Download or read book Effects of Crude Oils on Arctic Marine Invertebrates written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in the Canadian Arctic indicate that the present understanding of both short- and long-term consequences of oil pollution upon arctic marine ecosystems is far from adequate. This study deals mainly with the question of just how susceptible certain invertebrate components of the marine inshore ecosystem are to experience significant disruption by oil pollution. Physical and biological variables that are likely to play an important role in modifying the ecological impact of a spill are briefly discussed. Behavioural studies were carried out to investigate the responses of several species to the presence of crude oil masses, crude oil tainted food and crude oil contaminated sediment. Oil-animal interactions discussed include interaction with sub-ice oil lenses, with oil dispersed in particulate form in the water column, and with oil trapped in bottom sediments. Effects considered include short-term lethal, sublethal physiological, and behavioural-integrative effects, with emphasis on the last two effects.
Download or read book Effects of Crude Oils on Arctic Marine Invertebrates written by J. A. Percy and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in the Canadian Arctic indicate that the present understanding of both short- and long-term consequences of oil pollution upon arctic marine ecosystems is far from adequate. This study deals mainly with the question of just how susceptible certain invertebrate components of the marine inshore ecosystem are to experience significant disruption by oil pollution. Physical and biological variables that are likely to play an important role in modifying the ecological impact of a spill are briefly discussed. Behavioural studies were carried out to investigate the responses of several species to the presence of crude oil masses, crude oil tainted food and crude oil contaminated sediment. Oil-animal interactions discussed include interaction with sub-ice oil lenses, with oil dispersed in particulate form in the water column, and with oil trapped in bottom sediments. Effects considered include short-term lethal, sublethal physiological, and behavioural-integrative effects, with emphasis on the last two effects.
Download or read book Effects of Crude Oils on Arctic Marine Invertebrates written by Jonathan Arthur Percy and published by Beaufort Sea Project. This book was released on 1975 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Report on the susceptibility of certain invertebrate components of the Arctic marine inshore ecosystem (Beaufort Sea) to significant distruption by oil pollution.
Download or read book Effects of Crude Oils on Arctic Marine Invertebrates written by Jonathan Arthur Percy and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Crude Oil on Arctic Marine Invertebrates written by J. A. Percy and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Petroleum on Arctic and Subarctic Marine Environments and Organisms Biological effects written by Donald C. Malins and published by New York : Academic Press. This book was released on 1977 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compilation and evaluation of current knowledge on the effects of petroleum on arctic and subarctic marine environments and ecosystems. Volume 1 covers the nature and fate of petroleum; volume 2 the biological effects.
Download or read book Bibliography on the Fate and Effects of Arctic Marine Oil Pollution written by Environmental Studies Revolving Funds (Canada) and published by Arctic Institute of North America. This book was released on 1986 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oil in the Sea III written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
Download or read book Biological Effects written by Donald C. Malins and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-24 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effects of Petroleum on Arctic and Subarctic Marine Environments and Organisms, Volume II: Biological Effects examines the biological effects of petroleum on marine ecosystems and organisms in Arctic and subarctic regions. The effects of petroleum on disease and disease resistance in marine fish and invertebrates are analyzed, along with the metabolism of petroleum hydrocarbons and their accumulation and biotransformation in marine organisms. The consequences of oil fouling on marine mammals are also considered. Comprised of nine chapters, this volume begins with a discussion on the acute toxic effects of petroleum on Arctic and subarctic marine organisms, together with the bioassay techniques used to conduct acute toxicity tests. The next chapter assesses the effects of petroleum on marine fish and invertebrates, with emphasis on their disease and disease resistance. Subsequent chapters explore the metabolism of petroleum hydrocarbons and their accumulation and biotransformation in marine organisms; the sublethal effects of petroleum on the physiology, behavior, growth and development, and reproduction of bacteria, algae, and invertebrates; the biological effects of petroleum on fish, birds, and marine mammals; and the effects of oil fouling and oil spills. This book will be of interest to marine scientists and ecologists as well as environmental policymakers.
Download or read book Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems and Organisms written by Douglas A. Wolfe and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-24 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Organisms and Ecosystems is a collection of papers presented at the international symposium by the same title, held at the Olympic Hotel in Seattle, Washington on November 10-12, 1976. This book is organized into three parts encompassing 46 chapters. Part I deals with the inputs and physical transport processes influencing the distribution and composition of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine systems. Part II discusses the bioaccumulation and metabolism of hydrocarbons by marine organisms. Part III contains papers that tackle the biological and ecological effects of petroleum exposure in marine systems. This book is of great value to marine and environmental scientists and researchers.
Download or read book Acute Lethal Toxicity of Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil and Corexit 9527 on Four Arctic Marine Invertebrates written by Malcolm G Foy and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Characterization of the North Aleutian Shelf Nearshore Region written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oil in the Sea written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1985-01-01 with total page 619 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume follows up and expands on an earlier National Academy of Sciences book. It is the result of an intensive multidisciplinary effort to assess the problems relating to petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in the marine environment. Specifically, it examines the inputs, analytical methods, fates, and effects of petroleum in the marine environment. The section on effects has been expanded significantly, reflecting the extensive scientific effort put forth in determining the effects of petroleum on marine organisms. Other topics discussed include petroleum contamination in specific geographical areas, the potential hazards of this contamination to human health, the impact of oil-related activities in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the potential impact of petroleum on fisheries.
Download or read book Physiological Responses of Marine Organisms to Environmental Stresses written by Janet V. Dorigan and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Arctic Ocean written by Louis Rey and published by Springer. This book was released on 1982-06-18 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of conference held in March 1980, at the Royal Geographical Society to examine the effect of pollutants from Europe, America and Asia on the Arctic Ocean environment.
