Download or read book The Political Geography of Inequality written by Pablo Beramendi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-26 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses two questions - why some political systems have more centralized systems of interpersonal redistribution than others, and why some political unions make larger efforts to equalize resources among their constituent units than others. This book presents a new theory of the origin of fiscal structures in systems with several levels of government. The argument points to two major factors to account for the variation in redistribution: the interplay between economic geography and political representation on the one hand, and the scope of interregional economic externalities on the other. To test the empirical implications derived from the argument, the book relies on in-depth studies of the choice of fiscal structures in unions as diverse as the European Union, Canada and the United States in the aftermath of the Great Depression; Germany before and after Reunification; and Spain after the transition to democracy.
Download or read book Spending to Win written by Stephanie J. Rickard and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-19 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments in some democracies target economic policies, like industrial subsidies, to small groups at the expense of many. Why do some governments redistribute more narrowly than others? Their willingness to selectively target economic benefits, like subsidies to businesses, depends on the way politicians are elected and the geographic distribution of economic activities. Based on interviews with government ministers and bureaucrats, as well as parliamentary records, industry publications, local media coverage, and new quantitative data, Spending to Win: Political Institutions, Economic Geography, and Government Subsidies demonstrates that government policy-making can be explained by the combination of electoral institutions and economic geography. Specifically, it shows how institutions interact with economic geography to influence countries' economic policies and international economic relations. Identical institutions have wide-ranging effects depending on the context in which they operate. No single institution is a panacea for issues, such as income inequality, international economic conflict, or minority representation.
Download or read book The Politics of Place and the Limits of Redistribution written by Melissa Ziegler Rogers and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-10-14 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous scholars have noticed that certain political institutions, including federalism, majoritarian electoral systems, and presidentialism, are linked to lower levels of income redistribution. This book offers a political geography explanation for those observed patterns. Each of these institutions is strongly shaped by geography and provides incentives for politicians to target their appeals and government resources to localities. Territorialized institutions also shape citizens’ preferences in ways that can undermine the national coalition in favor of redistribution. Moreover, territorial institutions increase the number of veto points in which anti-redistributive actors can constrain reform efforts. These theoretical connections between the politics of place and redistributive outcomes are explored in theory, empirical analysis, and case studies of the USA, Germany, and Argentina.
Download or read book Political Electoral and Spatial Systems written by Ronald John Johnston and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1979 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economic Geography Electoral Institutions and the Politics of Redistribution written by Stephanie J. Rickard and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-19 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores how political institutions and economic geography interact to shape governments' policy decisions, particularly with respect to subsidies.
Download or read book Political Economics written by Vincenzo Galasso and published by EGEA spa. This book was released on 2020-04-01T10:50:00+02:00 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is written for undergraduate students in Economics and in Political Science who want to learn about the political economics of redistributive policies. It provides a positive analysis of the political process behind the design and implementation of redistributive policies, by using the minimum level of mathematical formalization required, in an attempt to be accessible to second- and third-year undergraduate students. The book does not span the entire domain of political economics but concentrates on redistributive policies. This includes monetary transfers, such as pensions and unemployment benefits, as well as regulations, in the labor and product market, which allow to redistribute economic rents. Although the book is mostly self-contained, readers are expected to have a basic knowledge of microeconomics.
Download or read book Who Speaks for the Poor written by Karen Long Jusko and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-29 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who Speaks for the Poor? explains why parties represent some groups and not others. This book focuses attention on the electoral geography of income, and how it has changed over time, to account for cross-national differences in the political and partisan representation of low-income voters. Jusko develops a general theory of new party formation that shows how changes in the geographic distribution of groups across electoral districts create opportunities for new parties to enter elections, especially where changes favor groups previously excluded from local partisan networks. Empirical evidence is drawn first from a broadly comparative analysis of all new party entry and then from a series of historical case studies, each focusing on the strategic entry incentives of new low-income peoples' parties. Jusko offers a new explanation for the absence of a low-income people's party in the USA and a more general account of political inequality in contemporary democratic societies.
