Download or read book Control of Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne L Spp Multiflorum Lam Husnot in Wheat Triticum Spp and Evaluation of Resistance to Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Inhibiting Herbicides written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Control of Italian ryegrass is important to Tennessee wheat producers. Control of Italian ryegrass has become more difficult over the years due to diclofop resistance. Italian ryegrass resistance to diclofop has been documented in several countries including the US. Tennessee producers have begun to notice that ryegrass escapes are becoming more prevalent than in years past. The purpose of this research was to use glasshouse methods to screen selected populations of Italian ryegrass for resistance to diclofop and to a more recent wheat herbicide pinoxaden and to utilize field experiments to develop herbicide programs for control Italian ryegrass in the field. Resistance to diclofop was found in eight TN populations. The eight populations did not show cross-resistance to pinoxaden. One population from Union County, NC (R1) was found to be resistant to both diclofop and pinoxaden. The level of resistance to pinoxaden of the R1 population was 14 x that of the susceptible population. Field experiments demonstrated preemergence (PRE) Italian ryegrass control with chlorsulfuron (71 to 94%) and flufenacet + metribuzin (84 to 96%). Italian ryegrass control with pendimethalin applied PRE or delayed preemergence (DPRE) was variable (0 to 85%). Postemergence control of Italian ryegrass was good with pinoxaden, mesosulfuron, flufenacet + metribuzin, and chlorsulfuron + flucarbazone (>80%). Timing of application and herbicide treatment had no effect upon wheat yield, except for diclofop and pendimethalin treatments where Italian ryegrass was not controlled. Pinoxaden is in the phenylpyrazolin herbicide family which offers control of Italian ryegrass but is not toxic to wheat. Pinoxaden has only been on the market for three years yet several wheat producers have suspected resistance in Italian ryegrass biotypes. An experiment was conducted to identify Italian ryegrass biotypes resistant to pinoxaden and to determine the mechanism of resistance using derived Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (dCAPS) methods. Two populations were found resistant to pinoxaden, one from the state of Washington (R2) and the other from North Carolina (R1). The substitution of isoleucine by leucine at the 1781 ACCase residue was identified in the R1 biotype but not in the R2. The NC1 biotype is the first known pinoxaden resistant Italian ryegrass population to be documented having the 1781 target-site mutation.

Download or read book Distribution and Control of Herbicide resistant Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne L Ssp Multiflorum Lam Husnot in Arkansas written by James Walker Dickson and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass populations have evolved resistance to herbicides that producers rely on for weed control both in wheat and burn-down. The objectives of this research were to: test populations of Italian ryegrass from across Arkansas for resistance to glyphosate, diclofop, pinoxaden, and pyroxsulam; determine if there were any differences in control of 12 glyphosate-resistant populations in relation to glyphosate rate or application timing; determine the level of glyphosate resistance in one selected population versus a susceptible standard and a previously discovered glyphosate-resistant population; and determine the best options for controlling Italian ryegrass prior to planting crops. A total of 215 population samples were tested. On average 17% of the samples were resistant to glyphosate, 95% were resistant to diclofop, 64% were resistant to pyroxsulam, and 12% were resistant to pinoxaden. A few were resistant to all four chemistries tested. Control of glyphosate-resistant populations was improved with the high rate of glyphosate at the three- to four-tiller growth stage; however, results for individual populations were variable. When averaged across populations, no rate or timing of glyphosate controlled these resistant populations greater than 62%. One population was found to be 23 times more tolerant to glyphosate than a susceptible standard. Three field experiments were conducted for Italian ryegrass control in the spring, in no-till production in the fall, and following fall tillage. Herbicide applications in the spring were unsuccessful, especially when glyphosate is not an option. Even when postemergence (POST) treatments visually controlled ryegrass at least 80%, enough ryegrass residue remained that would cause problems with spring tillage, planting, and overall crop stand establishment. In the fall-tilled study, the residual herbicides flumioxazin plus S-metolachlor, S-metolachlor, clomazone, and pyroxasulfone applied immediately following fall tillage reduced Italian ryegrass biomass by 83 to 95% at 200 days after treatment.

Download or read book Management Strategies for Glyphosate resistant Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne L Ssp Multiflorum Lam Husnot written by Robin Christa Bond and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass has been documented in many different countries around the world and has now become a major problem in row crop production areas of Mississippi. Field experiments were conducted from 2006 to 2008 in the Mississippi Delta to evaluate various herbicide and tillage treatment programs for its control. Highest level of control and reduction of GR Italian ryegrass biomass was observed with mechanically incorporated as well as surface applied residual herbicides in the fall of the year. Control of GR Italian ryegrass was 86-95% with surface applications of clomazone at 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg ai/ha, s-metolachlor at 1.79 kg ai/ha and KIH-485 at 0.16 kg ai/ha 171 days after emergence. Using a systems approach, preplant incorporated (PPI) clomazone and/or s-metolachlor followed by preemergence (PRE) application of paraquat + linuron+ non-ionic surfactant was also found to control and reduce biomass of GR Italian ryegrass.

Download or read book Glyphosate Resistance and Tolerance in Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne Spp Multiflorum written by Robert Chase MacPherran and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annual ryegrass, or Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum), has been the most stable, in terms of acres, grass produced for the past 25 years in Oregon. Increased interest in Italian ryegrass as a cover crop has increased demand for quality seed. Ideal Italian ryegrass cover crop cultivars are named cultivars, have winter hardiness and uniform germination, emergence, and growth to guarantee effective termination and reduce the potential for volunteer carryover. The typical method of cover crop termination is through chemical means with a non-selective herbicide or with tillage. In this study, nine termination treatments were used to determine effective treatments and explore potential differences in control between a diploid and a tetraploid cultivar. There was no difference in response based on ploidy level between the treatments. Glyphosate and glyphosate tank mixtures effectively controlled Italian ryegrass. A cultivar evaluation was also conducted to determine if there was a difference in response to glyphosate between ploidy levels. There was no difference in response to glyphosate due to ploidy level. Shikimate acid assays did suggest possible differences in the amount of glyphosate binding to EPSPS depending on the cultivar. An Italian ryegrass population (OR10) was found to be glyphosate resistant. Along with screening the OR10 suspected resistant population, samples collected from seed production fields were collected and screened. No glyphosate resistant populations were found.

Download or read book Italian Ryegrass Lolium Multiflorum Control in Imidazolinone tolerant Wheat Triticum Aestivum Under the Direction of Dr Alan York written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass is the most problematic weed of small grains in North Carolina. This weed has traditionally been controlled in wheat with diclofop. However, after many years of continuous use, much of the Italian ryegrass in the state is now resistant to diclofop. A field experiment was conducted at three locations to determine control of Italian ryegrass and response of imidazolinone-tolerant wheat to imazamox and other herbicides. Imazamox ammonium salt applied POST in the fall to 3- to 4-leaf Italian ryegrass at 35 to 53 g ae/ha controlled Italian ryegrass 90 to 100% 10 weeks after treatment. Late-season control ranged from 83 to 98% at two locations and 24 to 55% at the third location. Late-season control from spring-applied imazamox on 1- to 3-tiller ryegrass ranged from 53 to 58% at one location and 7 to 16% at the other locations. Split application of imazamox at 27 g/ha in the fall and 27 g/ha in the spring was less effective than fall-applied imazamox at 53 g/ha at two of three locations. However, split application was more effective than spring application. Fall-applied imazamox was less effective than fall-applied diclofop on diclofop-susceptible Italian ryegrass but more effective on mixed populations of diclofop-resistant and -susceptible biotypes. Pendimethalin applied PRE at 1120 g ai/ha increased late-season control 10 to 33 percentage points when used in combination with fall-applied imazamox at 35 g/ha. Imazethapyr ammonium salt at 70 g ae/ha was less effective than imazamox, while imazethapyr at 47 g/ha plus imazapyr isopropylamine salt at 16 g ae/ha and imazamox were similarly effective. Imazapic ammonium salt at 70 g ae/ha and imazamox at 53 g/ha were similarly effective at two locations, while imazapic was more effective at the third location. Imidazolinone herbicides caused only minor, temporary chlorosis on the wheat. In greenhouse experiments, a diclofop-susceptible biotype of Italian ryegrass was more sensitive to imazamox than a diclofop-

