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EBookClubs

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Book Developing and Hosting Applications on the Cloud

Download or read book Developing and Hosting Applications on the Cloud written by Alex Amies and published by IBM Press. This book was released on 2012-07-02 with total page 837 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Complete, Practical Guide to Building and Hosting Cloud Services That Deliver Exceptional Business Value In this unique title, key developers of the IBM SmartCloud Enterprise share indispensable insights for developing and operating cloud-based solutions on any cloud platform. Drawing on their unsurpassed in-the-trenches experience, the authors help you develop the new mindset and skills needed to succeed in cloud environments, where development, business, and system operations are linked more tightly than ever. Using examples based on IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, the authors cover a wide variety of cloud "use cases," while also introducing general principles for automating and optimizing IT infrastructure in any cloud environment. They begin by presenting an authoritative, accessible review of cloud computing and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud concepts. Next, they demonstrate how to use cloud tools, develop basic cloud applications, and utilize standards to establish interoperability between clouds. Finally, drawing on deep personal experience, they offer best-practice solutions for all facets of cloud hosting, including security, monitoring, performance, availability, and business support. Throughout, they emphasize real-world problem solving, offering numerous code examples and practical demonstrations of real-world tools and utilities. Coverage includes Understanding each cloud deployment model: private, community, public, and hybrid Reviewing key cloud computing use cases, including those based on virtualization and collaboration Developing for the cloud with the LAMP stack, Windows, J2EE, WebSphere, and other technologies Building apps for the IBM SmartCloud Enterprise public infrastructure Using the command line toolkit, Java, and REST APIs to manage IBM SmartCloud Enterprise resources Exploring cloud computing standards and open source projects that promote interoperability among clouds Building cloud applications to customize images, deliver network services, install/manage software, and provide remote desktops Using IBM's powerful self-service and delegated administration models and best-of-breed VM images Leveraging open source projects for cloud service management and virtualization Understanding cloud service security: trusted certificates, identity/access management, SSH, HTTPS, IPSec, application hardening, and much more Monitoring and optimizing performance and availability through the entire system lifecycle Managing, scaling, and automating cloud applications to meet business needs This title will be valuable to every enterprise developer, architect, and IT manager seeking the full benefits of cloud-based services; all ISVs building value-add services on public clouds; and everyone building applications that rely heavily on IaaS, Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS), or Business as a Service (BaaS).

Book Developing and Hosting Applications on the Cloud

Download or read book Developing and Hosting Applications on the Cloud written by Alex Amies and published by IBM Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Complete, Practical Guide to Building and Hosting Cloud Services That Deliver Exceptional Business Value In this unique title, key developers of the IBM SmartCloud Enterprise share indispensable insights for developing and operating cloud-based solutions on any cloud platform. Drawing on their unsurpassed in-the-trenches experience, the authors help you develop the new mindset and skills needed to succeed in cloud environments, where development, business, and system operations are linked more tightly than ever. Using examples based on IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, the authors cover a wide variety of cloud "use cases," while also introducing general principles for automating and optimizing IT infrastructure in any cloud environment. They begin by presenting an authoritative, accessible review of cloud computing and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud concepts. Next, they demonstrate how to use cloud tools, develop basic cloud applications, and utilize standards to establish interoperability between clouds. Finally, drawing on deep personal experience, they offer best-practice solutions for all facets of cloud hosting, including security, monitoring, performance, availability, and business support. Throughout, they emphasize real-world problem solving, offering numerous code examples and practical demonstrations of real-world tools and utilities. Coverage includes Understanding each cloud deployment model: private, community, public, and hybrid Reviewing key cloud computing use cases, including those based on virtualization and collaboration Developing for the cloud with the LAMP stack, Windows, J2EE, WebSphere, and other technologies Building apps for the IBM SmartCloud Enterprise public infrastructure Using the command line toolkit, Java, and REST APIs to manage IBM SmartCloud Enterprise resources Exploring cloud computing standards and open source projects that promote interoperability among clouds Building cloud applications to customize images, deliver network services, install/manage software, and provide remote desktops Using IBM's powerful self-service and delegated administration models and best-of-breed VM images Leveraging open source projects for cloud service management and virtualization Understanding cloud service security: trusted certificates, identity/access management, SSH, HTTPS, IPSec, application hardening, and much more Monitoring and optimizing performance and availability through the entire system lifecycle Mana...

