Download or read book Cross Cultural Perspectives on the Experience and Expression of Love written by Victor Karandashev and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-05 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ambitious volume integrates findings from various disciplines in a comprehensive description of the modern research on love and provides a systematic review of love experience and expression from cross-cultural perspective. It explores numerous interdisciplinary topics, bringing together research in biological and social sciences to explore love, probing the cross-cultural similarities and differences in the feelings, thoughts, and expressions of love. The book’s scope, which includes a review of major theories and key research instruments, provides a comprehensive background for any reader interested in developing an enlightened understanding of the cultural diversity in the concepts, experience, and expression of love. Included among the chapters: How do people in different cultures conceptualize love? How similar and different are the experiences and expressions of love across cultures? What are the cultural factors affecting the experience and expression of love? Cross-cultural understanding of love as passion, joy, commitment, union, respect, submission, intimacy, dependency, and more. A review of the past and looking into the future of cross-cultural love research. Critical reading for our global age, Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Experience and Expression of Love promotes a thorough understanding of cross-cultural similarities and differences in love, and in so doing is valuable not only for love scholars, emotion researchers, and social psychologists, but also for practitioners and clinicians working with multicultural couples and families. “The most striking feature of this book is the broad array of perspectives that is covered. Love is portrayed as a universally found emotion with biological underpinnings. The text expands from this core, incorporating a wide range of manifestations of love: passion, admiration of and submission to a partner, gift giving and benevolence, attachment and trust, etc. Information on each topic comes from a variety of sources, cross-culturally and interdisciplinary. The text is integrative with a focus on informational value of ideas and findings. If you take an interest in how love in its broadest sense is experienced and expressed, you will find this to be a very rich text.” Ype H. Poortinga, Tilburg University, The Netherlands & Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium “In this wide-ranging book, Victor Karandashev expertly guides us through the dazzling complexity of our concept and experience of love. Not only does he show the many different ingredients that make up our conceptions of love in particular cultures, such as idealization of the beloved, commitment, union, intimacy, friendship, and others, he draws our attention to the bewildering array of differences between their applications in different cultural contexts, or to their presence or absence in a culture. In reading the book, we also get as a bonus an idea of how an elusive concept such as love can be scientifically studied by a variety of methodologies – all to our benefit. A masterful accomplishment.” Kövecses Zoltán, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary “Long considered a research purview of only a portion of the world’s cultures, we know today that love is universal albeit with many cultural differences in meaning, form, and expression. Moreover, love has a rich history of scholarship across multiple disciplines. Within this backdrop, Karandashev has compiled a remarkably comprehensive global review of how people experience and express their emotions in love. Covering the topic from a truly international and interdisciplinary perspective, this book is an indispensable source of knowledge about cultural and cross-cultural studies conducted in recent decades and is a must read for anyone interested in the universal and culturally diverse aspects of love.” David Matsumoto, San Francisco State University, Director of SFSU’s Culture and Emotion Research Laboratory

Download or read book Cultural Typologies of Love written by Victor Karandashev and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely volume offers an integrative approach and a culturally diverse view of love conceptions, experiences, and expressions, building on both individual and cultural typologies of love. It comprehensively presents cultural and cross-cultural studies on how culture affects love, and offers a systematic description of types and cultural models of love. The comprehensive reviews of methodology and findings provide a solid empirical basis for the creation of formal typologies. This book will be useful for researchers interested in cross-cultural studies of love across many disciplines. Its accessible language also makes it ideal for undergraduate and graduate students. Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of: Cultural conceptions of love and methods for their research Multiple perspectives in the studies of love across world cultures Cultural models and typologies in an international perspective Cultural models and typologies from an interdisciplinary scientific perspective

Download or read book Cultural Models of Emotions written by Victor Karandashev and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-21 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a multidisciplinary overview of cultural models of emotions, with particular focus on how cultural parameters of societies affect the emotional life of people in different cultural contexts. Going beyond traditional dichotomy of West-East comparison and related parameters of culture, such as individualism-collectivism and power distance, it also examines many other cultural dimensions that have received less attention in mainstream research. Among the topics covered: Basic emotional processes in cultural contexts Cultural complexity of emotions Survival and self-expression cultural values Facial expressiveness of emotion across cultures Cultural Models of Emotion is a comprehensive review of international perspectives on cross-cultural exploration of emotions, and will be a useful resource for researchers in anthropology, sociology, psychology, and communication studies.