Download or read book Multiple resistant Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne Spp Multiflorum Populations in Oregon written by Mingyang Liu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum) is a common weed management problem in turfgrasses, cereals and non-crop areas in the United States. In Oregon, the number of populations with multiple-resistance continues to increase. To manage these resistant populations, the resistance patterns must be determined. In this study, five Italian ryegrass populations (CT, R1, R2, R3 and R4) from two cropping systems were studied for resistance patterns and mechanisms. The CT population is from a Christmas tree plantation and was resistant to at least six herbicides with four different mechanisms of action: atrazine, diuron (2.4-fold), glyphosate (7.4-fold), hexazinone (3.1-fold), imazapyr (1.8-fold), and sulfometuron. The resistant indices (RI) for sulfometuron and atrazine could not be calculated because 50% growth reduction for the CT population was not reached even with the highest rates applied, 17.6 kg ai ha−1and 16 kg ai ha−1, respectively, which are 16 times the recommended field application rates for this two herbicides. The CT population accumulated less shikimate than the S population. There were two mutations in the CT population, Trp591 to Leu in the ALS gene and Ser264 to Gly in the psbA gene, which explain the ALS and PII cross resistance, respectively. R1, R2, R3 and R4 were collected from annual cropping systems. All four populations were resistant to flufenacet. RIs for two populations, R2 and R4, were 8.4 and 5.9, respectively. R2 and R4 also were resistant to mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, quizalofop and clethodim. R4 was resistant to diuron, but R2 was not. An Asp-2078-Gly substitution in the ACCase gene was found in both R2 and R4 populations, while another Ile-2041-Asn substitution in the ACCase gene was found in the R4 population. These mutations explain the ACCase cross resistance in the R2 and R4 populations. The mechanisms for the glyphosate resistance in the CT population and the flufenacet resistance in R1, R2, R3 and R4 populations were not identified in this study. None of the five populations were resistant to the herbicide pyroxasulfone.

Download or read book Herbicide Resistance Mechanism s in Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne Ssp Multiflorum Populations in the Southern United States written by Reiofeli Algodon Salas and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass is a principal weed problem in wheat production fields in the southern US. Resistance to herbicides diclofop, mesosulfuron, and pinoxaden among ryegrass populations has been reported. Glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass populations were identified in Desha County, Arkansas. This research aimed to 1) determine resistance patterns to ACCase (diclofop and pinoxaden) and ALS (imazamox, mesosulfuron, and pyroxsulam) herbicides among Italian ryegrass populations from the southern US; 2) determine if cytochrome P450-mediated enhanced herbicide metabolism contributed to resistance; and 3) elucidate the resistance mechanism to glyphosate in four Arkansas populations (Des03, Des05, Des14, and D8). For objective 1, 30 accessions from problematic fields in the southern US between 2008 and 2010 were subjected to dose-response bioassays. Among the 30 accessions, 27 were resistant to both diclofop and mesosulfuron, 25 of which were also resistant to pyroxsulam. Ten Arkansas accessions collected in 2008 were resistant to diclofop, mesosulfuron, pyroxsulam, and imazamox. One accession from Georgia and three accessions from North Carolina were resistant to diclofop, mesosulfuron, pyroxsulam, and pinoxaden. For objective 2, six ryegrass populations with different resistance patterns to glyphosate, ALS- and ACCase herbicides, were treated with P450 inhibitors malathion (1000 g ai ha-1) and 1-aminobenzotriazole (100 microM ABT) before herbicide application. Malathion improved herbicide activity in some populations, but did not completely overcome resistance to any herbicide. This indicates that P450-mediated metabolism is only partially responsible for resistance in these populations. For objective 3, plants from Des03 population were analyzed for resistance level, EPSPS genetic mutation(s), EPSPS enzyme activity, and EPSPS gene copy number. The absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate were similar in R and S plants. The EPSPS gene in the R plants did not contain any point mutation(s) associated with glyphosate resistance. Resistance to glyphosate in Des03 is due to increased basal EPSPS enzyme activity resulting from amplification of the EPSPS gene. Follow-up experiments conducted on other glyphosate-R populations, Des05, Des14, and D8, showed 11-fold to 516-fold more copies of the EPSPS gene in resistant plants than their susceptible counterparts indicating that EPSPS gene amplification also confers resistance to glyphosate in these populations.