Book Implementing and Developing Cloud Computing Applications

Download or read book Implementing and Developing Cloud Computing Applications written by David E. Y. Sarna and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-11-17 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From small start-ups to major corporations, companies of all sizes have embraced cloud computing for the scalability, reliability, and cost benefits it can provide. It has even been said that cloud computing may have a greater effect on our lives than the PC and dot-com revolutions combined.Filled with comparative charts and decision trees, Impleme

Book Building Applications in the Cloud

Download or read book Building Applications in the Cloud written by Christopher M. Moyer and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2011-04-18 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the familiar “Design Patterns” format, expert cloud developer Chris Moyer introduces proven patterns for cloud platforms from Amazon, Google, and other providers. Moyer demonstrates these patterns at work through extensive example code and case study applications for Amazon Web Services (AWS). As you increasingly move to the cloud, you’ll constantly encounter the challenges this book solves. You’ll rely on it for years–whenever you need a cloud solution you can trust.

Book Building Google Cloud Platform Solutions

Download or read book Building Google Cloud Platform Solutions written by Ted Hunter and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2019-03-26 with total page 763 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build cost-effective and robust cloud solutions with Google Cloud Platform (GCP) using these simple and practical recipes Key FeaturesExplore the various service offerings of the GCPHost a Python application on Google Compute EngineSecurely maintain application states with Cloud Storage, Datastore, and BigtableBook Description GCP is a cloud computing platform with a wide range of products and services that enable you to build and deploy cloud-hosted applications. This Learning Path will guide you in using GCP and designing, deploying, and managing applications on Google Cloud. You will get started by learning how to use App Engine to access Google's scalable hosting and build software that runs on this framework. With the help of Google Compute Engine, you’ll be able to host your workload on virtual machine instances. The later chapters will help you to explore ways to implement authentication and security, Cloud APIs, and command-line and deployment management. As you hone your skills, you’ll understand how to integrate your new applications with various data solutions on GCP, including Cloud SQL, Bigtable, and Cloud Storage. Following this, the book will teach you how to streamline your workflow with tools, including Source Repositories, Container Builder, and Stackdriver. You'll also understand how to deploy and debug services with IntelliJ, implement continuous delivery pipelines, and configure robust monitoring and alerts for your production systems. By the end of this Learning Path, you'll be well versed with GCP’s development tools and be able to develop, deploy, and manage highly scalable and reliable applications. This Learning Path includes content from the following Packt products: Google Cloud Platform for Developers Ted Hunter and Steven PorterGoogle Cloud Platform Cookbook by Legorie Rajan PSWhat you will learnHost an application using Google Cloud FunctionsMigrate a MySQL database to Cloud SpannerConfigure a network for a highly available application on GCPLearn simple image processing using Storage and Cloud FunctionsAutomate security checks using Policy ScannerDeploy and run services on App Engine and Container EngineMinimize downtime and mitigate issues with Stackdriver Monitoring and DebuggerIntegrate with big data solutions, including BigQuery, Dataflow, and Pub/SubWho this book is for This Learning Path is for IT professionals, engineers, and developers who want to implement Google Cloud in their organizations. Administrators and architects planning to make their organization more efficient with Google Cloud will also find this Learning Path useful. Basic understanding of GCP and its services is a must.

