Download or read book Dialogo sui tre principi della scienza Perch una fondazione etica necessaria all epistemologia written by Ettore Perrella and published by Polimnia Digital Editions. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La recente pandemia ha chiamato in causa la scienza due volte e per motivi contrari: sia perché, attraverso le tecnologie, ha facilitato la diffusione del virus (se il virus non è addirittura sfuggito ad un laboratorio di microbiologia di Wuhan), sia perché ha rapidamente contribuito ad attenuarne gli effetti, grazie all’individuazione d’un vaccino; tuttavia ciò non ha impedito a molti di non credere al valore terapeutico del vaccino, come se nemmeno le evidenze della morte fossero sufficienti a fidarsi della scienza, sospettata d’essere al servizio d’un planetario complotto antidemocratico. Ma che cos’è la scienza, e fino a che punto ce ne possiamo fidare? Questo libro, scritto alcuni anni prima della pandemia, si pone questa domanda, anche a partire dall’esperienza della psicanalisi. La psicanalisi di solito non viene considerata una scienza, perché la sua teoria, secondo Popper, non sarebbe falsificabile. Si pensa che la scienza metta in relazione le cose (la “natura”) con delle leggi matematiche (vale a dire con dei simboli e dei concetti). Perciò si esclude la psicanalisi dal novero delle scienze. Però in questo modo si trascura il fatto che l’epistemologia novecentesca ritiene che i suoi princìpi siano solo due – gli enti ed il lógos oppure la natura e la matematica –, non tenendo conto in questo modo del fatto che mettere in relazione due entità è un atto, e che quindi la scienza ha anche questo terzo principio, senza il quale nemmeno i primi due basterebbero a fondarla. La scienza deve dunque essere pensata in termini triadici, perché affianca alla descrizione logica degli enti anche l’interrogazione etica sugli atti. Nel primo tomo del Dialogo, “La parola e l’atto” (a cui faranno seguito un secondo, “La scienza, fra l’etica e l’ontologia” e un terzo, “La scienza come pratica formativa”) emerge il valore costitutivo dell’atto nella scienza e si delinea la differenza fra l’epistemologia diadica tradizionale, di origine aristotelica, e l’epistemologia triadica, di origine platonica, che include l’etica fra i princìpi della scienza. La verità della scienza, come mostra l’epistemologia trascendentale – da Cartesio, a Kant, a Husserl – non può fondarsi sull’astrazione del pensiero – da cui sorgono inevitabilmente lo scetticismo e la sfiducia nella scienza – ma sull’inaggirabilità dell’atto di pensare. Ecco perché la fondazione trascendentale della scienza è etica, prima ancora che ontologica o logica. Proprio in questo individuiamo, anche grazie al contributo di Lacan, uno dei compiti fondamentali della psicanalisi: ridisegnare i confini epistemologici della scienza, riconducendola all’atto libero degli esseri parlanti.