Download or read book Evaluating the Interaction Between Herbicide and Fertilizer Application Timing to Improve Italian Ryegrass Control Grain Quality and Yield in Oklahoma Wheat Production written by Steven Robert Calhoun and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Controlling Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a serious problem for Oklahoma winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) producers to face. Italian ryegrass, when not controlled, reduces wheat yield and overall grain quality due to higher than acceptable levels of inert material. The overarching objective of this experiment was to evaluate the interaction between N fertilizer application timing and post-emergence herbicide application timing for control of Italian ryegrass. This interaction will be evaluated based on grain yield, grain quality (protein concentration and dockage in harvested grain), N accumulation in winter wheat and Italian ryegrass, biomass growth, and control of Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass was controlled with Axial XL (Pinoxaden) four times, three in the fall during 2011 and once in the fall of 2012 and once in the fall 2012 and twice in the spring of 2013. Tissue samples collect during the 2011-2012 growing season showed an increase in wheat biomass weights when Italian ryegrass populations were controlled. Good growing conditions early in the 2011-2012 growing season allowed wheat biomass to develop and out compete the Italian ryegrass. The greatest Italian ryegrass densities were discovered in the 0 Kg N ha−1 N application rate, poor fertility reduced the competitiveness of wheat. Yields in the weedy plots were slightly lower than the weed free plots that received the same amount of N. Although not significant at all locations between each N rate, the overall grain yields where increase between 37 to 521 Kg ha−1 when Italian ryegrass was controlled in the fall. The results found in the study can be used to better manage herbicide and N inputs for maximum weed control, grain quality, yield, and economic return.

Download or read book Italian Ryegrass Lolium Multiflorum Control in Imidazolinone tolerant Wheat Triticum Aestivum written by Kevin Christman Clemmer and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Keywords: tribenuron, LOLMU, herbicide interactions, dicamba, pendimethalin, imazethapyr, imazapyr, imazapic, imazamox, herbicide-resistant biotypes, diclofop, Clearfield wheat, Triticum aestivum, thifensulfuron.

Download or read book Effect of Selected Herbicides on Italian Ryegrass Lolium Multiflorum and Returns from Hard Red Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum written by Matthew Austin Barnes and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Winter Wheat Response to Weed Control and Residual Herbicides written by Timothy L. Grey and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass has become one of the most common and troublesome weeds of wheat production in the Southern United States. There are multiple reports in this region of Italian ryegrass herbicide resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), acetolactate synthase (ALS), and glyphosate herbicides. One commonality for Italian ryegrass resistance in this area is that most of these mechanisms of action for these herbicides are all postemergence (POST) applied. In order to have profitable soft red winter wheat production, applications of preemergence (PRE) herbicides with residual control of Italian ryegrass and other winter weed species would benefit growers. There are a very limited number of herbicides that can be applied at the time of wheat planting, primarily only when pyroxasulfone is registered for this timing. Research was conducted to establish weed control information when herbicides were applied to soft red winter wheat PRE, at wheat emergence (AE), or POST at Feekes stages 1.0-1.9, depending on herbicide label recommendations. Injury from any pyroxasulfone PRE treatments up to 120 g a.i. ha−1 was transient and did not affect wheat yield for any experiment. Italian ryegrass control was variable depending on location and year. Susceptible and diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass control was 86% or greater with pyroxasulfone at 60 g a.i. ha−1 and greater with applied PRE. Italian ryegrass control was variable ranging from 27 to 49% with pendimethalin ME-applied PRE, diclofop at Feekes sage 1.0, and pinoxaden applied at Feekes stage 1.9.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Weed Science written by Robert Zimdahl and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Weed Science provides an introduction to the basic principles of weed science for undergraduate courses. It discusses several aspects of weed biology and control, and traces the history of herbicide development. The book begins with an introduction to weeds, covering their definition, characteristics, harmful aspects, and the cost of weed control. This is followed chapters on weed classification, the uses of weeds, weed biology, weed ecology, allelopathy, the significance of plant competition, weed management and control methods, and biological weed control. Later chapters deal with herbicidesthe most important weed control tools and the ones with the greatest potential for untoward effects. Students of weed science must understand herbicides and the factors governing their use as well as the potential for misuse. These chapters discuss chemical weed control, the properties and uses of herbicides, factors affecting herbicide performance, herbicide application, herbicide formulation, ecological impact of herbicides, pesticide registration and legislation, weed management systems, and the future of weed science.