Book Moving To The Cloud

    Book Details:
  • Author : Dinkar Sitaram
  • Publisher : Elsevier
  • Release : 2011-12
  • ISBN : 1597497258
  • Pages : 481 pages

Download or read book Moving To The Cloud written by Dinkar Sitaram and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-12 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Infrastructure as a Service -- Chapter 3: Platform as a Service -- Chapter 4: Application as a Service -- Chapter 5: Paradigms for Developing Cloud Applications -- Chapter 6: Addressing the Cloud Challenges -- Chapter 7: Security -- Chapter 8: Managing the Cloud Infrastructure -- Chapter 9: Related Technologies -- Chapter 10: Future trends and Research Directions.

Book Cloud Application Architectures

Download or read book Cloud Application Architectures written by George Reese and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2009-04-01 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you're involved in planning IT infrastructure as a network or system architect, system administrator, or developer, this book will help you adapt your skills to work with these highly scalable, highly redundant infrastructure services. While analysts hotly debate the advantages and risks of cloud computing, IT staff and programmers are left to determine whether and how to put their applications into these virtualized services. Cloud Application Architectures provides answers -- and critical guidance -- on issues of cost, availability, performance, scaling, privacy, and security. With Cloud Application Architectures, you will: Understand the differences between traditional deployment and cloud computing Determine whether moving existing applications to the cloud makes technical and business sense Analyze and compare the long-term costs of cloud services, traditional hosting, and owning dedicated servers Learn how to build a transactional web application for the cloud or migrate one to it Understand how the cloud helps you better prepare for disaster recovery Change your perspective on application scaling To provide realistic examples of the book's principles in action, the author delves into some of the choices and operations available on Amazon Web Services, and includes high-level summaries of several of the other services available on the market today. Cloud Application Architectures provides best practices that apply to every available cloud service. Learn how to make the transition to the cloud and prepare your web applications to succeed.

Book Cloud Application Architectures

Download or read book Cloud Application Architectures written by George Reese and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2009-04 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looks at the differences between traditional server hosting and Cloud services along with guidelines for creating Web applications and migrating existing applications to the Cloud environment.

Book The Enterprise Cloud

    Book Details:
  • Author : James Bond
  • Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
  • Release : 2015-05-19
  • ISBN : 1491907851
  • Pages : 399 pages

Download or read book The Enterprise Cloud written by James Bond and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2015-05-19 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the buzz surrounding the cloud computing, only a small percentage of organizations have actually deployed this new style of IT—so far. If you're planning your long-term cloud strategy, this practical book provides insider knowledge and actionable real-world lessons regarding planning, design, operations, security, and application transformation. This book teaches business and technology managers how to transition their organization's traditional IT to cloud computing. Rather than yet another book trying to sell or convince readers on the benefits of clouds, this book provides guidance, lessons learned, and best practices on how to design, deploy, operate, and secure an enterprise cloud based on real-world experience. Author James Bond provides useful guidance and best-practice checklists based on his field experience with real customers and cloud providers. You'll view cloud services from the perspective of a consumer and as an owner/operator of an enterprise private or hybrid cloud, and learn valuable lessons from successful and less-than-successful organization use-case scenarios. This is the information every CIO needs in order to make the business and technical decisions to finally execute on their journey to cloud computing. Get updated trends and definitions in cloud computing, deployment models, and for building or buying cloud services Discover challenges in cloud operations and management not foreseen by early adopters Use real-world lessons to plan and build an enterprise private or hybrid cloud Learn how to assess, port, and migrate legacy applications to the cloud Identify security threats and vulnerabilities unique to the cloud Employ a cloud management system for your enterprise (private or multi-provider hybrid) cloud ecosystem Understand the challenges for becoming an IT service broker leveraging the power of the cloud

Book Cloud Computing

    Book Details:
  • Author : Lizhe Wang
  • Publisher : CRC Press
  • Release : 2011-10-03
  • ISBN : 1439856419
  • Pages : 854 pages

