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Book Core Plus Mathematics  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Core Plus Mathematics What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Core-Plus Mathematics" is a four-year curriculum that replaces the traditional sequence with courses that each feature interwoven strands of algebra and functions, statistics and probability, geometry and trigonometry, and discrete mathematics. The first three courses in the series provide a common core of broadly useful mathematics, while the fourth continues the preparation of students for college mathematics and statistics courses. The curriculum emphasizes mathematical modeling, using technology to emphasize reasoning with multiple representations (verbal, numerical, graphical, and symbolic) and to focus on goals in which mathematical thinking and problem solving are central. Instructional materials promote active learning and teaching centered around collaborative small-group investigations of problem situations, followed by teacher-led whole-class summarizing activities that lead to analysis, abstraction, and further application of underlying mathematical ideas. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) reviewed 17 studies on "Core-Plus Mathematics" for high school students. One of these studies meets WWC evidence standards with reservations; the remaining 16 studies do not meet either WWC evidence standards or eligibility screens. Based on the one study, the WWC found potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement for high school students. The conclusions presented in this report may change as new research emerges. Appendices include: (1) Study characteristics: Schoen & Hirsch, 2002; (2) Outcome measures for the mathematics achievement domain; (3) Summary of study findings included in the rating for the mathematics achievement domain; (4) Summary of subgroup findings for the mathematics achievement domain; (5) "Core-Plus Mathematics" rating for the mathematics achievement domain; and (6) Extent of evidence by domain. (Contains 6 footnotes.).

Book Saxon Math  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Saxon Math What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Saxon Math," published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, is a core curriculum for students in grades K-5. A distinguishing feature of the curriculum is its use of an incremental approach for instruction and assessment. This approach limits the amount of new math content delivered to students each day and allows time for daily practice. New concepts are introduced gradually and integrated with previously introduced content so that concepts are developed, reviewed, and practiced over time rather than being taught during discrete periods of time, such as in chapters or units. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) identified 26 studies that investigated the effects of "Saxon Math" on the math performance of elementary school students. The WWC reviewed 14 of those studies against group design evidence standards. One study (Agodini, Harris, Thomas, Murphy, & Gallagher, 2010) is a randomized controlled trial that meets WWC evidence standards without reservations, and one study (Resendez & Manley, 2005) is a quasi-experimental design that meets WWC evidence standards with reservations. Those two studies are summarized in this report. Twelve studies do not meet WWC evidence standards. The remaining 12 studies do not meet WWC eligibility screens for review in this topic area. Appended are: (1) Research details for Agodini et al. (2010); (2) Research details for Resendez and Manley (2005); (3) Outcome measures for the mathematics achievement domain; (4) Findings included in the rating for the mathematics achievement domain; and (5) Summary of supplemental findings for the mathematics achievement domain. A glossary of terms is included. (Contains 5 tables and 10 endnotes.).

Book Accelerated Math  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Accelerated Math What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Accelerated Math" software creates individualized assignments aligned with state standards and national guidelines, scores student work, and generates reports on student progress. The software can be used in conjunction with the existing math curriculum to add practice components and potentially aid teachers in differentiating instruction through the program's progress-monitoring data. Studies in this review assess the effectiveness of "Accelerated Math" as part of a school's core math curriculum. What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) reviewed 38 studies on "Accelerated Math." None meet WWC evidence standards; three studies meet WWC evidence standards with reservations; the remaining 35 studies do not meet either WWC evidence standards or eligibility screens. Based on the three studies, the WWC found no discernible effects in math achievement. The conclusions presented in this report may change as new research emerges. Five appendixes are included: (1) Study Characteristics; (2) Outcome measures for the math achievement domain; (3) Summary of study findings included in the rating for the math achievement domain; (4) "Accelerated Math" rating for the math achievement domain; and (5) Extent of evidence by domain. (Contains 9 footnotes.).

