Download or read book Dose Optimization in Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography written by Euclid Seeram and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-21 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses radiation protection of patients having digital radiography and computed tomography (CT) examinations. The literature on radiation doses to patients from these two modalities have reported that the doses to patients are high. As a result, the radiology community has focused on methods and procedures to keep these doses as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) without compromising the diagnostic image quality. This book outlines the motivation for dose optimization in radiology, identifies and describes the ICRP principle of optimization, outlines the factors affecting the dose in digital radiography and in CT, and identifies and describes strategies used in digital radiography and in CT for dose optimization. This book is intended for all those working in digital radiography and CT environments including radiological technologists, and radiographers, radiologists, biomedical engineering technologists, and student medical physicists. It is best used as a supplement to radiologic science textbooks, and in particular, radiation protection textbooks. Furthermore, this book lays the foundations for students and practitioners engaged in research on dose reduction and dose optimization in radiology. · Provides practical and useful methods for optimization of doses from digital radiography and CT · Describes the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) principle of optimization · Outlines the factors affecting the dose in digital radiography and in computed tomography
Download or read book Digital Radiography written by Euclid Seeram and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-23 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second edition of a well-received book that enriches the understanding of radiographers and radiologic technologists across the globe, and is designed to meet the needs of courses (units) on radiographic imaging equipment, procedures, production, and exposure. The book also serves as a supplement for courses that address digital imaging techniques, such as radiologic physics, radiographic equipment and quality control. In a broader sense, the purpose of the book is to meet readers’ needs in connection with the change from film-based imaging to film-less or digital imaging; today, all radiographic imaging worldwide is based on digital imaging technologies. The book covers a wide range of topics to address the needs of members of various professional radiologic technology associations, such as the American Society of Radiologic Technologists, the Canadian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists, the College of Radiographers in the UK, and the Australian and New Zealand Societies for Radiographers.
Download or read book Radiation Protection in Diagnostic X Ray Imaging written by Euclid Seeram and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2016-01-13 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radiation Protection in Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging covers the recent developments that have been introduced to address the increasing dose to the patient, and new assessment tools for use in dose optimization studies. Based on material from ASRT, ARRT and CAMRT, as well as Current Concepts of Radiation Protection. Content is mapped to the ARRT Radiation Protection Examination Specifications and ASRT Radiation Protection Objectives. In addition to topics prescribed by the ARRT for the certification examination, this book includes topics for advanced study. Some electronic and eBook versions do not include access to Navigate 2 Advantage resources.
Download or read book Digital Radiography written by Euclid Seeram and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-19 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a supplement to the book ‘Digital Radiography: Physical Principles and Quality Control, 2nd Edition (ISBN 978-981-13-3243-2)’ published by Springer Nature in 2019. This book includes review questions of multiple choices, true/false and short answer formats based on the chapters of the already published book along with their answers. It includes questions that mimic the nature of the questions in certification examinations of professional radiologic technologist organizations, such as the American Association of Radiological Technologists (ASRT) and the Canadian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists (CAMRT) and other certification organizations in the United Kingdom and Australia. The book includes 10-15 review questions on each of the essential topics covering the scope of digital radiography (DR), such as definition of DR, limitations of film-screen radiography, digital image processing concepts, physics and technology of computed radiography (CR), flat-panel digital radiography (FPDR), image quality descriptors including artifacts for CR and FPDR, the standardized exposure indicator, the technical aspects of digital fluoroscopy, digital mammography, digital tomosynthesis, picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), imaging informatics, quality control for DR, and radiation dose optimization in DR. The book is relevant for diagnostic radiography students, diagnostic radiology residents (MDs), radiology practitioners and biomedical engineering technologists all over the world.