Download or read book Cloud Computing written by Lizhe Wang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-10-03 with total page 854 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cloud computing has created a shift from the use of physical hardware and locally managed software-enabled platforms to that of virtualized cloud-hosted services. Cloud assembles large networks of virtual services, including hardware (CPU, storage, and network) and software resources (databases, message queuing systems, monitoring systems, and load-balancers). As Cloud continues to revolutionize applications in academia, industry, government, and many other fields, the transition to this efficient and flexible platform presents serious challenges at both theoretical and practical levels—ones that will often require new approaches and practices in all areas. Comprehensive and timely, Cloud Computing: Methodology, Systems, and Applications summarizes progress in state-of-the-art research and offers step-by-step instruction on how to implement it. Summarizes Cloud Developments, Identifies Research Challenges, and Outlines Future Directions Ideal for a broad audience that includes researchers, engineers, IT professionals, and graduate students, this book is designed in three sections: Fundamentals of Cloud Computing: Concept, Methodology, and Overview Cloud Computing Functionalities and Provisioning Case Studies, Applications, and Future Directions It addresses the obvious technical aspects of using Cloud but goes beyond, exploring the cultural/social and regulatory/legal challenges that are quickly coming to the forefront of discussion. Properly applied as part of an overall IT strategy, Cloud can help small and medium business enterprises (SMEs) and governments in optimizing expenditure on application-hosting infrastructure. This material outlines a strategy for using Cloud to exploit opportunities in areas including, but not limited to, government, research, business, high-performance computing, web hosting, social networking, and multimedia. With contributions from a host of internationally recognized researchers, this reference delves into everything from necessary changes in users’ initial mindset to actual physical requirements for the successful integration of Cloud into existing in-house infrastructure. Using case studies throughout to reinforce concepts, this book also addresses recent advances and future directions in methodologies, taxonomies, IaaS/SaaS, data management and processing, programming models, and applications.

Book Building Scalable PHP Web Applications Using the Cloud

Download or read book Building Scalable PHP Web Applications Using the Cloud written by Jonathan Bartlett and published by Apress. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eliminate the guesswork involved in writing and deploying a cloud application. This step-by-step guide uses PHP to minimize the complexity of the code and setup, but the tools and techniques can be applied on any platform using any language. Everything that you need to jumpstart your application on the cloud is right here. Clear diagrams, step-by-step configuration information, and complete code listings tell you everything you need to get off the ground and start developing your cloud application today. This book introduces several cloud architectures and technologies that will help you accelerate your application in the cloud. Chapters cover load-balanced clusters, database replication, caching configuration, content delivery networks, infinite-scale file storage, and cloud system administration. Cloud computing has dramatically changed the landscape of web hosting. Instead of spending weeks negotiating contracts for servers, new servers can be deployed with the push of a button, and your application can be resized almost instantly to meet today's needs. No matter what size of web application you are developing, you can benefit from modern cloud servers, and this is the guide to tell you how. What You'll LearnUse the cloud and its various platforms with Docker management toolsBuild a simple PHP-based scalable web applicationCreate a basic cloud clusterWork with Amazon and Google Cloud Platform in your PHP web application development Who This Book Is For Developers who have some prior programming experience, including PHP, and who are new to building applications

Book Cloud Technology  Concepts  Methodologies  Tools  and Applications

Download or read book Cloud Technology Concepts Methodologies Tools and Applications written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 2300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the Web grows and expands into ever more remote parts of the world, the availability of resources over the Internet increases exponentially. Making use of this widely prevalent tool, organizations and individuals can share and store knowledge like never before. Cloud Technology: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications investigates the latest research in the ubiquitous Web, exploring the use of applications and software that make use of the Internet’s anytime, anywhere availability. By bringing together research and ideas from across the globe, this publication will be of use to computer engineers, software developers, and end users in business, education, medicine, and more.