Book EnVisionMATH  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book EnVisionMATH What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "EnVisionMATH," published by Pearson Education, Inc., is a core curriculum for students in kindergarten through grade 6. The program seeks to help students develop an understanding of math concepts through problem-based instruction, small-group interaction, and visual learning with a focus on reasoning and modeling. Differentiated instruction and ongoing assessment are used to meet the needs of students at all ability levels. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) identified one study of "enVisionMATH" that both falls within the scope of the Elementary School Mathematics topic area and meets WWC evidence standards. The study meets WWC evidence standards without reservations, and included 1,156 elementary school students in the second and fourth grades in eight locations across the United States. The WWC considers the extent of evidence for "enVisionMath" on the math performance of elementary school students to be small for the mathematics achievement domain, the only outcome domain examined for studies reviewed under the Elementary School Mathematics topic area. "enVisionMath" was found to have potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement for elementary school students. Appended are: (1) Research details for Resendez & Azin, 2008; (2) Outcome measures for each domain; (3) Findings included in the rating for the mathematics achievement domain; and (4) Description of supplemental findings for Year 2 for the mathematics. A glossary is included. (Contains 4 tables, 6 endnotes and 1 additional source.).

Book MathThematics  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book MathThematics What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "MathThematics" is a mathematics curriculum for grades 6 through 8 that combines activity-based, discovery learning with direct instruction. The textbook for each grade level has eight instructional modules, with each module focused on a theme. Open-ended questions and projects are utilized throughout the curriculum to assess problem-solving skills and the ability to communicate mathematically. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) identified seven studies of "MathThematics" that were published or released between 1983 and 2008. Of the five studies of "MathThematics" that fall within the scope of the Middle School Math review, none meet WWC evidence standards. The lack of studies meeting WWC evidence standards means that, at this time, the WWC is unable to draw any conclusions based on research about the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of "MathThematics." (Contains 1 footnote.).

Book Standards based School Mathematics Curricula

Download or read book Standards based School Mathematics Curricula written by Sharon L. Senk and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-07-24 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics published by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in 1989 set forth a broad vision of mathematical content and pedagogy for grades K-12 in the United States. These Standards prompted the development of Standards-based mathematics curricula. What features characterize Standards-based curricula? How well do such curricula work? To answer these questions, the editors invited researchers who had investigated the implementation of 12 different Standards-based mathematics curricula to describe the effects of these curricula on students' learning and achievement, and to provide evidence for any claims they made. In particular, authors were asked to identify content on which performance of students using Standards-based materials differed from that of students using more traditional materials, and content on which performance of these two groups of students was virtually identical. Additionally, four scholars not involved with the development of any of the materials were invited to write critical commentaries on the work reported in the other chapters. Section I of Standards-Based School Mathematics Curricula provides a historical background to place the current curriculum reform efforts in perspective, a summary of recent recommendations to reform school mathematics, and a discussion of issues that arise when conducting research on student outcomes. Sections II, III, and IV are devoted to research on mathematics curriculum projects for elementary, middle, and high schools, respectively. The final section is a commentary by Jeremy Kilpatrick, Regents Professor of Mathematics Education at the University of Georgia, on the research reported in this book. It provides a historical perspective on the use of research to guide mathematics curriculum reform in schools, and makes additional recommendations for further research. In addition to the references provided at the end of each chapter, other references about the Standards-based curriculum projects are provided at the end of the book. This volume is a valuable resource for all participants in discussions about school mathematics curricula--including professors and graduate students interested in mathematics education, curriculum development, program evaluation, or the history of education; educational policy makers; teachers; parents; principals and other school administrators. The editors hope that the large body of empirical evidence and the thoughtful discussion of educational values found in this book will enable readers to engage in informed civil discourse about the goals and methods of school mathematics curricula and related research.

Book Connected Mathematics Project  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Connected Mathematics Project What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) Washington, DC. and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "Connected Mathematics Project" is a problem-centered mathematics curriculum designed to help students in grades 6 to 8 develop mathematical knowledge, understanding, and skills. It contains eight student units for each grade level and covers five content strands: number and operations, geometry, measurement, data analysis and probability, and algebra. Characterized by an inquiry mode, instruction is conducted in three phases: launch, explore, and summarize.

Book Odyssey Math  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Odyssey Math What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Odyssey Math," published by CompassLearning[R], is an interactive, software-based K-8 mathematics curriculum. It includes individualized instructional and assessment tools, as well as an administrative function that allows teachers to track student performance and progress and to generate reports. Lessons employ real-world contexts in which students can apply ideas, tools, and manipulatives, and they allow for individualized assessment and instruction. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) identified 23 studies of "Odyssey Math" that were published or released between 1983 and 2008. Five studies are out of the scope of the review because they have an ineligible study design that does not meet WWC evidence standards; an additional fifteen studies are out of the scope of the review, as defined by the Middle School Math protocol, for reasons other than study design. The remaining three studies are withing the scope of the review and have an eligible design, but do not meet WWC evidence standards. The lack of studies meeting WWC evidence standards means that, at this time, the WWC is unable to draw any conclusions based on research about the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of "Odyssey Math." (Contains 3 footnotes.).

Book Bridges in Mathematics  WWC Intervention Report

Download or read book Bridges in Mathematics WWC Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Bridges in Mathematics," published by the Math Learning Center (MLC), is an elementary school math curriculum covering kindergarten through fifth grade that focuses on problem solving and skill building, and applies a combination of whole-group, small-group, and independent activities. Lessons incorporate visual models, including manipulatives, to reinforce learning. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) identified 23 studies of "Bridges in Mathematics" that were published or released between 1985 and 2008: four studies are out of the scope of the review protocol because they have an ineligible study design that does not meet WWC evidence standards; one study is out of the scope of the Elementary School Math review protocol because it is not a study of effectiveness; and eighteen studies are within the scope of the review protocol and have an eligible design, but do not meet WWC evidence standards. The lack of studies meeting WWC evidence standards means that, at this time, the WWC is unable to draw any conclusions based on research about the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of "Bridges in Mathematics."

Book Everyday Mathematics  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Everyday Mathematics What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Everyday Mathematics," published by Wright Group/McGraw-Hill, is a core curriculum for students in kindergarten through grade 6 covering numeration and order, operations, functions and sequences, data and chance, algebra, geometry and spatial sense, measures and measurement, reference frames, and patterns. At each grade level, the "Everyday Mathematics" curriculum provides students with multiple opportunities to learn concepts and practice skills. Across grade levels, concepts are reviewed and extended in varying instructional contexts. The distinguishing features of "Everyday Mathematics" are its focus on real-life problem solving, student communication of mathematical thinking, and appropriate use of technology. This curriculum also emphasizes balancing different types of instruction, using various methods for skills practice, and fostering parent involvement in student learning. Four studies of "Everyday Mathematics" met the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) evidence standards with reservations. These studies included a total of approximately 12,600 students in grades 3-5 from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds and attending schools in urban, suburban, and rural communities in multiple states. "Everyday Mathematics" was found to have potentially positive effects on students' mathematics achievement. Appended are: (1) Study Characteristics: Carroll, 1998 (Quasi-Experimental Design); (2) Study Characteristics: Riordan & Noyce, 2001 (Quasi-Experimental Design); (3) Study Characteristics: Waite, 2000 (Quasi-Experimental Design); (4) Study Characteristics: Woodward & Baxter, 1997 (Quasi-Experimental Design); (5) Outcome Measures in the Mathematics Achievement Domain; (6) Summary of Study Findings Included in the Rating for the Mathematics Achievement Domain; (7) Summary of Subtest Findings in the Mathematics Achievement Domain; and (8) Rating for the Mathematics Achievement Domain. (Contains 19 footnotes.) [This publication was produced by the What Works Clearinghouse. The following studies were reviewed in this intervention report: (1) Carroll, W. M. (1998). Geometric knowledge of middle school students in a reform-based mathematics curriculum. "School Science and Mathematics," 98(4), 188-197; (2) Riordan, J., & Noyce, P. (2001). The impact of two standards-based mathematics curricula on student achievement in Massachusetts. "Journal for Research in Mathematics Education," 32(4), 368-398; (3) Waite, R. (2000). A study of the effects of "Everyday Mathematics" on student achievement of third-, fourth-, and fifth- grade students in a large North Texas Urban School District. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas, Denton; and (4) Woodward, J., & Baxter, J. (1997). The effects of an innovative approach to mathematics on academically low achieving students in inclusive settings. "Exceptional Children," 63(3), 373-388.].

