Download or read book Effects of Rumen protected Capsicum Oleoresin on Feed Intake Growth Performance Health Status and Digestibility in Growing Beef Cattle Fed Grain based Diets written by Mariana Fontana Westphalen and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing concerns related to antimicrobial resistance derived from the use of antibiotics in the animal industry have raised the demand for alternative products. Capsaicinoids are substances found in fruits of Capsicum plants, commonly known as hot peppers. Capsaicinoids have been reported to have antimicrobial properties and were initially studied in ruminants as a potential modifier of ruminal fermentation. Further than antimicrobial properties, capsaicinoids have been reported to have direct effects on the host. For example, in poultry and swine the supplementation with capsaicin reduced susceptibility disease, prevented disease symptoms and improved intestine health. It has been reported to regulate appetite in and stimulate digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin) in rodents. And to have immunoregulatory effects, decrease inflammatory response and increase milk production in dairy cows when fed in a rumen-protected form. Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum supplementation and its potentially beneficial host-related responses have not been widely investigated in beef cattle. In two experiments, the present study investigated the effects of rumen-protected Capsicum (RPC) supplementation on feed intake, growth performance, health status, digestibility and ruminal pH in beef cattle. The first experiment investigated the effects of RPC supplementation on feed intake, performance, nutrient utilization, health status and immune response of beef calves fed grain-based diets for 100 days. Cattle were stratified by sex (steers = 24; heifers = 12) and body weight (BW; heavy or light) and assigned to treatments: Control (no additive), or 15RPC (15 mg of RPC/kg of diet dry matter (DM)). Cattle were transitioned over 21 days to a final diet of 80% grain mix and 20% corn silage (DM basis). Blood samples were collected on days 1, 22, and 98 for analysis of parameters related to immune function and nutrient utilization, and health status and medical treatments were recorded. Dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency were not different (P >= 0.24) between treatments throughout the 100 days, but cattle fed 15RPC gained (P = 0.07) 23.3% more weight during the first 50 days of the trial. Blood parameters were not different (P >= 0.17) between treatments except for hemoglobin (P = 0.03). Analysis of the health records indicated that 90% of sickness occurrences happened within the two first weeks of the experimental period, and that a greater (P = 0.09) percentage of light weight animals fed Control had fever 2 or more times during the trial when compared the animals fed 15RPC (76.5 vs. 21.8%). In experiment two, effects of RPC supplementation were investigated on total tract digestibility and ruminal pH of cannulated steers fed a 90% grain mix and 10% grass hay. Treatments were Control (no additive) and RPC at 3 levels of dietary inclusion: 5 , 10 , or 15 mg of RPC/ kg of diet DM. In this experiment, ruminal pH and total tract apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF were not different (P >= 0.32) between treatments. The improvement in ADG during the first 50 days of calves fed 15RPC on the first experiment is not related to DMI and seem to be unrelated to nutrient metabolism and digestibility or ruminal fermentation parameters as indicated by results of the second experiment. Changes in health status could have influenced the observed changes in ADG but unaltered blood parameters related to immune response do not corroborate with this result. Lack of response in blood parameters likely happened due to limitations imposed by blood sampling time points. More frequent blood sampling during the critical phase of transition may contribute to detect earlier differences in immune status of cattle, and more data is necessary to confirm the validity of the results.