Download or read book Economic Geography Political Inequality and Public Goods in the Original 13 US States written by Pablo Beramendi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large and fruitful literature has focused on the impact of colonial legacies on long-term development. Yet the mechanisms through which these legacies get transmitted over time remain ambiguous. This paper analyzes the choice and effects of legislative representation as one such mechanism, driven by elites interested in maximizing jointly economic prospects and political influence over time. We focus on malapportionment in the legislatures of the original thirteen British North-American colonies. Their joint independence created a unique juncture in which postcolonial elites simultaneously chose the legislative and electoral institutions under which they would operate. We show that the initial choice of apportionment in the state legislatures is largely a function of economic geography, that such a choice generated persistent differences in representation patterns within states (political inequality), and that the latter shaped public goods provision in the long run.
Download or read book The National System of Political Economy written by Friedrich List and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Electoral Institutions Or Electoral Geography Explaining the Regional Allocation of Public Investment in Italy 1994 2006 written by Mark Canavan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large and growing body of work in political science and economics is concerned with explaining 'regional favouritism' in the geographical allocation of goods and services by governments. In such empirical studies of distributive politics (specifically pork barrel spending by governments) scholars seek to ascertain the systematic determinants of the differential distribution of goods and services between regions in a country. The underlying theoretical question is why some regions have greater political clout to influence allocation of funds from central to sub-central authorities. The vast majority of studies in this canon, privilege institutional explanations for variation in pork barrel spending. However such institutionally orientated arguments are often inadequate to explaining variation in use of pork barrel spending by political parties' that operate in the same institutional environment. This paper examines regional 'pork barrel' spending in Italy (1972-2006). We leverage the shift in electoral and legislative procedures after the 'Mani Pulite' investigation in 1992-1994, to submit these institutional arguments to greater scrutiny. We argue that institutional explanations are inadequate to explain temporal and geographic patterns in the allocation of regional spending, in the post-1994 period. By contrast, our argument focuses on the role of parties' electoral geography in explaining observed patterns in regional favouritism in different time periods. It presents an argument that has a long lineage in political science, emphasizing the role of strong, national parties in controlling the geographic allocation of public spending and reining in particularistic spending.
Download or read book On the Relationship Between Targeted Redistribution and Economic Informality in Democracies written by Angela M. Rojas Rivera and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is there a causal link between corrupt machine politics and informality? Historical and empirical evidence support a positive answer to this question. The first paper offers a theoretical perspective, which more generally asks how redistributive politics in a democracy affects the allocation of factors in a dual economy with a modern and a traditional sector. A model of electoral competition with endogenous group size and output shows that electoral political agency through targeted redistribution (sector-specific tax rates) can either promote or discourage the growth of the modern sector. However, the effect of changes in sector size on total output is ambiguous and depends on parameter combinations. These insights contrast with traditional models in redistributive politics in which group sizes are exogenous and allocation effects are overlooked. In this framework, economic forces at work that come from productivity differentials and endowment distribution are able to outweigh the effects of the ideological density. The second paper explores evidence from 64 democracies through an instrumental variable approach. The hypothesis is that machine politics shapes institutional quality in democracies and thereby determines informality. The conceptual framework is based on the political exchange space and the portfolio theory of electoral investment. Machine politics is proxied by electoral risk, and institutional quality is measured by the index of the rule of law. Instruments of machine politics are searched for among de-jure political institutions. This analysis confirms results already discussed in the related literature on government quality, determinants of informality and the effect of electoral rules on corruption, however, the main contribution of this research is to bring political structure into the picture, here the party system, insofar as it is a key intermediating mechanism between political institutions (de-facto and de-jure) and social outcomes (political and economic). In other studies the political structure is a black box that readily disappears when estimating reduced-form equations.