Book Pro  NET on Amazon Web Services

Download or read book Pro NET on Amazon Web Services written by William Penberthy and published by Apress. This book was released on 2022-12-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides in-depth guidance and best practices for .NET developers new to working with Amazon Web Services. AWS is the world’s most comprehensive and broadly adopted cloud platform, and this book will help you choose from, and use, its extensive collection of cloud services when developing and hosting your .NET applications in the cloud. Pro .NET on Amazon Web Services focuses on the building and deployment of .NET applications on AWS. It demonstrates best practices and provides prescriptive guidance around moving existing .NET Framework, .NET Core, and .NET 5+ applications to AWS. It also offers directions on building new, distributed, and reliable cloud-native applications. You will learn how to take advantage of the various tools available from AWS to build and deploy .NET-based applications. You will also be shown how to take advantage of different AWS services, including various execution platforms and databases that can help your .NET applications to achieve the reliability and scalability that AWS is known for. What You Will Learn Develop and deploy Microsoft .NET applications on the Amazon Web Services platform Take advantage of the various free tools AWS offers for developing and deploying cloud applications Choose the correct compute service on which to host your application Choose the right database from the many options that AWS offers Make AWS service calls from within .NET applications Secure .NET applications using best practices around AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) Migrate existing .NET applications to the AWS platform and take advantage of the services offered Build modern .NET applications using advanced AWS services Who This Book Is For .NET developers seeking to take advantage of the breadth and depth of functionality in the AWS cloud, as well as developers who, whether new to cloud applications or experienced in the cloud, face challenges in understanding and applying the breadth and depth of services available from AWS when choosing to develop and host their applications. It will also be useful for those interested in extending their application’s functionality through calling AWS services from within their applications, and who want to apply best practices for building and securing modern distributed .NET applications in the Amazon Web Services cloud.

Book Cloud Native Programming with Golang

Download or read book Cloud Native Programming with Golang written by Mina Andrawos and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2017-12-28 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover practical techniques to build cloud-native apps that are scalable, reliable, and always available. Key Features Build well-designed and secure microservices. Enrich your microservices with continous integration and monitoring. Containerize your application with Docker Deploy your application to AWS. Learn how to utilize the powerful AWS services from within your application Book Description Awarded as one of the best books of all time by BookAuthority, Cloud Native Programming with Golang will take you on a journey into the world of microservices and cloud computing with the help of Go. Cloud computing and microservices are two very important concepts in modern software architecture. They represent key skills that ambitious software engineers need to acquire in order to design and build software applications capable of performing and scaling. Go is a modern cross-platform programming language that is very powerful yet simple; it is an excellent choice for microservices and cloud applications. Go is gaining more and more popularity, and becoming a very attractive skill. This book starts by covering the software architectural patterns of cloud applications, as well as practical concepts regarding how to scale, distribute, and deploy those applications. You will also learn how to build a JavaScript-based front-end for your application, using TypeScript and React. From there, we dive into commercial cloud offerings by covering AWS. Finally, we conclude our book by providing some overviews of other concepts and technologies that you can explore, to move from where the book leaves off. What you will learn Understand modern software applications architectures Build secure microservices that can effectively communicate with other services Get to know about event-driven architectures by diving into message queues such as Kafka, Rabbitmq, and AWS SQS. Understand key modern database technologies such as MongoDB, and Amazon’s DynamoDB Leverage the power of containers Explore Amazon cloud services fundamentals Know how to utilize the power of the Go language to access key services in the Amazon cloud such as S3, SQS, DynamoDB and more. Build front-end applications using ReactJS with Go Implement CD for modern applications Who this book is for This book is for developers who want to begin building secure, resilient, robust, and scalable Go applications that are cloud native. Some knowledge of the Go programming language should be sufficient.To build the front-end application, you will also need some knowledge of JavaScript programming.

