Download or read book Degree Gradation of Verbs written by Jens Fleischhauer-Helfer and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-05-20 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gradation is usually considered to be a property of adjectives. Examples like 'The boy loves his mother very much' and 'The boy has grown a lot' reveal that gradation is not limited to adjectives but verbs are gradable too. Verb gradation has received considerably less attention in the literature than gradation of adjectives. The aim of the current volume is to explore the notion of verb gradation in more detail. The book presents a semantic as well as a syntactic analysis of verb gradation and combines three case studies with a general perspective on the phenomenon. Issues addressed in the volume cover, among others, the notion of scalarity in the verbal domain, the interaction of verb gradation with grammatical as well as lexical aspect and verb gradation as a subcompositional phenomenon. These topics are investigated from a cross-linguistic perspective. The languages of investigation include, among others, German, Russian and French.

Download or read book Degree Gradation of Verbs written by Jens Fleischhauer and published by Düsseldorf University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-20 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book English Gradation nouns in Their Relation to Strong Verbs written by Carl Palmgren and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book English Gradation Nouns in Their Relation to Strong Verbs written by Carl Palmgren and published by Hardpress Publishing. This book was released on 2012-08-01 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Download or read book English Gradation Nouns in Their Relation to Strong Verbs written by Carl Palmgren and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-10-11 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from English Gradation-Nouns in Their Relation to Strong Verbs: Inaugural Dissertation In his New English Grammar, when dealing with the parts of speech, Dr. Sweet mentions the phenomenon that, in English, a word may have the function of more than one part of speech without any change of form, a phenomenon defined by him as 'conversion of the parts of speech'. Applying this to the categories of noun and verb, he speaks of walla as a converted noun 1, and later on, in the treatment of the nouns 2, he makes use of the same term about run and ride. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book Types of Verb in English written by Anika Peschel and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2006-03-14 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2,0, University of Cologne (Institut für Englische Sprache und ihre Didaktik), course: Introduction to Syntax - Proseminar Linguistics, language: English, abstract: There are many English sentences in which the subject is omitted (most of all imperative sentences like ‘Sit down’) – but it is impossible to leave out the predicate in an English sentence. This predicate can contain several complement stuctures, a direct and an indirect object and adverbs – but it must contain a verb. The category verb can be sperated into the following types: • Transitive Verbs • Intransitive Verbs • Ditransitive Verbs • Copulas (Linking Verbs) and • Complex Transitive Verbs According to these types some verbs require a direct object, others may allow one; some verbs require two objects – a direct and an indirect one; other verbs can be followed by adjectives and some have to be connected to adverbs. It is very important to distinguish between these different categories. The type of verb of course has implications for the rest of the verb but also for the subject. In active sentences patient subjects, which are subjects that are acted upon, always take Intransitive Verbs; agent subjects can have both verb types and instrument subjects, which are acting on something else, need to co-occur with Transitive Verbs in order to show what they are acting on.

Download or read book Strong Verbs in Old and Middle English and Irregular Verbs in Modern English written by Sonja Rieber and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2008-09 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2, University of Tubingen (Seminar für Anglistik), course: Historical Grammar, 15 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: In the following essay the development of strong verbs in English will be examined, starting in the Old English period and reaching up to Modern English times. The different classification systems and conjugational patterns that apply for the periods will be compared. The main task of the essay will be to find out similarities differences and parts which have remained the same in these systems. In the course of the essay, the Old English system of strong verbs will be compared to the Middle English system and finally the Modern English system. In order to do this, it will be necessary to describe the classification system of Old English strong verbs in detail as well as pointing out the conjugational patterns that apply for these verbs. In the next section the same will be done for Middle English strong verbs. In that section changes will already have to be mentioned. Afterwards, an entirely different classification of Modern English irregular verbs as suggested by Quirk & Greenbaum will be introduced. In addition the conjugational system of Modern English verbs will be described. Following this mainly descriptive first part of the essay, the second part will compare the systems and point out the main differences or similarities. The last section provides a summary of the developments which took place in the evolution of strong verbs and which have already been touched in the descriptions of the different classification systems.