Download or read book Optimizing of Dose and Imaging Quality for Computer and Digital Radhiography written by Zubir Ahmad Shazli and published by IIUM PRESS. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimization of dose in radiographic examinations is essential since the utilization of x-radiation is related to increased cancer risk. The study’s objective was to guide radiographers in ensuring best practices for common radiographic examinations of acceptable image quality in digital radiography while minimizing radiation doses that could result in harmful effects. The study comprised of three phases. The first phase involved 90 respondents between 20 to 60 years of age and weighing between 60-80 kilograms for the following examinations: anterior-posterior (AP) abdomen, AP or lateral lumbar sacral spine and posterior-anterior (PA) chest examinations. During this phase, the radiographic examination’s technical parameters for 30 radiographs for each examination were at the radiographers’ discretion. Kerma X_plus, DAP (dose area product) meter was utilized to evaluate the entrance surface dose (ESD), while CALDose_X 5.0 Monte Carlo was used to estimate the effective dose. The experimental study utilized an anthropomorphic phantom (PBU-50) and Leeds test object to compare the image quality. The best parameters were adapted to the patient’s AP thickness for the optimization study from the different technical parameters used in the experimental phase.
Download or read book Rad Tech s Guide to Radiation Protection written by Euclid Seeram and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-25 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radiation protection is a core element of radiologic technology programmes and daily practice alike. Rad Tech's Guide to Radiation Protection is a comprehensive yet compact guide designed to illuminate the extensive field of radiation protection for technologists, trainees, and radiology students. Organised into ten digestible chapters, the second edition of this popular book provides new discussions of dose factors in computed tomography, the debate concerning the use of the LNT model, Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs), dose optimization, and more. Written by a recognised expert in medical radiation sciences, this valuable guide: Helps students and technologists acquire the skills required to protect patients, personnel, and members of the public in the radiology department Reflects the most current standards for radiation protection, with references to relevant organisations and resources Covers basic radiobiology, sources of radiation exposure, dose management regulations and optimization, and more Presents essential information in a bulleted, easy-to-reference format Rad Tech's Guide to Radiation Protection is a must-have resource for student radiographers and radiology technologists, particularly those preparing for the American Registry of Radiation Technologist (ARRT) exams.
Download or read book Assessment and Optimisation of Digital Radiography Systems for Clinical Use written by Philip Doyle and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital imaging has long been available in radiology in the form of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. Initially the transition to general radiography was slow and fragmented but in the last 10-15 years in particular, huge investment by the manufacturers, greater and cheaper computing power, inexpensive digital storage and high bandwidth data transfer networks have lead to an enormous increase in the number of digital radiography systems in the UK. There are a number of competing digital radiography (DR) technologies, the most common are computer radiography (CR) systems followed by indirect digital radiography (IDR) systems. To ensure and maintain diagnostic quality and effectiveness in the radiology department appropriate methods are required to evaluate and optimise the performance of DR systems. Current semi-quantitative test object based methods routinely used to examine DR performance suffer known short comings, mainly due to the subjective nature of the test results and difficulty in maintaining a constant decision threshold among observers with time. Objective image quality based measurements of noise power spectra (NPS) and modulation transfer function (MTF) are the 'gold standard' for assessing image quality. Advantages these metrics afford are due to their objective nature, the comprehensive noise analysis they permit and in the fact that they have been reported to be relatively more sensitive to changes in detector performance. The advent of DR systems and access to digital image data has opened up new opportunities in applying such measurements to routine quality control and this project initially focuses on obtaining NPS and MTF results for 12 IDR systems in routine clinical use. Appropriate automatic exposure control (AEC) device calibration and a reproducible measurement method are key to optimising X-ray equipment for digital radiography. The uses of various parameters to calibrate AEC devices specifically for DR were explored in the next part of the project and calibration methods recommended. Practical advice on dosemeter selection, measurement technique and phantoms were also given. A model was developed as part of the project to simulate CNR to optimise beam quality for chest radiography with an IDR system. The values were simulated for a chest phantom and adjusted to describe the performance of the system by inputting data on phosphor sensitivity, the signal transfer function (STF), the scatter removal method and the automatic exposure control (AEC) responses. The simulated values showed good agreement with empirical data measured from images of the phantom and so provide validation of