Download or read book Effect of Infection Site and Glyphosate Application on the Foliar Symptoms Expression of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium virguliforme, is an important root disease that can cause root rot and express foliar symptoms leading to premature defoliation and yield reduction. Earlier reports suggested that the germination of F. virguliforme macroconidia and penetration of their germination tube may differ among the sites along the root system of soybean plants. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is a post-emergent broad spectrum non-selective herbicide that is largely used in soybean production systems. Previous study shows that infection does not always lead to disease in this host-pathogen interaction as the fungus can reach high level of infection of colonization and remain asymptomatic. Expression of foliar symptoms is critical to the occurrence of SDS. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess effects of different root inoculation sites on foliar symptom expression and the effect of mechanical injury of seedling tap roots on foliar symptoms expression of SDS and (2) to evaluate the effect of glyphosate application on SDS foliar symptom development two greenhouse experimentsWe evaluated three different sites of infection: root tip, middle root portion and upper root. After inoculation, seedlings were transplanted to cones filled with sterile potting mixture. Rhizosphere temperature was controlled by using a water bath (20°C). Plants were evaluated three weeks after transplanting for incidence and severity of SDS. Root sites were not significant for incidence of SDS. Higher incidence was observed when root tips were wounded, probably because tissue wound increased xylem infections. A field survey was done to compare disease levels for plants grown in greenhouse to plants in the fields. Adjacent symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were collect from three fields naturally infested with F. virguliforme. Our results suggested that F. virguliforme can infect plants and remain asymptomatic at a high incidence level. To evaluat

Download or read book Epidemiological Studies on the Infection Process and Symptom Expression of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome written by Carlos Cecilio Góngora-Canul and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Fungicide Seed Treatments on Fusarium Virguliforme and Development of Sudden Death Syndrome in Soybean written by Japheth D. Weems and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sudden death syndrome (SDS) is a soilborne disease responsible for causing significant yield reductions across soybean-producing states. Recent research indicates that infection of the soybean radicle early in the season by Fusarium virguliforme (Fv), the SDS pathogen, is critical for disease development. This suggests fungicide seed treatments could be effective in limiting early infection possibly resulting in disease control. Field, greenhouse, and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate eight fungicides in multiple seed treatment combinations for effects on Fv infection and SDS development. Seed treatments were applied to cultivars that were moderately resistant and moderately susceptible to SDS. Field studies were conducted at two locations: in 2008, the Valmeyer, IL location was naturally infested with Fv, and in 2008 and 2009 the Urbana, IL location had a natural Fv infestation and soil was augmented with sterilized grain sorghum colonized by Fv. Similarly, the greenhouse study was inoculated with sterilized, Fv infested grain sorghum to evaluate the same seed treatments on moderately resistant and moderately susceptible cultivars. The rolled-paper towel laboratory assay tested the individual fungicides in the growth chamber using a Fv macroconidial suspension to inoculate treated seed and assess effects on seed germination, plant length, lesion size, and disease severity. Fv DNA concentrations in soybean roots were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in early vegetative stage roots. Soybean roots from the field were collected at three timings for digital scanning and analysis with root analysis software to measure root disease symptoms. Roots were scanned and analyzed at the completion of the greenhouse trial. SDS foliar symptoms were rated several times throughout plant growth and the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. Harvest data were collected for the field study. In the field, seed treatments had no effect on Fv DNA concentrations in roots. Seed treatments had very little effect on roots analyzed from the field. Most seed treatments did significantly decrease SDS foliar symptoms at the Valmeyer field study compared to the control, but no differences in foliar symptoms were observed for the Urbana field studies. Yield was unaffected by seed treatments. In the greenhouse, Fv DNA concentrations were reduced by a treatment combining mefenoxam + thiophanate-methyl + azoxystrobin + B. pumilus + prothioconazole + fludioxonil compared to the non-treated control; however, the reduction in Fv DNA did not improve root growth or decrease SDS foliar symptoms compared to the non-treated control. The Fv DNA concentrations in roots did not significantly correlate to SDS foliar symptoms in the field; however, a significant positive correlation was found in the greenhouse between Fv DNA and SDS foliar symptoms. Several seed treatments decreased lesion length and disease severity compared to the non-treated inoculated control in the rolled-towel laboratory assay, but the biological seed treatment, B. pumilus, significantly decreased seed germination and plant length while increasing lesion length and SDS severity compared to the non-treated inoculated control. In conclusion, none of the seed treatments evaluated proved to have consistent effects on Fv or SDS.

