stops comes from the lagged financial reforms in China, in which banks continue to support inefficient state-owned enterprises, while the more productive private firms are subject to strong discrimination in credit market, and face the endogenous collateral constraints. When the private sector is small, the impact on aggregate output of binding credit constraints is limited. However, as the output share of private sector increases, the negative effect of financial frictions on private firms grows, and it is more likely to trigger a nation-wide economic sudden stop. Thus, the precautionary savings rise and the demand for foreign assets also increases. Our calibration exercise based on Chinese macro data shows that 25 percent of foreign reserves can be accounted for by the rising probability of sudden stops. The second essay studies the relative volatility of commodity prices with a large dataset of monthly prices observed in international trade data from the United States over the period 2002 to 2011. The conventional wisdom in academia and policy circles is that primary commodity prices are more volatile than those of manufactured products, although most existing studies do not measure the relative volatility of prices of individual goods or commodities. The literature tends to focus on trends in the evolution and volatility of ratios of price indexes composed of multiple commodities and products. This approach can be misleading. The evidence presented here suggests that, on average, prices of individual primary commodities are less volatile than those of individual manufactured goods. Furthermore, robustness tests suggest that these results are not likely to be due to alternative product classification choices, differences in product exit rates, measurement errors in the trade data, or the level of aggregation of the trade data. Hence the explanation must be found in the realm of economics, rather than measurement. However, the challenges of managing terms of trade volatility in developing countries with concentrated export baskets remain. The third essay tries to understand why the relative volatility of nominal output to money stock is negatively related to countries' financial development level from cross-country evidence. In the paper I modify Bernanke et al. (1999)'s financial accelerator model by introducing the classic money demand function. The calibration to US data shows that the model is able to replicate this empirical pattern quite well. Given the same monetary shocks, countries with poorer financial system have larger output volatility due to the stronger effect of financial accelerator mechanism.

Download or read book Essays in the Theory of Economic Growth written by Joan Robinson and published by Springer. This book was released on 1965-01-01 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Commodities Terms of Trade and Development written by Yousef Makhlouf and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays in Applied Economics written by Arthur Cecil Pigou and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1923 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 1965. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Download or read book Economic Essays in Honor of Wesley Clair Mitchell written by Wesley Clair Mitchell and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stock Exchange Securities an Essay on the General Causes of Fluctuations in Their Price written by Sir Robert Giffen (K.C.B.) and published by . This book was released on 1877 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Development Frontier written by Péter Tamás Bauer and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bauer (emeritus, London School of Economics) describes and analyzes major features of the emergence of less developed countries from subsistence to exchange economies, and from their subsequent advance. The 17 essays focus on significant topics and issues that are neglected or treated inadequately or inappropriately in the literature on economic development. Six of the essays were written specifically for this volume, two are reprinted with only minor changes, and the remainder are substantially revised versions of previous publications. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR