Download or read book Cost effective Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide NOx Emissions from Electricity Generation written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resources for the Future (RFF), located in Washington, D.C., offers the full text of the December 2000 discussion paper entitled "Cost-effective Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions from Electricity Generation," written by Dallas Burtraw, Karen Palmer, Ranjit Bharvirkar, and Anthony Paul. The text is available in PDF format. The authors examine the benefits and costs of policies to reduce NOx emissions from electricity generation in the United States and suggest the implementation of an annual reduction.

Download or read book Nitrogen oxides NOx why and how they are controlled written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Reducing the Impact of the Power Sector on Ozone Pollution written by Zachary Stines and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is a common air pollutant that has impacts on human health and is a precursor to the formation of tropospheric (ground-level) ozone. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency therefore regulates the emissions of nitrogen oxides through the Clean Air Act and the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Approximately 14% of all NOx emissions are produced by the electric power sector and as a result, regulations are often applied directly to the sector. However despite the success of regulations at reducing the amount of NOx emissions over the last several decades, areas not meeting the ozone NAAQS still persist. Further reductions of emissions using current approaches result in rapidly increasing marginal costs. As a product, new research is needed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of alternative regulatory designs in reducing ground-level ozone. This thesis seeks to evaluate and compare three regulatory designs: undifferentiated pricing, time differentiated pricing, and time and space differentiated pricing. Undifferentiated pricing is used to represent the current Cross-state Air Pollution Rule with constant emissions prices. Time differentiated pricing sets a higher emission price on days designated as having increased ozone formation. Time and space differentiated pricing would operate similarly to time differentiated pricing, except that different emission prices are applied to different regions. A unit commitment model is used to simulate the different regulatory designs for a study region based on the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) and to evaluate the cost and emissions impacts on the system. The short-term impacts result from the redispatching of resources to lower emitting generators and to generators not located within a region marked by higher permit prices. The results show that of the scenarios analyzed, time and space differentiated pricing is cost effective at reducing NOx emission prices in the nonattainment region on high ozone days, while time differentiation was the most cost-effective method at reducing system-wide emissions on high ozone days. The study also demonstrates the importance of the relative price differential between the emission prices of regions when utilizing time and space differentiated pricing. In particular, smaller differentials result in the greatest reduction in both the nonattainment and system-wide emissions. Very large differentials induce a shift of lower emitting gas generation in nonattainment regions to higher emitting coal generation in attainment regions, which increases the net NOx emissions for the system as a whole.

Download or read book Emissions Reduction written by A. Tomita and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-12-18 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade the topic of emissions reduction and control has remained an important area of research due to the enforcement of various Government policies in an attempt to minimize the impact on the environment. One area in which a great deal of research has been conducted to address this policy is NOx/SOx suppression. However, despite the progress that has been made over this time period, further research into the most effective method of reducing NOx/SOx emissions is still urgently required. In developed countries, a more stringent requirement in the level of emissions (such as is NOx/SOx component of less than 10ppm) will be enforced in the near future. Developing countries will also need a new technology that is effective and that is suited to each countries needs. Additional research and development efforts are thus necessary to meet such requirements. This compendium contains a collection of key papers themed around NOx/SOx emissions from combustion of hydrocarbon resources and the attempts to secure an efficient and effective method for reducing these emissions. These key papers are taken from the journals Fuel, Fuel Processing Technology and Progress in Energy and Combustion Science.

Download or read book Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Coal Fired Boilers written by Gene Knight and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2008-08 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Clean Coal Technology Demo. Program (CCTDP) is an effort to demonstrate a new generation of innovative coal utilization processes in a series of facilities built across the country. These projects are carried out on a commercial scale to prove technical feasibility and provide the info. required for future applications. Projects have demonstrated technical options with the potential to meet the needs of energy markets while satisfying environ. requirements. Part of this program is the demo. of technologies designed to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from existing coal-fired utility boilers. This report summarizes the status of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for the control of NOx emissions from high-sulfur, coal-fired boilers. Illus.

Download or read book Uncertainty and the Cost effectiveness of Regional NOx Emissions Reductions from Electricity Generation written by Dallas Burtraw and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book NOx State Implementation Plans written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cost effective Nitrogen Oxide NOx Control in the Eastern United States written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resources for the Future (RFF), located in Washington, D.C., offers the full text of the April 2000 discussion paper entitled "Cost-effective Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Control in the Eastern United States," written by Alan Krupnick and others. The text is available in PDF format. This paper discusses many aspects of the debate over the appropriate approach for incentive reductions in NOx emissions from point sources beyond those called for in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.

Download or read book The Power of Renewables written by Chinese Academy of Engineering and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-01-29 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States and China are the world's top two energy consumers and, as of 2010, the two largest economies. Consequently, they have a decisive role to play in the world's clean energy future. Both countries are also motivated by related goals, namely diversified energy portfolios, job creation, energy security, and pollution reduction, making renewable energy development an important strategy with wide-ranging implications. Given the size of their energy markets, any substantial progress the two countries make in advancing use of renewable energy will provide global benefits, in terms of enhanced technological understanding, reduced costs through expanded deployment, and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to conventional generation from fossil fuels. Within this context, the U.S. National Academies, in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), reviewed renewable energy development and deployment in the two countries, to highlight prospects for collaboration across the research to deployment chain and to suggest strategies which would promote more rapid and economical attainment of renewable energy goals. Main findings and concerning renewable resource assessments, technology development, environmental impacts, market infrastructure, among others, are presented. Specific recommendations have been limited to those judged to be most likely to accelerate the pace of deployment, increase cost-competitiveness, or shape the future market for renewable energy. The recommendations presented here are also pragmatic and achievable.

Download or read book New and Future Developments in Catalysis written by Steven L Suib and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-07-19 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New and Future Developments in Catalysis is a package of seven books that compile the latest ideas concerning alternate and renewable energy sources and the role that catalysis plays in converting new renewable feedstock into biofuels and biochemicals. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic processes will be discussed in a unified and comprehensive approach. There will be extensive cross-referencing within all volumes.The use of solar energy during various catalytic chemical processes for the production of an array of chemical products is the theme of this volume. Photocatalysis is a topic of increasing importance due to its essential role in many of today’s environmental and energy source problems. The use of solar energy for catalytic reactions results in a carbon dioxide–neutral process. All photocatalytic processes and the future developments in this area are discussed, including an economic analysis of the various processes. Offers in-depth coverage of all catalytic topics of current interest and outlines future challenges and research areas A clear and visual description of all parameters and conditions, enabling the reader to draw conclusions for a particular case Outlines the catalytic processes applicable to energy generation and design of green processes

Download or read book Nitrogen Oxides Control Technology Fact Book written by and published by Noyes Publications. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 635 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes international technologies for controlling NOx emissions, primarily from coal combustion. Over 115 control systems are documented with, as available, system descriptions, process applications, pollution reduction capability, system diagram, supplier/manufacturer.

Download or read book Going Nuclear for Climate Mitigation and Energy Systems Modeling of Carbon Dioxide and Air Pollution Taxes written by Michael Buchdahl Roth and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The consumption of energy in the United States (U.S.) results in the emission of both carbon dioxide (CO2), which damages the atmosphere, and local air pollutants (LAP), which causes damage to human health and the environment. In this thesis, I assess the efficacy of different policy strategies focusing on the abatement of CO2, LAP, and both simultaneously. The thesis begins by examining whether preserving existing nuclear plants is a cost-effective means for avoiding CO2 emissions. Following the nuclear analysis, I broaden the scope of my work to include all sectors of the U.S. energy system. Using the Environmental Protection Agency’s TIMES model, I simulate energy-system taxes on CO2 as well as on LAPs, including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter 2.5 micro-meters in diameter and below (PM2.5). Additionally, I compare the efficacy of LAP tax scenarios at a national and regional level. Across Chapters 3-4, I compare total emissions across multiple simulated tax scenarios to a business as usual scenario. Additionally, using integrated assessment reduced complexity models, I estimate damages from CO2 and LAPs emissions across these scenarios. To measure the efficiency of tax scenarios in this thesis, I model the net-benefits compared to BAU across multiple environmental policies. In Chapter 2, I examine whether preserving existing U.S. nuclear power plants is a cost-effective strategy to avoid CO2 emissions. I perform a Monte Carlo-based analysis to determine the break-even price of electricity that each U.S. nuclear plant must receive in order to avoid financial loses between 2015 and 2040. Subsequently, I model nuclear power plant revenue under four separate future prices of electricity. Under the lowest electric price trajectory, my modeled results suggest that nuclear power plants would require a subsidy in order to break-even. Under the low electric price scenario, assuming natural gas combined-cycle power plants would replace nuclear power plants, I estimate the median cost of avoided CO2 emissions to range from $18-$30 per metric ton of avoided CO2 for multi-reactor plants, and $47-$97 per metric ton of avoided CO2 for single reactor plants (2014$). In Chapter 3, I simulate business as usual as well as two CO2 tax policies from 2015 to 2030 on the United States energy system, using the TIMES optimization model. I find limited near-term decarbonization opportunities outside of the power generation sector, which results in substantial and enduring CO2 tax revenue through 2030. Second, because the social cost of carbon, and therefore the optimal CO2 tax, is uncertain, I perform analysis comparing the deadweight loss associated with picking the wrong, non-optimal CO2 tax. Due to the convex nature of the CO2 abatement cost curve implicit in the TIMES model, I find that it is more efficient to tax high when the social cost of carbon is low, versus taxing low when the social cost of carbon is high. Additionally, I quantify the co-benefits of LAP emissions reductions that occur under both CO2 tax policies. In Chapter 4, I use energy system and integrated assessment models for air pollution to estimate the consequences of LAP and CO2 policy on technology choice, emissions, and pollution damages in the U.S. economy. Chapter 4 explores various combinations of policies targeting just CO2, just LAPs, and both types of pollutants simultaneously. One goal is to assess whether simultaneous tax policies on both LAPs and CO2 are needed or whether significant spillovers merit control of only LAPs or CO2. I find substantial spillovers across policies, that a scenario taxing both CO2 and LAPs simultaneously produces the highest net-benefits, as opposed to scenarios that target either CO2 or LAPs, and that the timing of taxes is important with regard to technology lock-in in the electric sector. Also in Chapter 4, I simulate national and regional taxes levied on the emission of LAPs from the U.S. energy system. I estimate the efficiency gains, relative to BAU, from taxation of LAPs under two systems: in one scenario taxes are set to the emission-weighted average marginal damage on a national level and the other employs a 9-region taxation system on SO2, NOx, and PM2.5, where the regions are defined according to U.S. census regions. I find that both national and regional taxes induce substantial and nearly identical reductions in the emissions of SO2, NOx, and PM2.5. Importantly, across regions and sectors, there is not a substantial difference in emissions between the national and regional tax scenarios. As a result, the modeled welfare gains stemming from policy differentiation are minimal. It is important to note that the lack of an increase in net-benefits between the national and regional tax scenarios is likely due to the lack of additional abatement options built into TIMES, which does not allow additional regional abatement in many sectors, regardless of whether there is a substantial tax increase.

Download or read book Choosing Environmental Policy written by Winston Harrington and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-09-30 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The two distinct approaches to environmental policy include direct regulation-sometimes called 'command and control' policies-and regulation by economic, or market-based incentives. This book is the first to compare the costs and outcomes of these approaches by examining realworld applications. In a unique format, paired case studies from the United States and Europe contrast direct regulation on one side of the Atlantic with an incentivebased policy on the other. For example, Germany‘s direct regulation of SO2 emissions is compared with an incentive approach in the U.S. Direct regulation of water pollution via the U.S. Clean Water Act is contrasted with Hollands incentive-based fee system. Additional studies contrast solutions for eliminating leaded gasoline and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions, CFCs, and chlorinated solvents. The cases presented in Choosing Environmental Policy were selected to allow the sharpest, most direct comparisons of direct regulation and incentive-based strategies. In practice, environmental policy is often a mix of both types of instruments. This innovative investigation will interest scholars, students, and policymakers who want more precise information as to what kind of 'blend' will yield the most effective policy. Are incentive instruments more efficient than regulatory ones? Do regulatory policies necessarily have higher administrative costs? Are incentive policies more difficult to monitor? Are firms more likely to oppose market-based instruments or traditional regulation? These are some of the important questions the authors address, often with surprising results.