the calculation methodology. It was then possible to apply the calculation technique to imaging of tissues to investigate optimisation of exposure parameters. The behaviour of a range of imaging phosphors in terms of energy response and variation in CNR with tube potential and various filtration options were investigated. Optimum exposure factors were presented in terms of kV-mAs regulation curves and the large dose savings achieved using additional metal filters were emphasised. Optimum tube potentials for imaging a simulated lesion in patient equivalent thicknesses of water ranging from 5-40 cm thick for example were: 90-110kVp for CsI (IDR); 80-100kVp for Gd2O2S (screen /film); and 65-85kVp for BaFBrI. Plots of CNR values allowed useful conclusions regarding the expected clinical operation of the various DR phosphors. For example 80-90 kVp was appropriate for maintaining image quality over an entire chest radiograph in CR whereas higher tube potentials of 100-110 kVp were indicated for the CsI IDR system. Better image quality is achievable for pelvic radiographs at lower tube potentials for the majority of detectors however, for gadolinium oxysulphide 70-80 kVp gives the best image quality. The relative phosphor sensitivity and energy response with tube potential were also calculated for a range of DR phosphors. Caesium iodide image receptors were significantly more sensitive than the other systems. The percentage relative sensitivities of the image receptors averaged over the diagnostic kV range were used to provide a method of indicating what the likely clinically operational dose levels would be, for example results suggested 1.8 μGy for CsI (IDR); 2.8 μGy for Gd2O2S (Screen/film); and 3.8 μGy for BaFBrI (CR). The efficiency of scatter reduction methods for DR using a range of grids and air gaps were also reviewed. The performance of various scatter reduction methods: 17/70; 15/80; 8/40 Pb grids and 15 cm and 20 cm air gaps were evaluated in terms of the improvement in CNR they afford, using two different models. The first, simpler model assumed quantum noise only and a photon counting detector. The second model incorporated quantum noise and system noise for a specific CsI detector and assumed the detector was energy integrating. Both models allowed the same general conclusions and suggest improved performance for air gaps over grids for medium to low scatter factors and both models suggest the best choice of grid for digital systems is the 15/80 grid, achieving comparable or better performance than air gaps for high scatter factors. The development, analysis and discussion of AEC calibration, CNR value, phosphor energy response, and scatter reduction methods are then brought together to form a practical step by step recipe that may be followed to optimise digital technology for clinical use. Finally, CNR results suggest the addition of 0.2 mm of copper filtration will have a negligible effect on image quality in DR. A comprehensive study examining the effect of copper filtration on image quality was performed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) methodology to include observer performance in the analysis. A total of 3,600 observations from 80 radiographs and 3 observers were analysed to provide a confidence interval of 95% in detecting differences in image quality. There was no statistical difference found when 0.2 mm copper filtration was used and the benefit of the dose saving promote it as a valuable optimisation tool.
Download or read book Digital Imaging Systems for Plain Radiography written by Luis Lanca and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-25 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in digital technology led to the development of digital x-ray detectors that are currently in wide use for projection radiography, including Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography (DR). Digital Imaging Systems for Plain Radiography addresses the current technological methods available to medical imaging professionals to ensure the optimization of the radiological process concerning image quality and reduction of patient exposure. Based on extensive research by the authors and reference to the current literature, the book addresses how exposure parameters influence the diagnostic quality in digital systems, what the current acceptable radiation doses are for useful diagnostic images, and at what level the dose could be reduced to maintain an accurate diagnosis. The book is a valuable resource for both students learning the field and for imaging professionals to apply to their own practice while performing radiological examinations with digital systems.
Download or read book Radiation Exposure and Image Quality in X Ray Diagnostic Radiology written by Horst Aichinger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-25 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This completely updated second edition of Radiation Exposure and Image Quality in X-ray Diagnostic Radiology provides the reader with detailed guidance on the optimization of radiological imaging. The basic physical principles of diagnostic radiology are first presented in detail, and their application to clinical problems is then carefully explored. The final section is a supplement containing tables of data and graphical depictions of X-ray spectra, interaction coefficients, characteristics of X-ray beams, and other aspects relevant to patient dose calculations. In addition, a complementary CD-ROM contains a user-friendly Excel file database covering these aspects that can be used in the reader’s own programs. This book will be an invaluable aid to medical physicists when performing calculations relating to patient dose and image quality, and will also prove useful for diagnostic radiologists and engineers.