Download or read book Impacts of Oil Spills on Arctic Marine Species written by Faisal Fahd and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arctic region is characterized by an ubiquitous presence of sea ice, harsh weather conditions and inhabitation of some unique marine animals. The changing climatic conditions have resulted in receding of the sea ice in the regions along the Arctic boundaries. The receding sea ice has opened the possibilities of tapping into hitherto unexplored reserves of natural resources in the Arctic. Shipping operations along the Northern Sea Route have received an impetus because of the changed sea ice conditions in the region. However, the growing anthropogenic activities also increase the risk of environmental pollution in the region. The Arctic is a home to many unique marine species, such as the polar bear, beluga whales, seals and polar cod. The Arctic marine food chain is non-complex, with limited prey options forming a large portion of the diet of the marine species. Thus, adverse impact to the populations of a species may also impact the well-being of its predators in the Arctic food chain. The knowledge gap in the exposure and toxicological modeling of Arctic marine species were identified to be the presence of limited availability of the toxicity data and dose response relationship. The research questions addressed in this study are as follows: 1. Is the toxicity and impacts in Arctic fish different from their temperate counterparts? 2. What is the risk of mortality to lower tropic sentinel species in the event of an oil spill? 3. What is the risk to apex marine species in the event of an oil spill? The components of Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) are hazard identification, exposure modeling, toxicological modeling and risk characterization. The thesis followed the steps laid down for ERA and identified the polar cod as the sentinel species for the Arctic food chain. The study also identified apex marine predators, polar bear and beluga whales, as species of interest along with polar cod. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are major constituent of the crude oil that can cause deleterious effects in the marine species. The spill scenarios considered for risk assessment to polar cod, polar bear and whale are as follows: Spill over thick sea ice; Spill over thin sea ice; Spill under thick ice. A review of current exposure and toxicological models used for marine species was conducted and a novel toxicological model where the effects of the toxicant exposure were quantified based on the probability of cellular damage and metabolites interactions was proposed. This toxicodynamic approach in conjunction with physiology based toxicokinetic approach was proposed as the best suited approach for modeling and estimating toxicity in the Arctic marine species. This research studied physiological causal dependencies leading to toxicity and mortality in polar cod from PAH exposure. Toxicity is also affected by environmental factors, such as sea ice and feeding behaviors. Presence of sea ice, could mitigate or aggravate the exposure to crude oil, thereby affecting the toxicity of the fish. The polar cod could biotransform some of the ingested PAH using a two-step process, namely, phase I and phase II processes. In phase one, the cytochrome P 4501A (CYP1A) enzymes react with the lipophilic xenobiotic, such as PAH, and convert it to water soluble metabolites for elimination. Phase II reactions further enhance the water solubility of the metabolites produced during the phase I step. The phase II conjugation reactions with glutathione are facilitated by glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The biotransformation toxicity is a result of cell death when the toxic metabolites resulting from the phase I process exceeds the conjugating capacity of the organism via the phase II process. The other pathways of toxicity in polar cod are lipid peroxidation and cell damage. Although the pathways of PAH toxicity and the impact of sea ice on PAH ingestion for the fish had been studied previously, an effort to combine these factors as causal dependencies to estimate mortality in polar cod was never made. A novel Bayesian Network (BN) based model was developed as a part of this research, combining the physiological and environmental factors affecting the PAH exposure and toxicity in polar cod. To estimate the risk to apex marine predators, an Arctic food chain was considered with the sentinel species, polar cod, at its bottom and apex species at its top. The risk to the apex species can be from exposure and susceptibility due to oil spill and additional risk from reduced food availability owing to decreased prey populations from the spill. Another BN based model was developed based on the food chain and spill conditions. The average daily food consumption and baseline population density of seals, polar bears and whales was collated from literature. The changes in populations of the polar cod, seals polar bear and whales due to oil spill were input in the BN model and probabilities of apex species survival are estimated. The BN based risk models developed in this study were demonstrated for a hypothetical spill scenario in a geographic region around the Svalbard Island and Fram Strait. The oil spill scenarios considered in this research are spill over and under thick sea ice and spill on thin sea ice. Three spill sizes considered in this study were 15000 tonnes, 18000 tonnes and 40000 tonnes for low, medium and high states. The PAH weight percentage of 3.9% is assumed in the crude oil, along with a uniform dissolution in the water column. The results of the BN model developed for polar cod and sensitivity analysis of the results suggested that physiological factors followed by sea ice played important role in risk mitigation.The presence of thick sea ice in winter decreased the risk of mortality in polar cod by 16%. The ability of polar cod target organs to eliminate the xenobiotics, evident by various biomarkers activity, decreased the risk of mortality by 25% for worst case scenario. The spill scenario causing highest risk for polar cod population (29% mortality in population) was spill over thin ice in Autumn. The results from the apex species BN risk model predicted a polar cod recruitment collapse for the spill scenarios considered in this study, causing a higher risk of mortality of polar bears, beluga whales, and Narwhals in the Arctic region. Whales (adult and calves) were predicted to be at higher risk when the spill was under thick ice, while adult polar bears were at higher risk when the spill occurred on thin ice. A spill over the thick ice caused the least risk to whale and adult polar bears. The spill's timing and location had a significant impact on the marine animals in the Arctic region due to its unique sea ice dynamics, simple food web, and short periods of food abundance. In summary, this study identifies key marine species in the region and conducts an ecological risk assessment for the species based on the Arctic food chain. Four peer reviewed journal papers were published in the Marine Pollution Bulletin journal as the outcome of this research/thesis.
Download or read book Effects of crude oil on marine invertebrates written by J. S. Kittredge and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
