Download or read book Cytoplasmic fate of messenger RNA written by Philippe Jeanteur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among all cellular RNA species of the three main types, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA or messenger RNA, be they from prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms, the prokaryotic mRNA is unique in that it has no precursor and is synthesized in the same mature form as it is translated into proteins. In fact, ribosomes join the nascent mRNA chain and engage in protein synthesis long before its transcription is complete. Provisions are even made for slowing down the ribo somes at some sites to prevent them from catching up with the RNA-polymerase. Of course, such a situation is only possible in the prokaryotic world where there is no such thing as a nuclear mem brane physically secluding the transcription process from the cy toplasm where translation is restricted. Quite in the opposite extreme, the eukaryotic pre-messenger RNA has to suffer many and sometimes drastic steps of maturation (capping, polyadenylation, splicing, edition) before the decision is made to export it to the cytoplasm. That is where it enters the scope of this book. Once in the cytoplasm, many options are still open to it: its entrance into polysomes may be delayed (as it is in unfertilized eggs) or merely prohibited (ferritin mRNA in iron-starved cells), directed to specific locations within the cytoplasm or be more or less rapidly degraded. During gametogenesis and early development, translational control is probably the most significant level of gene expression.
Download or read book Cytoplasmic Fate of Messenger RNA written by Philippe Jeanteur and published by . This book was released on 1996-11-04 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the current knowledge on a cascade of gene regulation levels which operate in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and which has until recently been poorly understood. While transcriptional control of eukaryotic genes has been extensively researched and the understanding of this process has reached very sophisticated levels, post- transcriptional control has received much less attention. As the contributions in this book demonstrate, not only is post-transcriptional control in eukaryotes better understood, it is now thought to be a major player in gene expression control in a number of key processes, i.e. control of cell proliferation, gametogenesis and early development or cellular homeostasis.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book RNA Exosome written by Torben Heick Jensen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-29 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diversity of RNAs inside living cells is amazing. We have known of the more “classic” RNA species: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA for some time now, but in a steady stream new types of molecules are being described as it is becoming clear that most of the genomic information of cells ends up in RNA. To deal with the enormous load of resulting RNA processing and degradation reactions, cells need adequate and efficient molecular machines. The RNA exosome is arising as a major facilitator to this effect. Structural and functional data gathered over the last decade have illustrated the biochemical importance of this multimeric complex and its many co-factors, revealing its enormous regulatory power. By gathering some of the most prominent researchers in the exosome field, it is the aim of this volume to introduce this fascinating protein complex as well as to give a timely and rich account of its many functions. The exosome was discovered more than a decade ago by Phil Mitchell and David Tollervey by its ability to trim the 3’end of yeast, S. cerevisiae, 5. 8S rRNA. In a historic account they laid out the events surrounding this identification and the subsequent birth of the research field. In the chapter by Kurt Januszyk and Christopher Lima the structural organization of eukaryotic exosomes and their evolutionary counterparts in bacteria and archaea are discussed in large part through presentation of structures.
Download or read book Cell Biology by the Numbers written by Ron Milo and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Top 25 CHOICE 2016 Title, and recipient of the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title (OAT) Award. How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis? How many mRNAs are in a cell? How genetically similar are two random people? What is faster, transcription or translation?Cell Biology by the Numbers explores these questions and dozens of others provid
Download or read book Degradation of Messenger RNA in Cytoplasmic Extracts of Mammalian Cells written by Margaret Coutts and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book RNA Turnover in Eukaryotes Analysis of Specialized and Quality Control RNA Decay Pathways written by Lynne E. Maquat and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2008-12-29 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Specific complexes of protein and RNA carry out many essential biological functions, including RNA processing, RNA turnover, and RNA folding, as well as the translation of genetic information from mRNA into protein sequences. Messenger RNA (mRNA) decay is now emerging as an important control point and a major contributor to gene expression. Continuing identification of the protein factors and cofactors and mRNA instability elements responsible for mRNA decay allow researchers to build a comprehensive picture of the highly orchestrated processes involved in mRNA decay and its regulation. * Covers the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) or mRNA surveillance pathway * Expert researchers introduce the most advanced technologies and techniques * Offers step-by-step lab instructions, including necessary equipment and reagents
Download or read book RNA Damage and Repair written by Ioly Kotta-Loizou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-04 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a macromolecule that plays a central role in cell physiology: RNA molecules act as intermediates between the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), where genetic information is stored, and proteins, which perform the necessary functions within the cell. Traditionally, the structural and functional properties of RNA are closely linked to gene expression. However, RNA-based enzymes, called ribozymes, are also involved in catalysis and small RNAs regulate key cellular processes, such as cell growth, division, differentiation, aging and death. RNA is a sensitive macromolecule that can be easily damaged by environmental conditions (ultraviolet radiation, oxidative stress) and biological factors (ribonucleases, ribotoxins, CRISPR-Cas systems). Therefore, cells have developed mechanisms to protect and/or repair RNA molecules. This book presents an overview of the biology of RNA damage, protection and repair in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Individual chapters cover the expression regulation, enzymology and physiological role of such systems, and link them to important human diseases such as cancer and degenerative diseases.