Download or read book Strong verbs in Old and Middle English and irregular verbs in Modern English written by Sonja Rieber and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2008-09-09 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2, University of Tubingen (Seminar für Anglistik), course: Historical Grammar, language: English, abstract: In the following essay the development of strong verbs in English will be examined, starting in the Old English period and reaching up to Modern English times. The different classification systems and conjugational patterns that apply for the periods will be compared. The main task of the essay will be to find out similarities differences and parts which have remained the same in these systems. In the course of the essay, the Old English system of strong verbs will be compared to the Middle English system and finally the Modern English system. In order to do this, it will be necessary to describe the classification system of Old English strong verbs in detail as well as pointing out the conjugational patterns that apply for these verbs. In the next section the same will be done for Middle English strong verbs. In that section changes will already have to be mentioned. Afterwards, an entirely different classification of Modern English irregular verbs as suggested by Quirk & Greenbaum will be introduced. In addition the conjugational system of Modern English verbs will be described. Following this mainly descriptive first part of the essay, the second part will compare the systems and point out the main differences or similarities. The last section provides a summary of the developments which took place in the evolution of strong verbs and which have already been touched in the descriptions of the different classification systems.

Download or read book Adverbs of Degree in Dutch and Related Languages written by Henny Klein and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1998-05-15 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adverbs of degree form an intriguing part of the lexicon: numerous, multiform and everchanging. They also show a great variety in distribution. In this study, the characteristics of adverbs of degree are investigated from a semantic point of view. The main focus is on Dutch, but previous studies about English and German adverbs of degree are used to compare with and to build on. The book starts with an introduction on grading and gradability, and a classification of the adverbs according to the degree they express. Next, the different lexical sources from which the adverbs emerge and the process of grammaticalization are discussed. The main part of the book is devoted to semantic restrictions on the use of adverbs of degree, on the one hand restrictions concerning the modified elements, on the other hand those concerning the environment. Topics include absoluteness versus gradability, positive versus negative evaluation, the strengthening of negation, polarity sensitivity, the logical properties of the adverbs themselves, and restrictions to reduplication and stacking. Besides the main text, three case studies are presented in which the pecularities of some of the adverbs are investigated in depth, to show more in detail to complexities of their distribution. The appendix gives an overview of Dutch adverbs of degree.

Download or read book The Grammaticalization of Verbs Verbs as Sources of Grammatical Change written by Melanie Bobik and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2019-01-17 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2004 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,3, Free University of Berlin (Anglistik), language: English, abstract: The famous dictum, “grammars code best what speakers do most” coined by Du Bois, is a central postulate of all discourse-based approaches to grammaticalization (also known as grammaticization, grammatization). It points to the assumption that frequent repetition in discourse plays a crucial role in the development of grammatical forms, and that basicness is an inherent characteristics of most source concepts. There is only a limited number of lexical items likely to be sources for grammaticalization. Since verbs form the core element of every sentence, expressing different conditions such as states, changes and activities, they provide a rich source for grammatical targets. So how do verbs serve as a source of grammatical change? This academic paper gives answers to this question, discussing the grammaticalization of verbs, and how verbs typically evolve into prepositions, aspectual as well as quotative markers, and complementizers. Evidence is taken not only from English, but also from, i.a., Chinese, German, Spanish, French and African languages.

Download or read book Grammatical and Semantic Functions of Verbs in the English Language written by Stefan Hinterholzer and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2007-11 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1, University of Innsbruck (Department of English), course: Language Awareness III, 3 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The focus of this paper is on the different types and forms of verbs and especially on their semantic and grammatical function. Verbs can convey lexical meaning or solely be used for grammatical constructions without conveying meaning. First of all, their will be given a possible classification of verbs depending on their function either as conveyers of meaning or elements in grammatical constructions. Then, the functions of different verb forms will be looked at. Finally, the verb's role in a sentence and the distinction between phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs will be analyzed. In a more practical part the theory will be applied to texts and proved by that. The analysis of the texts is intended to provide a concrete understanding of the abstract theory that is depicted in the chapters at the beginning.