Download or read book Romantic Love in Cultural Contexts written by Victor Karandashev and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-24 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a conceptual, historical, anthropological, and sociological review of how culture affects our experience and expression of romantic love. What is romantic love and how is it different from and similar to other kinds of love? How is romantic love related to sex and marriage in human history and across contemporary cultures? What cultural factors mediate attraction in love? These are some of the questions the volume explores through its interdisciplinary yet focused lens. Much of the current research evidence suggests that love is a universal emotion experienced by a majority of people, in various historical eras, and in all the world’s cultures. Yet, love displays in different ways because culture has an impact on people’s conceptions of love and the ways they feel, think, and behave in romantic relationships. This volume summarizes classical knowledge on love and culture while at the same time focusing sharply on recent studies and cutting-edge research that has advanced the field. Divided into three parts, the volume begins by defining and analyzing the concept of romantic love and interdisciplinary approach to its study in cultural context. Part II traces the origin and evolution of romantic love both in various places throughout the world and various time periods throughout history. Part III presents the revolutionary expansion of romantic love ideas and practices in the late 20th and early 21st centuries in various parts of the world, focusing particularly on the development of romantic love as a cultural ideal of the modern cultures. Finally, the book concludes by summarizing the major achievements in this field of study and predicts future development. A timely and thoughtful addition to the literature, Romantic Love in Cultural Contexts delivers thought-provoking insights to researchers in relationship scholarship, sociology, anthropology, and cultural studies, and all those interested in the universal human concept of love. Overall I find Dr. Victor Karandashev is an excellent and fine scholar who has a firm grasp of both the fundamental principles of cross-cultural research and of anthropology. In our increasingly connected world Romantic Love in Cultural Contexts updates and adds to the descriptions and explanations of similarities and differences in romantic love across generations and cultures. Romantic love encompasses the life span, rather than being a phenomenon largely confined to youthful years. The topic of this project concerns the deepest of our sentiments and pervades life from birth to death. This book contributes to better knowledge of this phenomenon across generations. Félix Neto (Professor of Psychology) Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação Universidade do Porto, Portugal

Download or read book Love in America written by Marina Sarran and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cultural Perspectives on Marriage and Love written by Princewill Lagang and published by Non-Fiction Marriage and Relationship, Inspirational Stories. This book was released on 2023-09-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Title: Cultural Perspectives on Marriage and Love Book Description: Delve into the captivating world of human relationships as you journey through the pages of "Cultural Perspectives on Marriage and Love." This thought-provoking book unravels the intricate tapestry of cultural norms, traditions, and values that shape the ways in which we express affection, navigate conflicts, and celebrate milestones. From arranged marriages to cross-cultural unions, this book takes you on a global exploration of how diverse societies approach love and marriage. Discover the significance of rituals, the influence of family and community, and the evolving dynamics in our modern world. As you immerse yourself in the pages, you'll gain insights into the complexities of cultural communication, the impact of globalization, and the importance of embracing diversity in our relationships. With each chapter, "Cultural Perspectives on Marriage and Love" invites you to expand your horizons, challenge assumptions, and celebrate the unity that arises from the diverse ways we experience and cherish love. Whether you're seeking to enhance your own relationships or simply exploring the richness of human connections, this book will inspire you to appreciate the intricate interplay between culture, love, and commitment.