Download or read book World Development Report 2009 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-11-04 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising densities of human settlements, migration and transport to reduce distances to market, and specialization and trade facilitated by fewer international divisions are central to economic development. The transformations along these three dimensions density, distance, and division are most noticeable in North America, Western Europe, and Japan, but countries in Asia and Eastern Europe are changing in ways similar in scope and speed. 'World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography' concludes that these spatial transformations are essential, and should be encouraged. The conclusion is not without controversy. Slum-dwellers now number a billion, but the rush to cities continues. Globalization is believed to benefit many, but not the billion people living in lagging areas of developing nations. High poverty and mortality persist among the world's 'bottom billion', while others grow wealthier and live longer lives. Concern for these three billion often comes with the prescription that growth must be made spatially balanced. The WDR has a different message: economic growth is seldom balanced, and efforts to spread it out prematurely will jeopardize progress. The Report: documents how production becomes more concentrated spatially as economies grow. proposes economic integration as the principle for promoting successful spatial transformations. revisits the debates on urbanization, territorial development, and regional integration and shows how today's developers can reshape economic geography.
Download or read book Inland Shift written by Juan De Lara and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2018-04-20 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The subprime crash of 2008 revealed a fragile, unjust, and unsustainable economy built on retail consumption, low-wage jobs, and fictitious capital. Economic crisis, finance capital, and global commodity chains transformed Southern California just as Latinxs and immigrants were turning California into a majority-nonwhite state. In Inland Shift, Juan D. De Lara uses the growth of Southern California’s logistics economy, which controls the movement of goods, to examine how modern capitalism was shaped by and helped to transform the region’s geographies of race and class. While logistics provided a roadmap for capital and the state to transform Southern California, it also created pockets of resistance among labor, community, and environmental groups who argued that commodity distribution exposed them to economic and environmental precarity.
Download or read book The American Political Economy written by Jacob S. Hacker and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-11 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing together leading scholars, the book provides a revealing new map of the US political economy in cross-national perspective.
Download or read book Redistribution Inequality and Growth written by Mr.Jonathan David Ostry and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-02-17 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fund has recognized in recent years that one cannot separate issues of economic growth and stability on one hand and equality on the other. Indeed, there is a strong case for considering inequality and an inability to sustain economic growth as two sides of the same coin. Central to the Fund’s mandate is providing advice that will enable members’ economies to grow on a sustained basis. But the Fund has rightly been cautious about recommending the use of redistributive policies given that such policies may themselves undercut economic efficiency and the prospects for sustained growth (the so-called “leaky bucket” hypothesis written about by the famous Yale economist Arthur Okun in the 1970s). This SDN follows up the previous SDN on inequality and growth by focusing on the role of redistribution. It finds that, from the perspective of the best available macroeconomic data, there is not a lot of evidence that redistribution has in fact undercut economic growth (except in extreme cases). One should be careful not to assume therefore—as Okun and others have—that there is a big tradeoff between redistribution and growth. The best available macroeconomic data do not support such a conclusion.
Download or read book Inequality and Democratization written by Ben W. Ansell and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-12-18 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on the economic origins of democracy and dictatorship has shifted away from the impact of growth and turned toward the question of how different patterns of growth - equal or unequal - shape regime change. This book offers a new theory of the historical relationship between economic modernization and the emergence of democracy on a global scale, focusing on the effects of land and income inequality. Contrary to most mainstream arguments, Ben W. Ansell and David J. Samuels suggest that democracy is more likely to emerge when rising, yet politically disenfranchised, groups demand more influence because they have more to lose, rather than when threats of redistribution to elite interests are low.
Download or read book Electoral Systems and Conflict in Divided Societies written by Ben Reilly and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-05-04 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper is one of a series being prepared for the National Research Council's Committee on International Conflict Resolution. The committee was organized in late 1995 to respond to a growing need for prevention, management, and resolution of violent conflict in the international arena, a concern about the changing nature and context of such conflict in the post-Cold War era, and a recent expansion of knowledge in the field. The committee's main goal is to advance the practice of conflict resolution by using the methods and critical attitude of science to examine the effectiveness of various techniques and concepts that have been advanced for preventing, managing, and resolving international conflicts. The committee's research agenda has been designed to supplement the work of other groups, particularly the Carnegie Corporation of New York's Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, which issued its final report in December 1997. The committee has identified a number of specific techniques and concepts of current interest to policy practitioners and has asked leading specialists on each one to carefully review and analyze available knowledge and to summarize what is known about the conditions under which each is or is not effective. These papers present the results of their work.