Download or read book Weeds of California and Other Western States written by Joseph M. DiTomaso and published by UCANR Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 979 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This encyclopedic yet easy-to-use 2-volume set covers 262 individual entries, including a full description of 451 species and another 361 plants compared as similar species, representing 63 plant families. 13 shortcut identification tables for groups that share similar, unusual, or relatively uncommon characteristics. 2 grass identification keys - a key to all characteristics including inflorescences and reproductive parts and a key to vegetative characteristics only. 67 tables comparing important characteristics of difficult-to-distinguish weedy species. Color photos of over 700 weeds including seeds, seedlings, flowers, and mature plants. Appendix of non-native plants rarely or occasionally naturalized in California. Glossary of botanical terms. Bibliography of some of the most pertinent publications. Index to common names, scientific names, and synonyms. Each entry describes the plant category, family name, common name, and synonyms along with a summary of the important aspects of the plant’s life cycle, size, growth form, impact, method of introduction, and toxicity. You'll also find a description of the seedling, mature plant, roots and underground structures, flowers, fruits and seeds, spikelets and florets, spore-bearing structures, and post senescence characteristics for each entry. Also includes a description of the habitat where each is typically found and distribution in California, other states, and worldwide, along with maximum elevation at which the species is found. Rounding out each entry is a description of the methods of reproduction, seed dispersal, germination requirements and conditions, seed survival and longevity, early establishment characteristics and requirements, cultural practices and management options that have proven effective or ineffective in controlling infestations, and a notation of the species' inclusion on federal or state noxious weed lists.

Download or read book Biology and Management of Problematic Crop Weed Species written by Bhagirath Chauhan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-09-04 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weeds are the main biological constraint to crop production throughout the year. Uncontrolled weeds could cause 100% yield loss. In Australia, the overall cost of weeds to Australian grain growers was estimated at AU$ 3.3 billion annually. In terms of yield losses, weeds amounted to 2.7 million tonnes of grains at a national level. In the USA, weeds cost US$ 33 billion in lost crop production annually. In India, these costs were estimated to be much higher (US$ 11 billion). These studies from different economies suggest that weeds cause substantial yield and economic loss. Biology and Management of Problematic Weed Species details the biology of key weed species, providing vital information on seed germination and production, as well as factors affecting weed growth. These species include Chenopodium album, Chloris truncata and C. virgate, Conyza bonariensis and C. canadensis, Cyperus rotundus, and many more. This information is crucial for researchers and growers to develop integrated weed management (IWM) strategies. Written by leading experts across the globe, this book is an essential read to plant biologists and ecologists, crop scientists, and students and researchers interested in weed science. - Provides detailed information on the biology of different key weed species - Covers weed seed germination and emergence - Presents the factors affecting weed growth and seed production

Download or read book Herbicide Resistance and World Grains written by Stephen B. Powles and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-03-13 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by experts from across the globe, Herbicide Resistance and World Grains evaluates the weed and herbicide management systems in major world grain crops such as soybean, maize, rice, and canola. The book examines the impact of transgenic crops and new technology on resistance management. It provides background information and offers practical

Download or read book Recent Advances in Weed Management written by Bhagirath S. Chauhan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-10 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses recent developments in weed science. These developments include conservation agriculture and conservation tillage, climate change, environmental concerns about the runoff of agrochemicals, resistance of weeds and crops to herbicides, and the need for a vastly improved understanding of weed ecology and herbicide use. The book provides details on harnessing knowledge of weed ecology to improve weed management in different crops and presents information on opportunities in weed management in different crops. Current management practices are also covered, along with guidance for selecting herbicides and using them effectively. Written by experts in the field and supplemented with instructive illustrations and tables, Recent Advances in Weed Management is an essential reference for agricultural specialists and researchers, government agents, extension specialists, and professionals throughout the agrochemical industry, as well as a foundation for advanced students taking courses in weed science.

Download or read book Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance written by Peter A. Edde and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-08-21 with total page 1004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance presents detailed descriptions of the biology and ecology of important arthropod pest of selected global field crops. Standard management options for insect pest control on crops include biological, non-chemical, and chemical approaches. However, because agricultural crops face a wide range of insect pests throughout the year, it can prove difficult to find a simple solution to insect pest control in many, if not most, cropping systems. A whole-farm or integrated pest management approach combines cultural, natural, and chemical controls to maintain insect pest populations below levels that cause economic damage to the crop. This practice requires accurate species identification and thorough knowledge of the biology and ecology of the target organism. Integration and effective use of various control components is often enhanced when the target organism is correctly identified, and its biology and ecology are known. This book provides a key resource toward that identification and understanding. Students and professionals in agronomy, insect detection and survey, and economic entomology will find the book a valuable learning aid and resource tool. - Includes insect synonyms, common names, and geographic distribution - Provides information on natural enemies - Is thoroughly referenced for future research