Download or read book The Varieties of Love as Interpersonal Attraction written by Victor Karandashev and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Varieties of Love as Interpersonal Attraction written by Victor Karandashev and published by Springer. This book was released on 2024-08-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Joining other publications on love by this author, the current volume examines the great varieties of love as interpersonal attraction. Drawing on classical and recent studies from global perspectives, it explores the components, dimensions, and contexts of interpersonal attraction. Its comprehensive coverage includes biological, physical, psychological, social, and cultural perspectives to give a full scientific picture of love as attraction in animals and humans. This book is relevant to professionals and researchers who seek an in-depth knowledge of love and interpersonal attraction, the key aspects of studies in a range of scientific areas.

Download or read book Unwrapping Transcultural Romantic Love Relationships written by Claude-Hélène Mayer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-01 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research study explores the interlinkages of three major themes, namely transcultural romantic love relationships (TRLRs), sense of coherence (SOC), and identity development (ID) in individuals who are presently involved in romantic love relationships (RLR) with partners from different cultural or ethnic backgrounds. The study uses a qualitative research design within the hermeneutical interpretative research paradigm, aiming to understand the interlinkages of TRLR, SOC, and ID. Based on purposive and snowball sampling techniques, the study includes 22 participants (12 female and 10 male) between 23 and 68 years of age, from 14 different (self-defined) cultural backgrounds. At the time of the interview, participants had been in TRLRs for at least 6 months to a maximum of 26 years. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed through content analysis. Qualitative quality criteria and ethical considerations were applied. The findings show that TRLRs are firmly based on relationship qualities, strong feelings, common actions, spirituality, and future orientation. Further, the findings present clear interlinkages between TRLR and SOC, contributing positively to meaningfulness, manageability, and comprehensibility. Finally, TRLRs support SOC on intrapersonal, cultural, and interpersonal levels. In addition, they influence the development of identity awareness, actions, feelings, and sexual SOC. Conclusions, limitations, and recommendations for theory and practice are provided.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Romantic Relationships written by Todd Kennedy Shackelford and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-02-28 with total page 865 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Evolutionary social science is having a renaissance. This volume showcases the empirical and theoretical advancements produced by the evolutionary study of romantic relationships. The editors assembled an international collection of contributors to trace how evolved psychological mechanisms shape strategic computation and behavior across the lifespan of a romantic partnership. Each chapter provides an overview of historic and contemporary research on the psychological mechanisms and processes underlying initiation, maintenance, and dissolution of romantic relationships. Contributors discuss popular and cutting-edge methods for data analysis and theory development, critically analyse the state of evolutionary relationship science, and provide discerning recommendations for future research. The handbook integrates a broad range of topics (e.g., partner preference and selection, competition and conflict, jealousy and mate guarding, parenting, partner loss and divorce, and post-relationship affiliation) that are discussed alongside major sources of strategic variation in mating behavior, such as sex and gender diversity, developmental life history, neuroendocrine processes, technological advancement, and culture. Its content promises to enrich students' and established researchers' views on the current state of the discipline and should challenge a diverse cross-section of relationship scholars and clinicians to incorporate evolutionary theorizing into their professional work"--