Download or read book Optimisation of Dose and Performance in Interventional and Digital Imaging written by K. Faulkner and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Computed Tomography Imaging written by Denise Tiemann and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book MDCT Physics The Basics written by Mahadevappa Mahesh and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the chief physicist at Johns Hopkins University Hospital, this easy-to-read short textbook explains the physics behind multi-detector CT technology, particularly newer, more complex technology. The focus is on principles of physics, effects of scan parameters on image quality, and optimum radiation dosage. The book includes numerous key points summaries and questions to assist in exam preparation.
Download or read book Computed Radiography written by Yukio Tateno and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computed radiography is one of the most promising digital radiography techniques, and is expected to replace the conventional screen film radiography in the near future. This book is the first textbook on computed radiography written by Japanese authors and describes basic technologies and clinical results obtained at various hospitals. There are more than 60 CR systems working in clinical environments in Japan. However, as yet there are not so many systems working outside Japan. This book is, therefore, a good introduction to the new technology and practice of the CR system all over the world.
Download or read book Medical Imaging written by Anthony B. Wolbarst and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-02 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An excellent primer on medical imaging for all members of the medical profession . . . including non-radiological specialists. It is technically solid and filled with diagrams and clinical images illustrating important points, but it is also easily readable . . . So many outstanding chapters . . . The book uses little mathematics beyond simple algebra [and] presents complex ideas in very understandable terms." —Melvin E. Clouse, MD, Vice Chairman Emeritus, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Deaconess Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School A well-known medical physicist and author, an interventional radiologist, and an emergency room physician with no special training in radiology have collaborated to write, in the language familiar to physicians, an introduction to the technology and clinical applications of medical imaging. It is intentionally brief and not overly detailed, intended to help clinicians with very little free time rapidly gain enough command of the critically important imaging tools of their trade to be able to discuss them confidently with medical and technical colleagues; to explain the general ideas accurately to students, nurses, and technologists; and to describe them effectively to concerned patients and loved ones. Chapter coverage includes: Introduction: Dr. Doe's Headaches Sketches of the Standard Imaging Modalities Image Quality and Dose Creating Subject Contrast in the Primary X-Ray Image Twentieth-Century (Analog) Radiography and Fluoroscopy Radiation Dose and Radiogenic Cancer Risk Twenty-First-Century (Digital) Imaging Digital Planar Imaging Computed Tomography Nuclear Medicine (Including SPECT and PET) Diagnostic Ultrasound (Including Doppler) MRI in One Dimension and with No Relaxation Mapping T1 and T2 Proton Spin Relaxation in 3D Evolving and Experimental Modalities
Download or read book Radiat Protect in Diagn X Ray Imag written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Computed Tomography E Book written by Euclid Seeram and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-09-02 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build the foundation necessary for the practice of CT scanning with Computed Tomography: Physical Principles, Clinical Applications, and Quality Control, 4th Edition. Written to meet the varied requirements of radiography students and practitioners, this two-color text provides comprehensive coverage of the physical principles of CT and its clinical applications. Its clear, straightforward approach is designed to improve your understanding of sectional anatomic images as they relate to CT — and facilitate communication between CT technologists and other medical personnel. Comprehensively covers CT at just the right depth for technologists – going beyond superficial treatment to accommodate all the major advances in CT. One complete CT resource covers what you need to know! The latest information on advances in CT imaging, including: advances in volume CT scanning; CT fluoroscopy; multi-slice applications like 3-D imaging, CT angiography, and virtual reality imaging (endoscopy) – all with excellent coverage of state-of-the-art principles, instrumentation, clinical applications, and quality control. More than 600 photos and line drawings help students understand and visualize concepts. Chapter outlines show you what is most important in every chapter. Strong ancillary package on Evolve facilitates instructor preparation and provides a full complement of support for teaching and learning with the text NEW! Highlights recent technical developments in CT, such as: the iterative reconstruction; detector updates; x-ray tube innovations; radiation dose optimization; hardware and software developments; and the introduction of a new scanner from Toshiba. NEW! Learning Objectives and Key Terms at the beginning of every chapter and a Glossary at the end of the book help you organize and focus on key information. NEW! End-of-Chapter Questions provide opportunity for review and greater challenge. NEW! An added second color aids in helping you read and retain pertinent information