Download or read book Valuing Climate Damages written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-06-23 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The social cost of carbon (SC-CO2) is an economic metric intended to provide a comprehensive estimate of the net damages - that is, the monetized value of the net impacts, both negative and positive - from the global climate change that results from a small (1-metric ton) increase in carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Under Executive Orders regarding regulatory impact analysis and as required by a court ruling, the U.S. government has since 2008 used estimates of the SC-CO2 in federal rulemakings to value the costs and benefits associated with changes in CO2 emissions. In 2010, the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases (IWG) developed a methodology for estimating the SC-CO2 across a range of assumptions about future socioeconomic and physical earth systems. Valuing Climate Changes examines potential approaches, along with their relative merits and challenges, for a comprehensive update to the current methodology. This publication also recommends near- and longer-term research priorities to ensure that the SC- CO2 estimates reflect the best available science.

Download or read book Nitrogen Oxides Emission Control Through Reburning with Biomass in Coal fired Power Plants written by Senthilvasan Arumugam and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxides of nitrogen from coal-fired power stations are considered to be major pollutants, and there is increasing concern for regulating air quality and offsetting the emissions generated from the use of energy. Reburning is an in-furnace, combustion control technology for NOx reduction. Another environmental issue that needs to be addressed is the rapidly growing feedlot industry in the United States. The production of biomass from one or more animal species is in excess of what can safely be applied to farmland in accordance with nutrient management plans and stockpiled waste poses economic and environmental liabilities. In the present study, the feasibility of using biomass as a reburn fuel in existing coal-fired power plants is considered. It is expected to utilize biomass as a low-cost, substitute fuel and an agent to control emission. The successful development of this technology will create environment-friendly, low cost fuel source for the power industry, provide means for an alternate method of disposal of biomass, and generate a possible revenue source for feedlot operators. In the present study, the effect of coal, cattle manure or feedlot biomass, and blends of biomass with coal on the ability to reduce NOx were investigated in the Texas A & M University 29.31 kW (100,000 Btu/h) reburning facility. The facility used a mixture of propane and ammonia to generate the 600 ppm NOx in the primary zone. The reburn fuel was injected using air. The stoichiometry tested were 1.00 to 1.20 in the reburn zone. Two types of injectors, circular jet and fan spray injectors, which produce different types of mixing within the reburn zone, were studied to find their effect on NOx emissions reduction. The flat spray injector performed better in all cases. With the injection of biomass as reburn fuel with circular jet injector the maximum NOx reduction was 29.9 % and with flat spray injector was 62.2 %. The mixing time was estimated in model set up as 936 and 407 ms. The maximum NOx reduction observed with coal was 14.4 % and with biomass it was 62.2 % and the reduction with blends lay between that of coal and biomass.

Download or read book Cost Effective Control of NOx with Integrated Ultra Low NOx Burners and SNCR written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Impact of Heterogeneous NOx Regulations on Distributed Electricity Generation in US Manufacturing written by Jonathan Lee and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US EPA's command-and-control NOx policies of the early 1990s are associated with a 3.1 percentage point reduction in the likelihood of manufacturing plants vertically integrating the electricity generation process. During the same period California adopted a cap-and-trade program for NOx emissions that resulted in no significant impact on distributed electricity generation in manufacturing. These results suggest that traditional command-and-control approaches to air pollution may exacerbate other market failures such as the energy efficiency gap, because distributed generation is generally recognized as a more energy efficient means of producing electricity.