Download or read book Dialogo sui tre principi della scienza Perch una fondazione etica necessaria all epistemologia written by Ettore Perrella and published by Polimnia Digital Editions. This book was released on 2021-11-19 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La seconda parte del Dialogo s’interroga sulle conseguenze che hanno avuto, per la scienza, da una parte la teoria della relatività, dall’altra la meccanica quantistica. Non è un caso che la meccanica quantistica e la teoria della relatività siano nate negli stessi anni in cui è nata la psicanalisi: come la fisica non è una conoscenza degli enti in quanto sono, indipendentemente da chi s’interroga su di essi, così il soggetto non è identico a se stesso e non coincide con la propria coscienza. E non è un caso neppure che la stessa parola “energia”, che tanto spazio ha nella fisica, nella lingua greca, sulla quale quella parola è stata ricalcata, significava atto. Quando si traggono le conseguenze del fatto che l’atto individuale è costitutivo di qualunque scienza, avviene che la scienza propriamente detta – per esempio la matematica, la fisica ecc. ­– diviene una modalità regionale, delimitata da alcuni specifici presupposti, della scienza fondata sulla verità soggettiva. Ora, la scienza che tiene conto dell’eticità dell’atto dell’agente altro non è che quella pratica che gli antichi greci chiamarono filosofia. Infatti non è un caso che sia stato Platone il primo ad esprimere la differenza radicale fra la scienza – l’epistéme – e l’opinione. Il fatto che la scienza moderna tenda a non riconoscere al proprio interno la funzione costitutiva dell’atto ha costretto l’epistemologia novecentesca a riconoscere che la verità della scienza è solo provvisoria, secondo la teoria popperiana della falsificabilità. Ciò ha fatto sì che la scienza moderna, se da un lato ha consentito gli enormi progressi della tecnologia e dell’economia, dall’altro ha anche finito per compromettere le stesse condizioni di vivibilità del nostro pianeta. Se però della scienza ci si fa un concetto triadico, e quindi s’inserisce l’atto fra i suoi princìpi, diviene possibile costruire un concetto di scienza – vale a dire di sapere – dotato di maggiore estensione e di minore intensione (concetto che può eventualmente ridursi, a seconda delle premesse adottate, a questa o a quella scienza regionale, quindi, per esempio, sia alle scienze quantitative, sia alla psicanalisi, sia alla filosofia). Il termine latino scientia, in effetti, era riferibile a qualunque sapere, dall’astronomia, alla letteratura, all’arte, e persino alla culinaria e all’agricoltura. Chiunque, in effetti, ha una scienza – un sapere –, che lo guida anche nelle più semplici delle pratiche umane. Come aveva capito Husserl nella Crisi delle scienze europee, il fatto che le scienze moderne si fondino su ipotesi diverse e disparate – non incluse in una prospettiva etica comune – non esclude affatto che esse possano rientrare, con varie modalità, in una prospettiva unitaria, che allora diviene al tempo stesso filosofica e scientifica.

Download or read book On Tyranny written by Leo Strauss and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2013-11-15 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On Tyranny is Leo Strauss’s classic reading of Xenophon’s dialogue Hiero, or Tyrannicus, in which the tyrant Hiero and the poet Simonides discuss the advantages and disadvantages of exercising tyranny. Included are a translation of the dialogue from its original Greek, a critique of Strauss’s commentary by the French philosopher Alexandre Kojève, and the complete correspondence between the two. This revised and expanded edition introduces important corrections throughout and expands Strauss’s restatement of his position in light of Kojève’s commentary to bring it into conformity with the text as it was originally published in France.

Download or read book The Work of Art written by Gérard Genette and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What art is--its very nature--is the subject of this book by one of the most distinguished continental theorists writing today. Informed by the aesthetics of Nelson Goodman and referring to a wide range of cultures, contexts, and media, The Work of Art seeks to discover, explain, and define how art exists and how it works. To this end, Gérard Genette explores the distinction between a work of art's immanence--its physical presence--and transcendence--the experience it induces. That experience may go far beyond the object itself.Genette situates art within the broad realm of human practices, extending from the fine arts of music, painting, sculpture, and literature to humbler but no less fertile fields such as haute couture and the culinary arts. His discussion touches on a rich array of examples and is bolstered by an extensive knowledge of the technology involved in producing and disseminating a work of art, regardless of whether that dissemination is by performance, reproduction, printing, or recording. Moving beyond examples, Genette proposes schemata for thinking about the different manifestations of a work of art. He also addresses the question of the artwork's duration and mutability.

Download or read book Lines of Light written by Daniele Del Giudice and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Senses and the intellect written by Alexander Bain and published by . This book was released on 1874 with total page 804 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Liberal Socialism written by Carlo Rosselli and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-14 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1930, amidst the collapse of socialist ideals and the onset of fascism throughout parts of Europe, Liberal Socialism is a powerful and timely document on the ethics of political action. During his confinement for his anti-fascist beliefs, the Italian political philosopher Carlo Rosselli (1899-1937) wrote this work not only as a critique of fascism, but also as an investigation into the history of Marxism and the need for a liberal reformulation of socialism. In this first English- language edition, Nadia Urbinati highlights both the historical and theoretical importance of Liberal Socialism, which continued to inspire the anti-fascist movement "Giustizia e Liberta." long after Rosselli's assassination by Mussolini's agents, and which outlines a possible rebirth of the socialist and democratic movements. Rosselli's analysis provides an illuminating interpretation of the ideological crisis of Marxism, in its positivistic version, during the late nineteenth century and exposes the intellectual weakness of revisionist efforts to delineate new versions of Marx's doctrine. He encourages readers to view socialism as an ethical ideal and to consider whether Marxist or liberal methods combine better with socialism to achieve that ideal. Rosselli opts for a liberal socialism that avoids the shortcomings of uncontrolled laissez-faire but favors state intervention to secure public services and social rights. Originally published in 1994. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Download or read book Life and Death written by Dan W. Brock and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993-01-29 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dan Brock explores the moral issues raised by new ideals of shared decision making between physicians and patients.