Download or read book Fungicides for Field Crops written by Daren Mueller and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fungicides for Field Crops provides an overview of the current knowledge of fungicides and their use on field crops. This comprehensive book, which includes the contributions of 40 professionals from 20 universities and other organizations, combines past knowledge about fungicides with recent developments in the realm of field crop fungicides. Fungicides for Field Crops highlights the use of fungicides as key tools in the management of important diseases of field crops. Management is presented as a decision-making process--one in which factors as diverse as weather conditions and economics must be considered. Having a more complete understanding of fungicides will inform that decision making and help determine when fungicides should be included as part of a management plan. Parts I, II, and III establish a foundation of knowledge about fungicide use, addressing basic terms and concepts, key factors in decision making, and concerns for fungicide stewardship, respectively. Part IV presents details about using fungicides to manage diseases of 16 field crops. Each crop is treated in a separate section that begins with a discussion of general issues of foliar application and seed treatment and ends with an inclusive table identifying diseases of that crop, including what causes them and how fungicides may be used to treat them. 131 color photographs illustrate disease symptoms and show techniques and enhance the key concepts described in the text.

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 2372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley written by Kurt J. Leonard and published by American Phytopathological Society. This book was released on 2003 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a comprehensive record of current knowledge on the nature of Fusarium head blight, the damage it causes, and current research on how to control it. The book begins with a historical account of Fusarium head blight epidemics that gives context to recent attempts to control epidemics in wheat and barley. A review of pathogen taxonomy and population biology helps scientists to see relationships among head blight pathogens and other Fusarium species. The information on epidemiology included in this review also provides an understanding of the weather conditions and cultural practices that promote explosive epidemics. New information on infection processes will lead the reader to a better understanding of how to breed for resistance in wheat and barley.

Download or read book Forest Pathology and Plant Health written by Matteo Garbelotto and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-04-13 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Forest Pathology and Plant Health" that was published in Forests

Download or read book A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-06-17 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How we produce and consume food has a bigger impact on Americans' well-being than any other human activity. The food industry is the largest sector of our economy; food touches everything from our health to the environment, climate change, economic inequality, and the federal budget. From the earliest developments of agriculture, a major goal has been to attain sufficient foods that provide the energy and the nutrients needed for a healthy, active life. Over time, food production, processing, marketing, and consumption have evolved and become highly complex. The challenges of improving the food system in the 21st century will require systemic approaches that take full account of social, economic, ecological, and evolutionary factors. Policy or business interventions involving a segment of the food system often have consequences beyond the original issue the intervention was meant to address. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System develops an analytical framework for assessing effects associated with the ways in which food is grown, processed, distributed, marketed, retailed, and consumed in the United States. The framework will allow users to recognize effects across the full food system, consider all domains and dimensions of effects, account for systems dynamics and complexities, and choose appropriate methods for analysis. This report provides example applications of the framework based on complex questions that are currently under debate: consumption of a healthy and safe diet, food security, animal welfare, and preserving the environment and its resources. A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System describes the U.S. food system and provides a brief history of its evolution into the current system. This report identifies some of the real and potential implications of the current system in terms of its health, environmental, and socioeconomic effects along with a sense for the complexities of the system, potential metrics, and some of the data needs that are required to assess the effects. The overview of the food system and the framework described in this report will be an essential resource for decision makers, researchers, and others to examine the possible impacts of alternative policies or agricultural or food processing practices.

Download or read book Georgia Pest Management Handbook written by Emily Cabrera and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Georgia Pest Management Handbook provides current information on selection, application, and safe use of pest control chemicals. This handbook has recommendations for pest control around homes and on pets; for pests of home garden vegetables, fruits, and ornamentals; and for pests of public health interest associated with our homes. Cultural, biological, physical, and other types of control are recommended where appropriate. Pesticide recommendations are based on information on the manufacturer labels and on performance data from research and extension trials at the University of Georgia and its sister institutions. Because environmental conditions, the severity of pest pressure, and methods of application vary widely, recommendations do not imply that performance of pesticides will always be acceptable. This publication is intended to be used only as a guide. Trade and brand names are used only for information. The University of Georgia does not guarantee nor warrant published standards on any product mentioned; nor does the use of a trade or brand name imply approval of any product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. Always follow the use instructions and precautions on the pesticide label. For questions, concerns, or improvement suggestions regarding the Georgia Pest Management Handbook, please contact your county agent.

Download or read book Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds written by Matt Liebman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-07-19 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents principles and practices for ecologically based weed management in a wide range of temperate and tropical farming systems. Special attention is given to the evolutionary challenges that weeds pose and the roles that farmers can play in the development of new weed-management strategies.