Download or read book Studies on the Nuclear Transport Cytoplasmic Stability and Accumulation of Messenger RNA written by Aixa Alfonso-Pizarro and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book MRNA Import Into Yeast Nuclei is Controlled by Components of Cytoplasmic P bodies written by Guy Robert Pilkington and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In eukaryotes, the regulation of mRNA translation and decay provides a mechanism which can be finely tuned to control gene expression. This ability to control the life cycle of an mRNA begins with the control of mRNA export from the nucleus and extends to the processes which regulate the degradation of the message. In my work, summarized below, I describe how some of the proteins involved in cytoplasmic decay regulate many aspects of the control of mRNA and also describe a novel regulatory mechanism involving the relocation of cytoplasmic mRNA back into the nucleus of the cell. Firstly, I have identified that the protein Pat1, which has been shown to be critical for translational repression and activation of decapping, consists of essentially 3 major domains. By means of a deletional functional analysis, I show that two of these domains are the primary functional domains responsible for all of the currently ascribed function of Pat1. One domain promotes translational repression and P-body assembly, while the second domain promotes mRNA decapping after assembly of the mRNA into a P-body mRNP. Along with the first evidence that Pat1 binds to RNA, we also determine numerous domain-specific interactions with mRNA decapping factors. In eukaryotic cells mRNAs are produced in the nucleus followed by what is thought to be unidirectional export to the cytoplasm. In the cytosol, mRNAs either associate with ribosomes for translation or can be found in cytoplasmic RNP granules, termed P-bodies, when they are translationally repressed. I have now demonstrated that yeast mRNAs can be re-imported into the nucleus. Import of mRNAs into the nucleus is in competition with translation and increased in strains lacking specific components of cytoplasmic processing bodies, which also exhibit nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling. This indicates that one function of cytoplasmic granules is to limit the import of cytoplasmic mRNAs back into the nucleus. These results demonstrate a novel pathway for mRNA import into the nucleus and suggest distinct pathways of mRNA export of nascent mRNAs and imported mRNAs.
Download or read book Visualizing RNA Dynamics in the Cell written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-05-27 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods in Enzymology: Visualizing RNA Dynamics in the Cell continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. This volume covers research methods visualizing RNA dynamics in the cell, and includes sections on such topics as identification of RNA cis-regulatory sequences, IRAS, IMAGEtags, MERFISH, plant RNA labeling using MS2, and visualization of 5S dynamics in live cells using photostable corn probe. Continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field Covers research methods in visualizing RNA dynamics in the cell Contains sections on such topics as identification of RNA cis-regulatory sequences, IRAS, IMAGEtags, MERFISH, plant RNA labeling using MS2 and visualization of 5S dynamics in live cells using photostable corn probe
Download or read book Investigating Promoter driven MRNA Localization and Translational Control During Stress written by Yang S. Chen and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During times of unpredictable stress, organisms must adapt their gene expression to maximize survival. Along with changes in transcription, one conserved means of gene regulation during conditions that quickly represses translation is the formation of cytoplasmic phase-separated mRNP (messenger ribonucleoprotein) granules. Two well-known stress-induced mRNP granules are processing bodies (P-bodies) and stress granules. Previously, we identified that distinct steps in gene expression can be coupled during glucose starvation stress as promoter sequences in the nucleus are able to direct the subcellular localization to or excluded from the phase-separated granules and translatability of mRNAs in the cytosol. During my Ph.D., I have been investigating the underlying mechanisms of how promoter dictates the cytoplasmic fate of mRNAs during glucose starvation. Chapter 1 is a background introduction of the questions I asked. In chapter 2, I led a discovery of a promoter-directed mechanism mediated by AAA+ proteins Rvb1/Rvb2 that couple the transcription, mRNA cytoplasmic localization, and translation of select genes during glucose starvation. In chapter 3, colleagues and I reviewed recent findings regarding stress-related phase-separated granules and shared our insights. Chapter 4 describes 3 projects that aimed to answer the promoter-dictation question from other perspectives, such as expression timing and promoter motifs. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses insights and future directions for my thesis work. I anticipate that these studies will provide us with more insights into complex gene regulation during stressful and pathological conditions.
Download or read book Concepts of Biology written by Samantha Fowler and published by . This book was released on 2018-01-07 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concepts of Biology is designed for the single-semester introduction to biology course for non-science majors, which for many students is their only college-level science course. As such, this course represents an important opportunity for students to develop the necessary knowledge, tools, and skills to make informed decisions as they continue with their lives. Rather than being mired down with facts and vocabulary, the typical non-science major student needs information presented in a way that is easy to read and understand. Even more importantly, the content should be meaningful. Students do much better when they understand why biology is relevant to their everyday lives. For these reasons, Concepts of Biology is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand.We also strive to show the interconnectedness of topics within this extremely broad discipline. In order to meet the needs of today's instructors and students, we maintain the overall organization and coverage found in most syllabi for this course. A strength of Concepts of Biology is that instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Concepts of Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand--and apply--key concepts.
Download or read book Toll Like Receptors TLRs and Innate Immunity written by Stefan Bauer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-11 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overall recent research on TLRs has led to tremendous increase in our understanding of early steps in pathogen recognition and will presumably lead to potent TLR targeting therapeutics in the future. This book reviews and highlights our recent understanding on the function and ligands of TLRs as well as their role in autoimmunity, dendritic cell activation and target structures for therapeutic intervention.
Download or read book Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Messenger like RNA and Their Relation to the Active Messenger RNA in Polyribosomes of HeLa Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Post transcriptional Control of Gene Expression written by Orna Resnekov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many important cellular processes rely on posttranscriptional control of gene expression. This book describes the mechanisms of gene expression at this level that occur in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Several introductory chapters discuss the general principles of translation and mRNA stability. The interactions of mature mRNA with the translational machinery, the components of mRNA degradation and antisense RNA are surveyed. Subsequent chapters discuss protein folding, transport, modification and degradation. The book is an invaluable source of information for both newcomers and those wishing an overview of the field.
Download or read book A Mechanism for Co transcriptional Recruitment of MRNA Localization Factor on Nascent MRNAs in Budding Yeast written by Zhi Fa Shen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