Download or read book International Handbook of Love written by Claude-Hélène Mayer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-04 with total page 1123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook includes state-of-the-art research on love in classical, modern and postmodern perspectives. It expands on previous literature and explores topics around love from new cultural, intercultural and transcultural approaches and across disciplines. It provides insights into various love concepts, like romantic love, agape, and eros in their cultural embeddedness, and their changes and developments in specific cultural contexts. It also includes discussions on postmodern aspects with regard to love and love relationships, such as digitalisation, globalisation and the fourth industrial revolution. The handbook covers a vast range of topics in relation to love: aging, health, special needs, sexual preferences, spiritual practice, subcultures, family and other relationships, and so on. The chapters look at love not only in terms of the universal concept and in private, intimate relationships, but apply a broad concept of love which can also, for example, be referred to in postmodern workplaces. This volume is of interest to a wide readership, including researchers, practitioners and students of the social sciences, humanities and behavioural sciences. In the 1970s through the 90s, I was told that globalization was homogenizing cultures into a worldwide monoculture. This volume, as risky and profound as the many adventures of love across our multiplying cultures are, proves otherwise. The authors’ revolutionary and courageous work will challenge our sensibilities and expand the boundaries of what we understand what love is. But that’s what love does: It communicates what is; offers what can be; and pleads for what must be. I know you’ll enjoy this wonderful book as much as I do! Jeffrey Ady, Associate Professor (retired), Public Administration Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Founding Fellow, International Academy for Intercultural Research The International Handbook of Love is far more than a traditional compendium. It is a breath-taking attempt to synthesize our anthropological and sociological knowledge on love. It illuminates topics as diverse as Chinese love, one-night stands, teen romance or love of leaders and many more. This is a definitive reference in the field of love studies. Eva Illouz, author of The End of Love: A sociology of Negative relationships. Oxford University Press. “This is not a volume to be read in a single sitting (though I almost did, due to a protracted hospital stay), nor is it romantic or inspirational reading (though, in some cases, I had hoped for more narrative examples and case studies. Rather it is a highly diverse scholarly effort, a massive resource collection of research papers on love in a variety of contexts, personal and professional settings, and cultures. The work is well referenced providing a large number of resources for deeper exploration. .... We owe our thanks to the authors and editors of this “handbook” for work well done, though that word in the title should not lead readers to suspect that, enlightening as it is, this book is a vade mecum or practical tour guide that provides ready solutions to the vicissitudes and challenges of our love lives!” Reviewed by Dr. George F. Simons on amazon.com ******* Please see Claude-Hélène Mayer’s interview related to the handbook in LeanHealth Talks published by Bernadette Bruckner: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVNXA9sWuWo ******* Please see Claude-Hélène Mayer’s interview related to the handbook published In Iran News Daily: https://newspaper.irandaily.ir/?nid=6941&pid=6&type=0