Book Everyday Mathematics  Revised  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Everyday Mathematics Revised What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Everyday Mathematics," published by Wright Group/McGraw-Hill, is a core curriculum for students in kindergarten through grade 6 covering numeration and order, operations, functions and sequences, data and chance, algebra, geometry and spatial sense, measures and measurement, reference frames, and patterns. At each grade level, the "Everyday Mathematics" curriculum provides students with multiple opportunities to learn concepts and practice skills. Across grade levels, concepts are reviewed and extended in varying instructional contexts. The distinguishing features of "Everyday Mathematics" are its focus on real-life problem solving, student communication of mathematical thinking, and appropriate use of technology. This curriculum also emphasizes balancing different types of instruction, using various methods for skills practice, and fostering parent involvement in student learning. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) reviewed 61 studies on "Everyday Mathematics." Of these, four studies met the WWC evidence standards with reservations. These studies included a total of approximately 12,600 students in grades 3-5 from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds and attending schools in urban, suburban, and rural communities in multiple states. These four studies found potentially positive effects on math achievement. (Contains 4 footnotes.) [This publication was produced by the What Works Clearinghouse. The following studies are reviewed in this intervention report: (1) Carroll, W. M. (1998). Geometric knowledge of middle school students in a reform-based mathematics curriculum. "School Science and Mathematics," 98(4), 188-197; (2) Riordan, J. E., & Noyce, P. E. (2001). The impact of two standards-based mathematics curricula on student achievement in Massachusetts. "Journal for Research in Mathematics Education," 32(4), 368-398; (3) Waite, R. D. (2000). A study of the effects of Everyday Mathematics on student achievement of third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students in alarge north Texas urban school district. "Dissertation Abstracts International," 61(10), 3933A. (UMI No. 9992659); and (4) Woodward, J., & Baxter, J. (1997). The effects of an innovative approach to mathematics on academically low-achieving students in inclusive settings. "Exceptional Children," 63(3), 373-388.].

Book Houghton Mifflin Mathematics  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Houghton Mifflin Mathematics What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Houghton Mifflin Mathematics" is a core curriculum for kindergarten through grade 6 students at all ability levels. According to its developer, "Houghton Mifflin Mathematics" emphasizes the five content strands and processes recommended by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Standards. At each grade level the program focuses on basic skills development, problem solving, and vocabulary expansion to help students master key math concepts. The program incorporates assessments--including lesson-level interventions to meet the needs of all learners--to monitor student' progress. Students practice daily math lessons through instructional software, enrichment worksheets, manipulatives, and workbooks in addition to student textbooks. Two studies of "Houghton Mifflin Mathematics" met What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) evidence standards with reservations. The two studies included students in grades 2-5 from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, racial groups, and math performance levels. Students came from more than 800 schools in urban, suburban, and rural communities in California, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, New Jersey, New York, and South Carolina. Based on these two studies, WWC found "Houghton Mifflin Mathematics" to have no discernible effects on mathematics achievement. (Contains 6 footnotes.) [This publication was produced by the What Works Clearinghouse. The following two studies are reviewed in this intervention report: (1) Johnson, J., & Hall, M. (2003). "Technical report: Houghton Mifflin California math performance evaluation." Raleigh, NC: EDSTAR, Inc.; and (2) EDSTAR, Inc. (2004). "Large-scale evaluation of student achievement in districts using Houghton Mifflin." Raleigh-Durham, NC: Author.].

Book Everyday Mathematics    What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report  Updated November 2015

Download or read book Everyday Mathematics What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report Updated November 2015 written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "Everyday Mathematicsʼ" curriculum aims to provide students in prekindergarten through grade 6 with multiple opportunities to learn math concepts and practice skills. Since the release of the WWC's 2010 Everyday Mathematics report, the curriculum continues to be widely used and evaluated. This updated review includes 30 studies that were not in the 2010 report. Despite the new research, no additional studies meet WWC design standards and therefore, the WWC rating remains unchanged. Based on the research, the program was found to have potentially positive effects on math achievement for elementary students. The following are appended: (1) Research details for Waite, 2000; (2) Outcome measures for the mathematics achievement domain; (3) Findings included in the rating for the mathematics achievement domain; and (4) Description of supplemental findings for the mathematics achievement domain. A glossary of terms is provided. [For the 2010 edition of this report see ED511794.].