Download or read book The Syntax of Verbs written by Hilda Judith Koopman and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Studies in the Composition and Decomposition of Event Predicates written by Boban Arsenijević and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-02-26 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed, perceptive addition to the linguistics literature analyzes the semantic components of event predicates, exploring their fine-grained elements as well as their agency in linguistic processing. The papers go beyond pure semantics to consider their varying influences of event predicates on argument structure, aspect, scalarity, and event structure. The volume shows how advances in the linguistic theory of event predicates, which have spawned Davidsonian and neo-Davidsonian notions of event arguments, in addition to ‘event structure’ frameworks and mereological models for the eventuality domain, have sidelined research on specific sets of entailments that support a typology of event predicates. Addressing this imbalance in the literature, the work also presents evidence indicating a more complex role for scalar structures than currently assumed. It will enrich the work of semanticists, psycholinguists, and syntacticians with a decompositional approach to verb phrase structure.

Download or read book Explorations of the Syntax Semantics Interface written by Jens Fleischhauer and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The articles in this volume present original research on the encoding of meaning in a variety of constructions and languages. Many of the contributions take the framework of Role and Reference Grammar as a point of reference, either by applying it to the analysis of linguistic data or by discussing, extending, and challenging some of its assumptions. The topics of the articles range from general questions concerning the relation of meaning and its syntactic realization to the study of specific grammatical phenomena in a number of typologically diverse languages, including Yucatec Maya, Kabardian, Tagalog, Murik-Kopar, Avatime, Whitesands, Tundra Yukaghir, and various Indo-European languages. The articles will be of interest to researchers and advanced students working on the interface between syntax, semantics and pragmatics. This series 'Studies in Language and Cognition' explores issues of mental representation, linguistic structure and representation, and their interplay. The research presented in this series is grounded in the idea explored in the Collaborative Research Center `The structure of representations in language, cognition and science' (SFB 991) that there is a universal format for the representation of linguistic and cognitive concepts.

Download or read book Language Logic and Computation written by Alexandra Silva and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-03 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language and Computation, TbiLLC 2017, held in Lagodekhi, Georgia, in September 2017. The volume contains 17 full revised papers presented at the conference from 22 submissions. The aim of this conference series is to bring together researchers from a wide variety of fields in Natural language syntax, Linguistic typology, Language evolution, Logics for artificial intelligence and much more.

Download or read book The Adjectival Category written by D. N. Shankara Bhat and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph sets out (i) to establish criteria for differentiating adjectives from other word-classes for languages in which they form a distinct category, and (ii) to establish criteria for determining their (non-)identity with words from other categories for languages in which they do not. As languages show various gradations in the extent to which adjectives can be distinguished from other word-classes, the author discusses idealized language types, thereby providing a model for the analysis of natural languages.The book argues that adjectives do not uniformly show all differentiating characteristics and that these characteristics are semantically relevant and functionally motivated: for instance, when word-classes are used in functions not their own, they manifest characteristics of the categories to which the relevant functions belong.The second part of the book discusses three distinct idealized languages types without a distinct adjectival category in which “property words” remain undifferentiated from (i) nouns, (ii) verbs, and (iii) nouns as well as verbs. These three types are shwon to represent gradations of distinctions between word-classes as they occur in natural languages and to manifest various degrees of the corresponding functional neutralizations.In the final chapter the wider theoretical implications of this work for the study of categories are discussed.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality written by Markus Werning and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-02-09 with total page 765 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book leading scholars from every relevant field report on all aspects of compositionality, the notion that the meaning of an expression can be derived from its parts. Understanding how compositionality works is a central element of syntactic and semantic analysis and a challenge for models of cognition. It is a key concept in linguistics and philosophy and in the cognitive sciences more generally, and is without question one of the most exciting fields in the study of language and mind. The authors of this book report critically on lines of research in different disciplines, revealing the connections between them and highlighting current problems and opportunities. The force and justification of compositionality have long been contentious. First proposed by Frege as the notion that the meaning of an expression is generally determined by the meaning and syntax of its components, it has since been deployed as a constraint on the relation between theories of syntax and semantics, as a means of analysis, and more recently as underlying the structures of representational systems, such as computer programs and neural architectures. The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality explores these and many other dimensions of this challenging field. It will appeal to researchers and advanced students in linguistics and philosophy and to everyone concerned with the study of language and cognition including those working in neuroscience, computational science, and bio-informatics.