Download or read book The Use of Phytogenic Feed Additives to Enhance Productivity and Health in Ruminants written by Ahmed E. Kholif and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-07-02 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Agrindex written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Traditional Roughage based Or Limit fed High energy Diets on Growth Performance and Digestion in Newly Received Growing Cattle and Subsequent Implications on Feedlot Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics and Effect of Enogen Corn Hybrids Or Conventional Hybrids in Diets Containing Corn Coproducts on Performance and Digestion in Newly Received Growing Cattle written by Morgan A. Scilacci and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two performance studies and one digestibility trial were conducted to determine the effect of traditional roughage-based diets or limit-fed, high-energy diets on growth performance, behavior, health, and digestion in newly received growing cattle and subsequent implications on feedlot growth performance and carcass characteristics. 40% of diet DM was based on Sweet Bran [proprietary wet corn gluten feed (WCGF); Cargill Animal Nutrition, Blair, NE]. In Exp. 1, 409 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 279 ± 24 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: 0.99 megacalories of net energy for gain per kilogram of dry matter (Mcal NEg/kg DM) fed for ad libitum intakes (0.99AL; n = 205) or 1.32 Mcal NEg/kg DM limit-fed at 85% of 0.99AL intakes (1.32LF85%; n = 204). In Exp. 2, 370 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 225 ± 20 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and fed the same diets from Exp. 1, but the 1.32LF treatment was limit-fed at 2.2% of body weight (BW) daily on a DM basis (1.32LF2.2). In Exp. 3, eight ruminally-cannulated crossbred Angus heifers (initial BW = 204 ± 11 kg) in a cross-over design were fed diets from Exp. 1 in a 2-period digestibility study. Gain:feed efficiency (G:F) was greater (P 0.01) by 47% and 35% in Exp. 1 and 2 for 1.32LF85% and 1.32LF2.2 heifers compared to 0.99AL heifers, respectively. For 1.32LF85% heifers ADG was greater and DMI was lower in Exp. 1; ADG was lower for 1.32LF2.2 heifers in Exp. 2 than 0.99AL heifers (P 0.01). Rumination time was greater (P 0.01) for 0.99AL heifers compared to 1.32LF85% in Exp. 1 and 1.32LF2.2 heifers in Exp. 2. Activity was greater (P 0.01) for 1.32LF2.2 heifers compared to 0.99AL heifers in Exp. 2. 6.9% more light-sort carcasses than heavy-sort carcasses had livers with large, active abscesses (P = 0.03) in Exp. 1. Feedlot morbidity was not different between backgrounding diets in Exp. 1, but morbidity was 15.5% greater for 1.32LF2.2 cattle compared to 0.99AL cattle in Exp. 2. A significant interaction between backgrounding diet and sort group occurred, because liver scars were greater (P 0.04) for 1.32LF85% carcasses in the heavy-sort group than 1.32LF carcasses in the light-sort group. Light-sort groups had fewer (P

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 2376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Feeding Corn Containing an Alpha amylase Gene on the Performance and Digestibility of Growing Cattle written by Marissa A. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two growth performance studies and two digestibility trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding Enogen feed Corn silage and corn grain to growing cattle. In Experiment 1, there were a total of four diets offered for ad libitum intake. The four diets consisted of two varieties of corn (Enogen Feed Corn (EFC) vs. negative isoline control corn (CON)) with two different methods of corn processing (dry-rolled corn (DRC) vs. whole-shelled corn (WC)) and were formulated to provide 1.13 Mcal NEg/kg DM. ADG and final BW tended to be greater for calves fed EFC (P 0.10). Feed efficiency was greater for calves fed EFC (P 0.01), improving by 5.50% over calves fed CON corn. In Experiment 2, a digestibility trial was conducted using 7 cannulated Holstein steers fed the same diets from Experiment 1. Ruminal pH was not affected by corn variety (P 0.82). Liquid passage rate was greater for CON-fed calves, which resulted in decreased digestibility. Total tract organic matter (OM) and dry matter (DM) digestibility was greater for EFC-fed calves (P 0.04). In Experiment 3, there were a total of four diets offered for ad libitum intake. Diets consisted of two varieties of corn silage (EFC vs. CON) and two varieties of DRC (EFC vs. CON) and were formulated to provide 1.11 Mcal NEg/kg DM. ADG was greater (P 0.01) for calves fed EFC silage and feed efficiency tended to be greater for calves fed EFC silage (P

Download or read book Limit fed Growing Diets for Beef Cattle written by Sean P. Montgomery and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabolic Modifiers written by National Research Council and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past decade, animal scientists have learned that administering recombinantly derived somatotropin (growth hormone) to cows improves milk production and that giving beta-adrenergic agonists to meat animals improves productivity and leanness. In order for these metabolic modifiers to yield benefits, however, sound management of the animals' nutrition is necessary. This volume reports on how these substances work in the animals' metabolism, what effects they might have on nutrient requirements of domestic livestock, and what information should be developed further by investigators. The book explores the current understanding of the biology, structure, mechanisms of action, and treatment effects of somatotropin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and anabolic steroids. A companion volume to the Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals series, this authoritative volume will be required reading for animal scientists, researchers, veterinarians, livestock farmers, and faculty and students in university animal veterinary science programs.