Download or read book Crop Stress and its Management Perspectives and Strategies written by B. Venkateswarlu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-22 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crops experience an assortment of environmental stresses which include abiotic viz., drought, water logging, salinity, extremes of temperature, high variability in radiation, subtle but perceptible changes in atmospheric gases and biotic viz., insects, birds, other pests, weeds, pathogens (viruses and other microbes). The ability to tolerate or adapt and overwinter by effectively countering these stresses is a very multifaceted phenomenon. In addition, the inability to do so which renders the crops susceptible is again the result of various exogenous and endogenous interactions in the ecosystem. Both biotic and abiotic stresses occur at various stages of plant development and frequently more than one stress concurrently affects the crop. Stresses result in both universal and definite effects on plant growth and development. One of the imposing tasks for the crop researchers globally is to distinguish and to diminish effects of these stress factors on the performance of crop plants, especially with respect to yield and quality of harvested products. This is of special significance in view of the impending climate change, with complex consequences for economically profitable and ecologically and environmentally sound global agriculture. The challenge at the hands of the crop scientist in such a scenario is to promote a competitive and multifunctional agriculture, leading to the production of highly nourishing, healthy and secure food and animal feed as well as raw materials for a wide variety of industrial applications. In order to successfully meet this challenge researchers have to understand the various aspects of these stresses in view of the current development from molecules to ecosystems. The book will focus on broad research areas in relation to these stresses which are in the forefront in contemporary crop stress research.

Download or read book Healthy Crops written by Francis Chaboussou and published by Jon Carpenter Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work powerfully asserts the idea that rather than using pesticides, the key to helping crops resist attacks from pests is to improve their strength through natural processes. Many of industrial agriculture's fundamental principles for fighting disease, in particular the reliance on pesticides and fertilizers, are explained and convincingly challenged and a new set of guiding principles for an ecological agricultural system are presented as a genuine alternative to the widespread use of chemicals.

Download or read book Engineering Nitrogen Utilization in Crop Plants written by Ashok Shrawat and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-28 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses and addresses the rapidly increasing world population demand for food, which is expected to double by 2050. To meet these demands farmers will need to improve crop productivity, which relies heavily on nitrogen (N) fertilization. Production of N fertilizers, however, consumes huge amounts of energy and the loss of excess N fertilizers to leaching results in the pollution of waterways and oceans. Therefore, increasing plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is essential to help farmers produce more while conserving the environment. This book assembles some of the best work of top researchers from academic and industrial institutions in the area of NUE and provides valuable insight to scholars and researchers by its comprehensive discussion of current and future strategies to improve NUE through genetic manipulation. This book should also be highly valuable to policy makers, environmentalists, farmers, biotechnology executives, and to the hard-core researchers working in the lab.

Download or read book Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Genetically Modified Pest Protected Plants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-08-23 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the risks and benefits of crops that are genetically modified for pest resistance, the urgency of establishing an appropriate regulatory framework for these products, and the importance of public understanding of the issues. The committee critically reviews federal policies toward transgenic products, the 1986 coordinated framework among the key federal agencies in the field, and rules proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency for regulation of plant pesticides. This book provides detailed analyses of: Mechanisms and results of genetic engineering compared to conventional breeding for pest resistance. Review of scientific issues associated with transgenic pest-protected plants, such as allergenicity, impact on nontarget plants, evolution of the pest species, and other concerns. Overview of regulatory framework and its use of scientific information with suggestions for improvements.

Download or read book International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The understanding that some pesticides are more hazardous than others is well established. Recognition of this is reflected by the World Health Organization (WHO) Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard, which was first published in 1975. The document classifies pesticides in one of five hazard classes according to their acute toxicity. In 2002, the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) was introduced, which in addition to acute toxicity also provides classification of chemicals according to their chronic health hazards and environmental hazards.

Download or read book Biological Control of Plant Diseases written by E.C. Tjamos and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers contained in this book were presented at a NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) held at Cape Sounion, Athens, Greece, 19-24 May, 1991. The twenty-eight more comprehensive papers represent the key subjects of the ARW covered by invited speakers. The thirty-four short papers pre sented in a research format are contributions of those invited to participate in the ARW. There was a total of 70 participants from 21 countries. The objectives of the ARW were as follows: to review current knowledge of biological control of plant diseases and plant parasitic nematodes, with emphasis on mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, organismal, and ecosystem level; to examine and expand on current concepts and synthesize new concepts; to identify and prioritize limitations in the use of biological control for plant diseases and nematodes and the scientific research needed to overcome these limitations; and to develop strategies for biological control through management of resident agents or introduction of natural or modified agents.