Download or read book Development Document for Proposed Best Technology Available for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact of Cooling Water Intake Structures with List of References written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development Document for Proposed Best Technology Available for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact of Cooling Water Intake Structures written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Effluent Guidelines Division and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development Document for Best Technology Available for the Location Design Construction and Capacity of Cooling Water Intake Structures for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Effluent Guidelines Division and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1932 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development Document for Best Technology Available for the Location Design Construction and Capacity of Cooling Water Intake Structures for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water and Hazardous Materials and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development Document for Best Technology Available for the Location Design Construction and Capacity of Cooling Water Intake Structures for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact written by R.E. Train and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development Document for Best Technology Available for the Location Design Construction and Capacity of Cooling Water Intake Structures for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact written by Devereaux Barnes and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development Document For Best Technology Available For The Location Design Construction And Capacity Of Cooling Water Intake Structures For Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact U S EPA April 1976 written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Multifarious Power Plant Water Intake Structure MWIS written by Bart Chezar and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Federal Register written by and published by . This book was released on 1976-08-02 with total page 1668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Standard Review Plans for the Environmental Review of Construction Permit Applications for Nuclear Power Plants written by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 932 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Penalty Analysis of Possible Cooling Water Intake Structurerequirements on Existing Coal fired Power Plants written by D. N. Smith and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act requires that cooling water intake structures must reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact. Many existing power plants in the United States utilize once-through cooling systems to condense steam. Once-through systems withdraw large volumes (often hundreds of millions of gallons per day) of water from surface water bodies. As the water is withdrawn, fish and other aquatic organisms can be trapped against the screens or other parts of the intake structure (impingement) or if small enough, can pass through the intake structure and be transported through the cooling system to the condenser (entrainment). Both of these processes can injure or kill the organisms. EPA adopted 316(b) regulations for new facilities (Phase I) on December 18, 2001. Under the final rule, most new facilities could be expected to install recirculating cooling systems, primarily wet cooling towers. The EPA Administrator signed proposed 316(b) regulations for existing facilities (Phase II) on February 28, 2002. The lead option in this proposal would allow most existing facilities to achieve compliance without requiring them to convert once-through cooling systems to recirculating systems. However, one of the alternate options being proposed would require recirculating cooling in selected plants. EPA is considering various options to determine best technology available. Among the options under consideration are wet-cooling towers and dry-cooling towers. Both types of towers are considered to be part of recirculating cooling systems, in which the cooling water is continuously recycled from the condenser, where it absorbs heat by cooling and condensing steam, to the tower, where it rejects heat to the atmosphere before returning to the condenser. Some water is lost to evaporation (wet tower only) and other water is removed from the recirculating system as a blow down stream to control the building up of suspended and dissolved solids. Makeup water is withdrawn, usually from surface water bodies, to replace the lost water. The volume of makeup water is many times smaller than the volume needed to operate a once-through system. Although neither the final new facility rule nor the proposed existing facility rule require dry cooling towers as the national best technology available, the environmental community and several States have supported the use of dry-cooling technology as the appropriate technology for addressing adverse environmental impacts. It is possible that the requirements included in the new facility rule and the ongoing push for dry cooling systems by some stakeholders may have a role in shaping the rule for existing facilities. The temperature of the cooling water entering the condenser affects the performance of the turbine--the cooler the temperature, the better the performance. This is because the cooling water temperature affects the level of vacuum at the discharge of the steam turbine. As cooling water temperatures decrease, a higher vacuum can be produced and additional energy can be extracted. On an annual average, once-through cooling water has a lower temperature than recirculated water from a cooling tower. By switching a once-through cooling system to a cooling tower, less energy can be generated by the power plant from the same amount of fuel. This reduction in energy output is known as the energy penalty. If a switch away from once-through cooling is broadly implemented through a final 316(b) rule or other regulatory initiatives, the energy penalty could result in adverse effects on energy supplies. Therefore, in accordance with the recommendations of the Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group (better known as the May 2001 National Energy Policy), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through its Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), has studied the energy penalty resulting from converting plants with once-through cooling to wet towers or indirect-dry towers. Five locations--Delaware River Basin (Philadelphia), Michigan/Great Lakes (Detroit), Ohio River Valley (Indianapolis), South (Atlanta), and Southwest (Yuma)--were modeled using an ASPEN simulator model. The model evaluated the performance and energy penalty for hypothetical 400-MW coal-fired plants that were retrofitted from using once-through cooling systems to wet- and dry-recirculating systems. The modeling was initially done to simulate the hottest time of the year using temperature input values that are exceeded only 1 percent of the time between June through September at each modeled location. These are the same temperature inputs commonly used by cooling tower designers to ensure that towers perform properly under most climatic conditions.
Download or read book Environment Reporter written by and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 1126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current developments: a weekly review of pollution control and related environmental management problems -- Decisions (later published in bound volumes. Environment reporter. Cases) --Monographs -- Federal laws -- Federal regulations --State air laws -- State water laws -- State solid waste, land use laws -- Mining.
Download or read book Technical Development Document for the Final Regulations Addressing Cooling Water Intake Structures for New Facilities written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EPA Cumulative Bibliography written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1970/76- include reports bibliography, and separate title, subject, corporate author, personal author, contract number, and accession/report number indexes.
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sections 1-2. Keyword Index.--Section 3. Personal author index.--Section 4. Corporate author index.-- Section 5. Contract/grant number index, NTIS order/report number index 1-E.--Section 6. NTIS order/report number index F-Z.
Download or read book EPA Cumulative Bibliography 1970 1976 written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Library Systems Branch and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