Download or read book Rumen Microbiology From Evolution to Revolution written by Anil Kumar Puniya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-11 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an in-depth description of different groups of microbes (i.e. bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses) that exist in the rumen microbial community, and offers an overview of rumen microbiology, the rumen microbial ecosystem of domesticated ruminants, and rumen microbial diversity. It provides the latest concepts on rumen microbiology for scholars, researchers and teachers of animal and veterinary sciences. With this goal in mind, throughout the text we focus on specific areas related to the biology and complex interactions of the microbes in rumen, integrating significant key issues in each respective area. We also discuss rumen manipulation with plant secondary metabolites, microbial feed additives, utilization of organic acids, selective inhibition of harmful rumen microbes, and ‘omics’ approaches to manipulating rumen microbial functions. A section on the exploration and exploitation of rumen microbes addresses topics including the current state of knowledge on rumen metagenomics, rumen: an underutilized niche for industrially important enzymes and ruminal fermentations to produce fuels. We next turn our attention to commercial applications of rumen microbial enzymes and to the molecular characterization of euryarcheal communities within an anaerobic digester. A section on intestinal disorders and rumen microbes covers acidosis in cattle, urea/ ammonia metabolism in the rumen and nitrate/ nitrite toxicity in ruminant diets. Last, the future prospects of rumen microbiology are examined, based on the latest developments in this area. In summary, the book offers a highly systematic collection of essential content on rumen microbiology.

Download or read book Effect of Feeding Supplemental Palmitic and Stearic Acid on Intake Production and Nutrient Digestion in Lactating Dairy Cattle written by Richard Shepardson and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy in many modern lactating dairy cow rations is a limiting factor for production. Supplementing diets with various fat sources can improve energy intake, which allows cows to maintain milk and component production as well as body condition. Due to the negative effects on intake and rumen fermentation by unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), many modern supplements are based on saturated long chain fatty acids (FA), which are not expected to cause adverse effects in the rumen. These supplements are commonly based on palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA), as well as various combinations thereof. First, this thesis investigated the physical characteristics of fat supplements and FA stocks (often used for making FA blends for commercial products). Supplements that are highly enriched (>95%) in PA or SA tend to have lower digestibility than those that are moderately enriched (~85%) or are a blend of PA and SA. Lipids have the ability to form rigid, secondary crystalline structures and this thesis provided evidence using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) that increasing the enrichment of a FA within a fat supplement increased both the melting temperature and the amount of energy (enthalpy) required to melt a sample. Increasing UFA in FA stocks also decreased both melting temperature and enthalpy compared to enriched FA stocks. This is indicative of the formation of secondary crystalline structures and suggests that these physical characteristics may be playing a role in the decreased digestibility of highly enriched supplements. Secondly, this thesis conducted an experiment with lactating cows comparing supplements that differed in FA profile and demonstrated that fat supplements that were ~90% PA and approximately a 50/50 blend of PA and SA improved milk fat production compared to a supplement that was ~90% SA and a no-supplemental fat control group. The PA/SA blend also improved energy corrected milk compared to the SA treatment. Fatty acid digestibility was decreased with increasing inclusion of SA in the diet, which may have been an issue of either exceeding the lower tracts ability to emulsify the extra saturated long chain FA or that the supplement prill was not easily broken down. Thirdly, a subsequent experiment with lactating cows observed that increased inclusion of oleic acid (OA) in a supplement of mostly PA and SA did not change milk or component production in any facet. There also was no milk production response to lecithin being directly incorporated into the supplement. However, digestibility data will be necessary to assess whether or not these potential emulsifiers improved FA absorption in the lower tract. In conclusion, this thesis presents a potential tool for screening fat supplements for secondary physical characteristics via DSC. It also presents data that suggests PA improves production and FA digestibility compared to SA, and finally that increasing OA and lecithin do not have appreciable impacts on milk and component production.