Book Cloud Native Architectures

Download or read book Cloud Native Architectures written by Tom Laszewski and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-08-31 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn and understand the need to architect cloud applications and migrate your business to cloud efficiently Key Features Understand the core design elements required to build scalable systems Plan resources and technology stacks effectively for high security and fault tolerance Explore core architectural principles using real-world examples Book Description Cloud computing has proven to be the most revolutionary IT development since virtualization. Cloud native architectures give you the benefit of more flexibility over legacy systems. To harness this, businesses need to refresh their development models and architectures when they find they don’t port to the cloud. Cloud Native Architectures demonstrates three essential components of deploying modern cloud native architectures: organizational transformation, deployment modernization, and cloud native architecture patterns. This book starts with a quick introduction to cloud native architectures that are used as a base to define and explain what cloud native architecture is and is not. You will learn what a cloud adoption framework looks like and develop cloud native architectures using microservices and serverless computing as design principles. You’ll then explore the major pillars of cloud native design including scalability, cost optimization, security, and ways to achieve operational excellence. In the concluding chapters, you will also learn about various public cloud architectures ranging from AWS and Azure to the Google Cloud Platform. By the end of this book, you will have learned the techniques to adopt cloud native architectures that meet your business requirements. You will also understand the future trends and expectations of cloud providers. What you will learn Learn the difference between cloud native and traditional architecture Explore the aspects of migration, when and why to use it Identify the elements to consider when selecting a technology for your architecture Automate security controls and configuration management Use infrastructure as code and CICD pipelines to run environments in a sustainable manner Understand the management and monitoring capabilities for AWS cloud native application architectures Who this book is for Cloud Native Architectures is for software architects who are keen on designing resilient, scalable, and highly available applications that are native to the cloud.

Book Cloud Computing with the Windows Azure Platform

Download or read book Cloud Computing with the Windows Azure Platform written by Roger Jennings and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-12-29 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leverage the power of the Azure Services Platform for cloud computing With the Azure Services Platform, processing and storing data moves from individual corporate servers and Web sites to larger, more reliable, and more secure data centers. Roger Jennings, author of more than 30 books on Microsoft technologies, shows you how to leverage the power of Azure and its related services for cloud computing. The book begins with a look at the differences between cloud computing and application hosting and examines the various issues that .NET developers and IT managers face in moving from on-premise to cloud-based applications, including security, privacy, regulatory compliance, backup and recovery, asset cataloging, and other common technical issues. The author then drills down, showing basic programming for individual Azure components, including storage, SQL Data Services, and .NET Services. He then moves on to cover more advanced programming challenges. Explains the benefits of using the Azure Services Platform for cloud computing Shows how to program with Windows Azure components, including Azure Table and Blob storage, .NET Services and SQL Azure Addresses advanced programming challenges of creating useful projects that combine cloud storage with Web applications or services Companion Web site features complete, finished applications that can be uploaded to jump start a Windows Azure project Roger Jennings clears away the clouds and gets you started using the Azure Services Platform.

Book Model Driven Development and Operation of Multi Cloud Applications

Download or read book Model Driven Development and Operation of Multi Cloud Applications written by Elisabetta Di Nitto and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-22 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This books is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book summarizes work being undertaken within the collaborative MODAClouds research project, which aims to facilitate interoperability between heterogeneous Cloud platforms and remove the constraints of deployment, portability, and reversibility for end users of Cloud services. Experts involved in the project provide a clear overview of the MODAClouds approach and explain how it operates in a variety of applications. While the wide spectrum of available Clouds constitutes a vibrant technical environment, many early-stage issues pose specific challenges from a software engineering perspective. MODAClouds will provide methods, a decision support system, and an open source IDE and run-time environment for the high-level design, early prototyping, semiautomatic code generation, and automatic deployment of applications on multiple Clouds. It will free developers from the need to commit to a fixed Cloud technology stack during software design and offer benefits in terms of cost savings, portability of applications and data between Clouds, reversibility (moving applications and data from Cloud to non-Cloud environments), risk management, quality assurance, and flexibility in the development process.