Download or read book Philosophy After Darwin written by Michael Ruse and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An anthology of essential writings that cover some of the most influential ideas about the philosophical implications of Darwinism, since the publication of "On the Origin of Species".

Download or read book Po sie written by Alfred de Musset and published by . This book was released on 1866 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evolution of Self Consciousness written by Chauncey Wright and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-03 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Evolution of Self-Consciousness, Wright endeavored to explain the most elaborate psychical activities of men as developments of elementary forms of conscious processes present in the animal kingdom as a whole. The immediacy of sensible qualities to consciousness entails that there is no way to separate subject and object in consciousness. In this quotation, Wright suggests that the division of subject from object may constitute "rightly dividing the world" as indexed by survival value. A division made in these terms, rather than by an individual's experiences of himself and the world, is a reasonable basis for natural realism.

Download or read book A New History of the Humanities written by Rens Bod and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers the first overarching history of the humanities from Antiquity to the present.

Download or read book Darwin written by Adrian J. Desmond and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 1994 with total page 910 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In lively and accessible style, the authors tell how Darwin came to his world-changing conclusions and how he kept his thoughts secret for twenty years. Hailed as the definitive biography, this book explains Darwin's paradox and offers a window on Victorian science, theology, and mores. Contains a wealth of new information and 90 photographs.

Download or read book Shipwreck With Spectator written by Hans Blumenberg and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This elegant essay exemplifies Blumenberg's ideas about the ability of the historical study of metaphor to illuminate essential aspects of being human. Originally published in the same year as his monumental Work on Myth, Shipwreck with Spectator traces the evolution of the complex of metaphors related to the sea, to shipwreck, and to the role of the spectator in human culture from ancient Greece to modern times. The sea is one of humanity's oldest metaphors for life, and a sea journey, Blumenberg observes, has often stood for our journey through life. We all know the role that shipwrecks can play in this journey, and at some level we have all played witness to others' wrecks, standing in safety and knowing that there is nothing we can do to help, yet fixed comfortably or uncomfortably in our ambiguous role as spectator. Through Blumenberg's seemingly inexhaustible knowledge of letters, from ancient texts through nineteenth-century reminiscences and modern speeches, we see layer upon layer revealed in the meanings humans have given to these metaphors; and in this way we begin to understand what metaphors can do that more straightforward modes of expression cannot. This edition of Shipwreck with Spectator also includes "Prospect for a Theory of Nonconceptuality", an essay that recounts the evolution of Blumenberg's ideas about metaphorology in the years following his early manifesto "Paradigms for a Metaphorology".

Download or read book An Introduction to the Sociology of Education written by Karl Mannheim and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1997 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 1962. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Download or read book Making the Social World written by John Searle and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-01-12 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are few more important philosophers at work today than John Searle, a creative and contentious thinker who has shaped the way we think about mind and language. Now he offers a profound understanding of how we create a social reality--a reality of money, property, governments, marriages, stock markets and cocktail parties. The paradox he addresses in Making the Social World is that these facts only exist because we think they exist and yet they have an objective existence. Continuing a line of investigation begun in his earlier book The Construction of Social Reality, Searle identifies the precise role of language in the creation of all "institutional facts." His aim is to show how mind, language and civilization are natural products of the basic facts of the physical world described by physics, chemistry and biology. Searle explains how a single linguistic operation, repeated over and over, is used to create and maintain the elaborate structures of human social institutions. These institutions serve to create and distribute power relations that are pervasive and often invisible. These power relations motivate human actions in a way that provides the glue that holds human civilization together. Searle then applies the account to show how it relates to human rationality, the freedom of the will, the nature of political power and the existence of universal human rights. In the course of his explication, he asks whether robots can have institutions, why the threat of force so often lies behind institutions, and he denies that there can be such a thing as a "state of nature" for language-using human beings.

Download or read book The Languages of Political Theory in Early Modern Europe written by Anthony Pagden and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays on the political 'languages' of natural law, classical republicanism, commerce and political science.