Download or read book Effects of Source and Level of Dietary Roughage and Ractopamine Optaflexx Supplementation on Growth Performance Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality in Beef Cattle written by Danielle Laura Glanc and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A high moisture corn/soybean meal-based finishing ration was used to examine the effects of roughage source (corn silage, alfalfa hay), level of dietary roughage (8, 16, 24%), and ractopamine supplementation (none, Optaflexx) on growth performance, carcass traits, and beef quality for finishing 108 steers and 24 heifers (initial BW = 308 kg). Cattle were allocated by gender to 12 management regimen subclasses. Optaflexx (trade name for ractopamine hydrochloride) was fed over the last 28 d on feed with cattle marketed after common days on feed. Growth performance (ADG, feed intake, and feed efficiency) and carcass traits were assessed on an individual animal basis. A primal rib and semitendinosus (ST) muscle from each animal were processed at the University of Guelph Meat Laboratory for carcass and meat quality evaluations. Tenderness was determined using shear force assessment of product aged 7, 14, and 21 d. Average daily gains were similar (P > 0.27) across main effects while use of corn silage as the roughage source decreased (P 0.001) dry matter intake and improved (P 0.001) feed efficiency compared to feeding alfalfa hay. Roughage level and beta agonist supplementation did not affect (P 0.13) dry matter intake or feed efficiency. When the last 28 days on feed were examined, Optaflexx supplementation increased (P 0.001) weight change, ADG, and improved feed conversion, while DMI remained unchanged (P 0.373). Carcass traits including hot carcass weight, grade fat, longissimus muscle area, marbling, and body composition as assessed by rib dissection (% lean, fat, bone) were not affected (P 0.14) by roughage level, source, or use of Optaflexx. Fat partitioning and liver abscess scores were unaffected (P > 0.09) by source and level of roughage fed, and use of Optaflexx. Source and level of dietary roughage did not affect color (P > 0.21) or shear force (P > 0.20) values for longissimus (LM) and semitendinosus (ST) steaks. Lower DMI and better feed conversion can be achieved using corn silage as the roughage source, while inclusion of up to 24% roughage in finishing diets may not negatively impact gains, carcass characteristics or beef quality. Beef producers may be able to increase amounts of roughage in the diet to lower cost of production without compromising growth performance and carcass and meat quality.

Download or read book The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock written by Eric John Underwood and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an up to date reference work covering all aspects of macro and trace element nutrition in farm livestock. Sufficient information is given on metabolism, functions and interactions to explain why needs, feeds and imbalances are not always easy to define or anticipate. The major emphasis is on the mineral nutrition of ruminant livestock since they are most likely to be affected by imbalances but where pigs and poultry are the more vulnerable, extensive coverage of the non-ruminant is given. This new edition of a highly successful text has been thoroughly revised and significantly expanded. Many chapters have been extensively updated and several chapters on new topics introduced. * Calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium are now treated separately * Over 40 new figures are presented, and extensive use made oftables to summarise important data * Chapters on trace elements have been drastically revised * Claims for enhanced availability for new chelated sources arecritically reviewed * Completely new chapters focus on: The unique need of the ruminant for elemental sulphur Occasionally beneficial elements and essentially toxic elements The improved conduct and interpretation of supplementation trials

Download or read book Quantification and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Production Systems written by Mizeck Chagunda and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-06-17 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ruminants contribute significantly to human food security. However, the production of ruminants contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are responsible for climate change. GHGs such as methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are produced from different processes of ruminant production. Ruminant enteric methane is a substantial component of methane produced by agriculture. This book presents novel and established methods in quantifying and reducing enteric methane emission from ruminants in different production systems. The book covers different types of ruminants including cattle, sheep, and goats. The chapters are contributed by scientists and authors from different parts of the world, demonstrating the importance of this problem and the universal drive for immediate and sustainable solutions. Although, biologically speaking, the production of enteric methane cannot be reduced to zero, high emissions are an indicator of inefficient digestion of feed in the rumen and low utilisation of feed energy. By presenting research that could lead to robust and yet practical quantification methods and mitigation strategies, this book not only contributes to the discourse and new knowledge on the magnitude of the problem but also brings forward potential solutions in different livestock production systems.

