Download or read book Computer Representation of the Stereochemistry of Organic Molecules written by DAVIS and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of the computer in the practice of organic chemistry has been firmly established over the past decade. Its uses as a large scale information storage and retrieval device in chemistry have been too numerous to mention. More recently, the applicability of computers to the problem of discovering valid and reasonable synthesis routes for organic molecules has been demonstrated. This has been both as an adjunct to the 1 chemist in the on-line interactive mode ,2,3 and also as a wholly computer-directed system seeking to simulate the intelligent prob- 4 lem-solving activity of the human organic synthetic chemist. ,5 In all of these computer applications to organic chemistry, it has been necessary to devise some computer-compatible repres- tation of an organic molecule that is both canonical and c- venient for table look-ups. This is in order that entities that have been constructed at different times under different circumstances can be identified and classified, with identical molecules being recognized as such even if their connection matrices list the elements of the molecule in different orders. E. J. Corey and W. T. Wipke, Science, 166, 178 (1969). 2 E. J. Corey, W. T. Wipke, R. D. Cramer III and W. J. Howe, J. Americ. Chern. Soc. , 94, 421 (1972) and 431 (1972). 3 E. J. Corey, R. D. Cramer III and W. J. Howe, ~. Americ. Chern. Soc. , 94, 440 (1972). 4 H. L. Gelernter, N. S. Sridharan and A. J.

Download or read book Computer representation of the stereochemistry of organic molecules written by Henry W. Davis and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Computer Representation of the Stereochemistry of Organic Molecules written by DAVIS and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2014-03-12 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of the computer in the practice of organic chemistry has been firmly established over the past decade. Its uses as a large scale information storage and retrieval device in chemistry have been too numerous to mention. More recently, the applicability of computers to the problem of discovering valid and reasonable synthesis routes for organic molecules has been demonstrated. This has been both as an adjunct to the 1 chemist in the on-line interactive mode ,2,3 and also as a wholly computer-directed system seeking to simulate the intelligent prob- 4 lem-solving activity of the human organic synthetic chemist. ,5 In all of these computer applications to organic chemistry, it has been necessary to devise some computer-compatible repres- tation of an organic molecule that is both canonical and c- venient for table look-ups. This is in order that entities that have been constructed at different times under different circumstances can be identified and classified, with identical molecules being recognized as such even if their connection matrices list the elements of the molecule in different orders. E. J. Corey and W. T. Wipke, Science, 166, 178 (1969). 2 E. J. Corey, W. T. Wipke, R. D. Cramer III and W. J. Howe, J. Americ. Chern. Soc. , 94, 421 (1972) and 431 (1972). 3 E. J. Corey, R. D. Cramer III and W. J. Howe, ~. Americ. Chern. Soc. , 94, 440 (1972). 4 H. L. Gelernter, N. S. Sridharan and A. J.

Download or read book Topics in Inorganic and Organometallic Stereochemistry written by Gregory L. Geoffroy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-17 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is devoted entirely to inorganic and organometallic stereochemical subjects. Discusses the systematic notations that have been developed to satisfy the needs for a rational and systematic stereochemical nomenclature. Reviews the stereochemical aspects of the changes of bonding at carbon centers induced by metals, either catalytically or stoiciometrically. Also reviews the major achievements in current stereochemical research—the synthesis of asymmetric compounds mediated by transition metals. Discusses the structures of transition metal carbonyl clusters, summarizing recent progress in this expanding area and providing a semiquantitative rationalization of the structures for these clusters.

Download or read book Computer recognition of human faces written by KANADE and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Picture processing by computer has found its application in various fields. Character recognition has shown the most practical success. Furthermore, the techniques span much more sophisticated applications such as interpretation of biomedical images and X-ray films, measurement of images in nuclear physics, processing of a large volume of pictorial data sent from the satellites, etc. The particular problem attacked in this thesis is computer analysis and identification of human faces. Pictures of human faces are successfully analyzed by a computer program which extracts face feature points, such as nose, mouth, eyes, and so on. The program was tested with more than 800 photographs The research has been done with main emphasis on the method of how to incorporate the picture structures into the picture anlysis program. The success of the program is due to the employment of a flexible picture analysis scheme with feedbacks, which will be described in the next chapter. An experiment on face identification of 20 people was also conducted. I-1. Picture Analysis and Recognition- New Aspects When shown the pictures of the human face of Fig. 1-1, we can immediately tell the positions of the nose, mouth and eyes; and more- over, we can say that both pictures surely portray the same person. Picture analysis and recognition by computer concerns itself with this type of two-dimensional image processing. In this thesis, I selected human-face pictures as objects of processing.