Download or read book Love s Labyrinth Navigating the Intricacies of Human Connection written by Victoria The Love Guru Foster and published by BornIncredible.com. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Love is the language that transcends all barriers." Discover the depths and complexities of love in "Love's Labyrinth: Navigating the Intricacies of Human Connection." This comprehensive guide examines the many facets of love, from the science behind it to the art of maintaining it. With its extensive exploration of various aspects of love, this book is your ultimate resource for understanding and embracing love in all its forms. Delve into the science of love and learn about the chemistry, psychology, and evolution behind human connections. Unravel the mysteries of love languages, attraction, and communication to build stronger, more fulfilling relationships. Explore the different stages and types of love, as well as the essential role of sexuality, long-distance love, and the challenges and opportunities of love in the digital age. This book also addresses the connections between love and mental health, family life, aging, and cultural perspectives. Uncover the spiritual dimensions of love, and discover the healing power of self-love, forgiveness, and the law of attraction. Learn to overcome relationship obstacles, set healthy boundaries, and navigate love, loss, and grief. "Love's Labyrinth" celebrates the enduring mystery of love and its universal human experience. As you journey through the intricacies of love, you'll gain invaluable insights into the world of human connection and empower yourself to create and maintain deeper, more meaningful relationships. Unlock the secrets of love and transform your life with this essential guide. Table of Contents The Science of Love The chemistry of love: hormones and neurotransmitters The psychology of love: attachment styles and bonding The evolution of love: survival and reproduction The Five Love Languages Words of affirmation Acts of service Receiving gifts Quality time Physical touch Love and Attraction Physical attraction: beauty and symmetry Emotional attraction: empathy and vulnerability Intellectual attraction: shared interests and values The Role of Communication in Love Active listening and empathy Nonverbal communication and body language Conflict resolution and healthy disagreements The Stages of Love Infatuation: the honeymoon phase Deepening: emotional intimacy and trust Commitment: lasting love and partnership The Different Types of Love Romantic love: passion and desire Companionate love: friendship and loyalty Unconditional love: selflessness and acceptance Love and Sexuality The connection between love and sex Maintaining passion and desire in long-term relationships Exploring fantasies and kinks together Long-Distance Love Challenges of long-distance relationships Strategies for maintaining connection and intimacy The role of technology in sustaining long-distance love Love in the Digital Age Online dating: finding love through technology Navigating the complexities of modern love Social media and its impact on relationships Love and Mental Health The impact of love on well-being Coping with heartbreak and loss Supporting a partner with mental health challenges The Art of Maintaining Love Keeping the spark alive: romance and spontaneity The importance of self-care and personal growth Nurturing mutual respect and appreciation Love and Family The transition from partners to parents The role of love in raising children Balancing family life and romantic love Love and Aging Love and companionship in later years Adapting to changes and challenges Rekindling passion and rediscovering love Cultural Perspectives on Love Love in different cultures and traditions The influence of cultural values on love and relationships Cross-cultural love: navigating differences and finding common ground Love and Spirituality The role of spirituality in love and relationships Practices for cultivating loving-kindness and compassion Love as a path to self-discovery and personal growth The Power of Self-Love The importance of self-compassion and self-care Strategies for building self-esteem and self-worth The connection between self-love and healthy relationships Love in Literature and Art The portrayal of love in literature, film, and music The role of art in expressing love and emotions Love as a source of creative inspiration Love and Forgiveness The process of forgiveness and healing The role of empathy and understanding in mending relationships Rebuilding trust and rekindling love after betrayal The Mystery of Soulmates The concept of soulmates and twin flames Destiny and the idea of predestined love The role of personal growth and self-discovery in finding a soulmate Love and the Law of Attraction The power of positive thinking and manifestation Attracting love through self-awareness and self-improvement Creating a love-filled life through intention and gratitude Overcoming Relationship Obstacles Identifying and addressing common relationship challenges Strengthening love through adversity and growth Strategies for maintaining love during difficult times The Healing Power of Love Love as a source of emotional and physical healing The role of love in overcoming trauma and pain Building resilience through love and connection Love and Personal Boundaries The importance of setting healthy boundaries in relationships Strategies for asserting personal needs and limits Balancing individuality and togetherness in love Love, Loss, and Grief Navigating the pain of losing a loved one The stages of grief and the role of love in healing Honoring the memory of a lost love and moving forward The Future of Love The evolving nature of love and relationships The role of technology and societal changes in shaping love Love in an increasingly connected and globalized world The Enduring Mystery of Love The timeless allure of love and its many facets The ongoing quest to understand the nature of love Celebrating love as a universal human experience