Download or read book The Use of Condensed Tannins and Nitrate to Reduce Enteric Methane Emission and Enhance Utilization of High forage Diets in Sheep written by Festus Adeyemi Adejoro and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methane emission in ruminant production is not only a global greenhouse gas, but also a loss of feed energy. Therefore, there is huge interest in identifying mitigation strategies that reduce ruminant derived methane, which guarantees sustainable ruminant production. Tannins have been reported to inhibit methanogenic activity, but may also limit feed intake and nutrient digestibility. While dietary nitrate has been noted as an efficient hydrogen sink in the rumen, its effectiveness may be dependent on the application method among others. The objectives of this study are: (i) to evaluate the effects of nitrate supplementation and nitrate treatment on the in vitro digestibility and methane production in Eragrostis hay; (ii) evaluate the effect of supplementing acacia tannin extract and nitrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, methane emission and health status of Merino lambs; (iii) prepare and evaluate an encapsulated acacia tannin extract formulation suitable for ruminants; (iv) evaluate the effect of encapsulated acacia tannin extract on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and enteric methane emission in Merino rams. A series of experiments (laboratory trials, and stall-feeding experiments) were conducted at the NUTRILAB and Hatfield Experimental Farm of the University of Pretoria, South Africa to evaluate the potential improvements in the use of nitrate and tannin extract using Sheep as model animal. Treating Eragrostis hay with urea improved its in vitro organic matter digestibility better than treatment with nitrate. However, nitrate treatment significantly reduced enteric methane and improved digestibility compared with the control, this suggests that nitrate could be incorporated as a hydrolytic agent in treating poor-quality roughage feeds, with the aim of improving their utilization. The combination of urea or calcium nitrate with or without Acacia tannin extract as dietary supplements in a growth trial revealed that lambs receiving nitrate-based TMR diets experienced superior growth performance compared to those on the urea-based TMR diets. Meanwhile, tannin inclusion did not improve growth or reduced methane emission from the lambs irrespective of the non-protein nitrogen source. A slight increase in haemoglobin, haematocrit and RBC count was associated with the use of calcium nitrate compared to urea. In this study, no clinical or subclinical signs of morbidity or tannin intoxication symptom was detected from the haematology and biochemical parameters evaluated in the Merino lambs. The trial on the preparation and evaluation of an encapsulated Acacia tannin extract (ATE) showed that Gum Arabic-maltodextrin and native starch could only encapsulate the tannin extract at low inclusion levels while the in vitro release was not sustained. However, palm oil was found to be an effective wall material in encapsulating ATE using the double phase solid-in-oil-in-water encapsulation method where up to 80% w/w inclusion of tannin extract in the lipid wall material was achieved. This extract exhibited good morphological characteristics and high encapsulation efficiency even under high loading percentage. The lipid-encapsulated extract significantly reduced enteric methane production in vitro. Under in vivo evaluation with cannulated Merino rams, encapsulated Acacia tannin extract resulted in considerable reduction in methane per neutral detergent fibre intake, compared to the crude extract.

Download or read book Farming Meat Goats written by Barbara Vincent and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2018-05-01 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Goat meat is growing in popularity in Australia and is also an important export industry. It offers many opportunities for large- and small-scale farmers who need to diversify or seek alternative enterprises. Farming Meat Goats provides producers with comprehensive and practical information on all aspects of the goat meat industry. It covers selecting and preparing a property, choosing breeding stock, breeding, health care and nutrition, drought feeding, condition scoring and marketing. This second edition of Farming Meat Goats has been updated throughout and contains new information about the National Livestock Identification System, current regulations for ovine Johne's disease and animal welfare during transportation, and information about marketing. It will allow farmers to produce animals to specification for targeted markets in Australia and overseas including: butchers; supermarkets; restaurants; on-farm live sales; sales to abattoirs that specialise in Halal kills; and breeding stock either as replacements or for improved herd genetics.

Download or read book Effects of Dietary Energy Level and Intake of Corn By product Based Diets on Newly Received Growing Cattle written by Tyler J. Spore and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Four pen studies and one digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate the effects of energy level and intake of corn by-product based diets on newly received growing cattle. In Exp. 1 there were four diets where one was offered for ad libitum intake and formulated to supply 0.99 Mcal NEg/kg DM (0.99/100) and the other three treatments were fed at 95, 90, and 85% of the ad libitum treatment and to supply 1.10 (1.10/95), 1.21 (1.21/90), and 1.32 Mcal NEg/kg DM (1.32/85), respectively. ADG was unaffected by treatment (P = 0.32). However, G:F increased linearly with increasing energy and decreasing intake level (P 0.01). In Exp. 2, a digestibility trial was conducted to study diets from Exp. 1. Ruminal propionate linearly increased with increasing dietary energy and decreasing intake (P 0.01). Total tract DM digestibility increased linearly with increasing energy and decreasing intake (P

Download or read book Quality of Fresh and Processed Foods written by Fereidoon Shahidi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-12-31 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quality is a composite term encompassing many characteristics of foods. These include color, aroma, texture, general nutrition, shelf-life, stability, and possible presence of undesirable constituents. Obviously deterioration of quality may lead to changes in the attributes that characterize the food in its fresh or freshly processed state. In addition, quality enhancement of products may be carried out using appropriate processing techniques. Interaction of different components present with one another could have a profound effect on sensory quality of products. Meanwhile, presence of extraneous matter such as pesticides and debris may also contribute to a compromise in the quality of foods. In addition, processing often brings about changes in many attributes of food including its nutritional value. Thus, examination of process-induced changes in food products is important. In this book, a cursory account of quality attributes of fresh and processed foods is provided. The book is of interest to food scientists, nutritionists and biochemists in academia, government and industry.