Book Odyssey   Math  What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Odyssey Math What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Odysseyʼ Math is a web-based program developed by Compass Learningʼ for mathematics instruction in grades K-8. The online program includes a mathematics curriculum and formative assessments designed to support differentiated and data-driven instruction. Based on assessment results, the program generates an individualized sequence of mathematics topics and skills-a "learning path." Odysseyʼ Math is often used as a prescriptive tool, where students can start by taking a diagnostic assessment aligned with local or state standards. Teachers can modify learning paths to match their lesson plans or to align them with district scopes and sequences. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) identified three studies of Odysseyʼ Math that both fall within the scope of the Primary Mathematics topic area and meet WWC group design standards. Two studies meet WWC group design standards without reservations, and one study meets WWC group design standards with reservations. Together, these studies included 2,768 students in grades 4-8 in 41 schools. The WWC considers the extent of evidence for Odysseyʼ Math on the mathematics achievement of primary students to be medium to large for the mathematics achievement domain, the only domain examined for studies reviewed under the Primary Mathematics topic area. (See the Effectiveness Summary on p. 4 for more details of effectiveness for the mathematics achievement domain.) The Following are appended: (1) Research details for DiLeo (2007); (2) Outcome measures for the Mathematics Achievement Domain;and (3) Findings Included in the rating for the Mathematics Achievement Domain. A Glossary of terms is provided. (3).

Book Core plus Mathematics

Download or read book Core plus Mathematics written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Connected Mathematics Project  CMP   What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Download or read book Connected Mathematics Project CMP What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report written by What Works Clearinghouse (ED) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "Connected Mathematics Project" ("CMP") is a mathematics curriculum designed for students in grades 6-8. Each grade level of the curriculum is a full-year program and covers numbers, algebra, geometry/measurement, probability, and statistics. The curriculum uses an investigative approach, and students utilize interactive problems and everyday situations to learn math concepts. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) reviewed 79 studies of "CMP." No studies of "CMP" meet WWC evidence standards, and one study meets WWC evidence standards with reservations. The one study included more than 12,000 students from grades 6-8 in Texas. Based on this study, the WWC considers the extent of evidence for "CMP" to be small for math achievement. "CMP" was found to have no discernible effects on math achievement. Appended to this report are: (1) Study characteristics: Schneider, 2000 (quasi-experimental design); (2) Outcome measure for the math achievement domain; (3) Summary of study findings included in the rating for the math achievement domain; (4) Summary of cohort findings for the math achievement domain; (5) "CMP" rating for the math achievement domain; and (6) Extent of evidence by domain. (Contains 9 notes.) [The following study is reviewed in this intervention report: Schneider, C. L. (2000). "Connected Mathematics and the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills" (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(02), 503A. (UMI No. 3004373). For previous WWC intervention reports on the "Connected Mathematics Project," see ED499297 (2007) and ED485389 (2004).].

Book The Experimental Side of Modeling

Download or read book The Experimental Side of Modeling written by Isabelle F. Peschard and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2018-10-02 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An innovative, multifaceted approach to scientific experiments as designed by and shaped through interaction with the modeling process The role of scientific modeling in mediation between theories and phenomena is a critical topic within the philosophy of science, touching on issues from climate modeling to synthetic models in biology, high energy particle physics, and cognitive sciences. Offering a radically new conception of the role of data in the scientific modeling process as well as a new awareness of the problematic aspects of data, this cutting-edge volume offers a multifaceted view on experiments as designed and shaped in interaction with the modeling process. Contributors address such issues as the construction of models in conjunction with scientific experimentation; the status of measurement and the function of experiment in the identification of relevant parameters; how the phenomena under study are reconceived when accounted for by a model; and the interplay between experimenting, modeling, and simulation when results do not mesh. Highlighting the mediating role of models and the model-dependence (as well as theory-dependence) of data measurement, this volume proposes a normative and conceptual innovation in scientific modeling—that the phenomena to be investigated and modeled must not be precisely identified at the start but specified during the course of the interactions arising between experimental and modeling activities. Contributors: Nancy D. Cartwright, U of California, San Diego; Anthony Chemero, U of Cincinnati; Ronald N. Giere, U of Minnesota; Jenann Ismael, U of Arizona; Tarja Knuuttila, U of South Carolina; Andrea Loettgers, U of Bern, Switzerland; Deborah Mayo, Virginia Tech; Joseph Rouse, Wesleyan U; Paul Teller, U of California, Davis; Michael Weisberg, U of Pennsylvania; Eric Winsberg, U of South Florida.