Download or read book Social Relationships written by Joseph P. Forgas and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2008-05-28 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human beings are an intrinsically gregarious species - our personal relationships are of immense interest to us and are a key factor in achieving happiness and well being. From the moment of birth, humans crave love and intimacy and we devote much energy to creating and maintaining successful personal relationships throughout our personal and our working lives. However, modern industrialized societies present a particularly challenging environment for sustaining rewarding personal relationships. Understanding how people initiate, develop, maintain, and terminate relationships is one of the core issues in psychology, and the subject matter of this book. Contributors to this volume are all leading researchers in relationship science, and they seek here to explore and integrate the subtle influence that evolutionary, socio-cultural, and intra-psychic (cognitive, affective and motivational) variables play in relationship processes. In addition to discussing the latest advances in areas of relationship research, they also advocate an expanded theoretical approach that incorporates many of the insights gained from evolutionary psychology, social cognition, and research on affect and motivation. The contributions should be highly relevant to researchers, teachers, students, laypersons and to everyone who is interested in the subtleties of human relationships. The book is also highly recommended to clinical, health, and relationship professionals who deal with relationship issues in their daily work.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology written by Jaan Valsiner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-08 with total page 1149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of cultural psychology is to explain the ways in which human cultural constructions -- for example, rituals, stereotypes, and meanings -- organize and direct human acting, feeling, and thinking in different social contexts. A rapidly growing, international field of scholarship, cultural psychology is ready for an interdisciplinary, primary resource. Linking psychology, anthropology, sociology, archaeology, and history, The Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology is the quintessential volume that unites the variable perspectives from these disciplines. Comprised of over fifty contributed chapters, this book provides a necessary, comprehensive overview of contemporary cultural psychology. Bridging psychological, sociological, and anthropological perspectives, one will find in this handbook: - A concise history of psychology that includes valuable resources for innovation in psychology in general and cultural psychology in particular - Interdisciplinary chapters including insights into cultural anthropology, cross-cultural psychology, culture and conceptions of the self, and semiotics and cultural connections - Close, conceptual links with contemporary biological sciences, especially developmental biology, and with other social sciences - A section detailing potential methodological innovations for cultural psychology By comparing cultures and the (often differing) human psychological functions occuring within them, The Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology is the ideal resource for making sense of complex and varied human phenomena.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Parasocial Experiences written by Forster and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-04-28 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Many media users feel as if they are engaging in an interaction or have a personal relationship with people they see in the media. These psychological experiences, that are collectively referred to as parasocial experiences (PSEs). This Handbook offers a thorough synthesis of the fast-growing, international, and multi-disciplinary research of PSEs, celebrating the field's accomplishments to date but also outlining a blueprint for future growth. The book is organized in six sections covering: (1) theoretical, conceptual, and operational definitions of PSEs; (2) theoretical models and state-of-the-art review of research on PSEs across the lifespan; (3) the effects of PSEs on media users' self and their social life (e.g., intergroup relationships, marginalized sexual groups); (3) the effects of PSEs in various contexts such as health, politics, and marketing; and (4) identifying understudied areas of research that call for further investigation (comparative cross-cultural research, marginalized racial/ethnic identities, non-amicable PSRs). In addition to a thorough synthesis of the literature, the handbook identifies several critical theoretical questions that the PSEs research faces today. Across the thematic chapters, the authors debate several overarching critical theoretical issues in PSEs research, such as the boundaries between parasocial and social phenomena and the distinctions between PSEs and other forms of involvement with media. The book also includes a hands-on methodological chapter that provides detailed information about measurement and manipulation of PSEs"--

Download or read book Romantic Passion written by William Jankowiak and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1997-02-13 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observers from the West, the book contends, have incorrectly projected rigid ethnocentric notions of love and marriage onto cultures around the world. Contributors look beyond each society's "official" institutions to explore expressions of love, offering new perspectives on arranged marriages and polygamy and reexaminging as well the other side of the equation: rejection and grief.

Download or read book Love and Intimacy in Online Cross Cultural Relationships written by Wilasinee Pananakhonsab and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-16 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges assumptions about the motivations that drive women from relatively poor, developing countries to use intermarriage dating sites to find partners from relatively wealthy, developed countries. It is generally assumed that economic deprivation or economic opportunities are the main factors, but this book instead focuses on the work of women’s imagination in online cross-cultural relationships, including the role of desire, love and intimacy. The experiences of Thai women are used to explore how they initiate, develop and maintain love and intimacy with Western men across distance and time. The book shows that, in the absence of opportunities to search and meet partners from geographically distant parts of the world, the technology of the internet offers new ways of searching for and managing relationships and has significant consequences for local experiences and expectations of love and partnering. The book will be of interest to scholars and students with an interest in family and intimate life, gender and sexualities, Asian and Thai studies, globalization and nationalism, culture and media, sociology and anthropology.