Download or read book Motivation and Intentionality in a Computer Simulation Model of Paranoia written by FAUGHT and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Organic Chemistry written by T. Mukaiyama and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 26th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Volume 4: Organic Chemistry is a collection of session lectures presented at the 26th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, held in Tokyo, Japan on September 4-10, 1977. This volume is composed of six chapters and starts with a discussion of the problems related to the understanding orders of nucleophilic reactivity. The succeeding chapters deal with the synthetic approaches to the pentagonal dodecahedrane and several designs and concepts in natural product synthesis. These topics are followed by the examination of the full structures of tissue culture adducts formed from polyaromatic hydrocarbons and nucleic acids. The final chapters describe the biosynthesis of aspulvinone metabolites from Aspergillus terreus and a mathematical model for the deductive solution of chemical problems using computer programs. This book is intended for organic chemists, researchers, and students.

Download or read book Innovation Economic Change and Technology Policies written by STROETMANN and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technological progress is a major factor chaping economic growth. Today's standard of living is a direct result of scientific advances and technical change in the past. Since uncontrolled technological progress has become amenace to our well being and may actually threat our survival, it is necessary to learn to manage technological progress and direct innovative activities in such a manner that both private wants and social needs playa dominant role in determining the rate and direction of technical change. This requires a better understanding of the processes of technical change, of their impact on and interrelationships with economic and social developments and of the means and measures by which both individuals and governments can influence and direct technological progress. To this end, the Ninistry for Research and Technology of the Federal Republ ic of Germany and the National Science Foundation of the Uni ted States of America invited a group of scholars, corporate managers and civil servants to a one week seminar on "Technolo gical Innovation". The seminar took place in April, 1976, in Bonn, Federal Republ ic of Germany. Most papers presented at this meeting were specifically prepared for the seminar. With this volume, they are made available to a larger audience to further stimulate discussion not only among scholars interested in innovation research and technology policy questions but also among managers, union officials, civil ser vants and others directly or indirectly concerned with and affected by technical change.

Download or read book Automatic Detection of Rib Contours in Chest Radiographs written by WECHSLER and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1.1 Statement of the Problem This work describes a new and effective computer algorithm for detecting the contours of ribs in ehest radiographs. The problem, which is common to both the research areas of Machine Vision and Biomedical Computing, is to extract graphical information, such as that represented in Figure 1-lb, from a picture such as Figure 1-la. Figure 1-la shows a typical posterior-anterior (PA) ehest radiograph while Figure 1-lb shows a drawing of the ventral aspect of the thorax. lt is hoped that this researchwill contribute significantly toward developing an automated system for interpreting ehest radio graphs. 1.2 Why Have We Carried Out This Research? Since about one-third of the 650,000,000 medical radiographs (X-ray photographs) taken annually in the United States areehest radiographs, there is a growing awareness of the need for a computer aided system to help diagnose these radiographs. The detection of rib contours is, of course, a necessary element in such a system. In addition to being able to accommodate the need for a mass screening program, an automated systemalso has the ability to detect anomalies at earlier stages. Ziskin et al (1971) state that reliable 2 {a) Original Chest Radiograph Figure 1-1. A Chest Radiograph 3 VENTRAL CONTOUR CARTILAGE {b) THE THORAX; VENTRAL ASPECT OF A CHEST RADIOGRAPH Figura 1-1 A CHEST RADIOGRAPH studies indicate that even under routine conditions radiologists fail to detect approximately 30% of abnormalities in ehest X-ray films.

Download or read book Thought and Action in Foreign Policy written by BOHAM and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the product of the Conference on Cognitive Process Models of Foreign Policy Decision-Making which was held in London at the Richardson Institute for Conflict and Peace Research from March 17-24, 1973. We would like to thank Michael Nicholson, Director of the Richardson Institute, for acting as the host of the Conference. Support for the Conference and the preparation of the Conference papers for publication was provided by the Mathematical Social Sciences Board (MSSB). The MSSB is funded by aNational Science Foundation grant which is administered by the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences as the primary grantee. We are grateful to Hayward Alker, Jr. and William H. Riker of the MSSB for their help and encouragement. The graph shown on the cover is a cognitive map representation of the output from our computer simulation of foreign pOlicy decision-making. We would like to thank Robert Axelrod and Gary Raffel of the University of Michigan for generating the graph. PART I INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 THOUGHT AND ACTION IN FOREIGN POLICY G. MATTHEW BONHAM The American University MICHAEL J. SHAPIRO University of Hawaii Introduction The papers assembled here constitute, and to some extent represent, widely disparate views of foreign policy thinking and decision-making. As is the case with almost any collective enterprise, it is possible to suggest some noteworthy resemblances among the contributions to this volume and to indicate grounds for distinguishing them from other "approaches.

Download or read book Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds written by Ernest L. Eliel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1994-09-28 with total page 1296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds The first fully referenced, comprehensive book on this subject in more than thirty years, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds contains up-to-date coverage and insightful exposition of all important new concepts, developments, and tools in the rapidly advancing field of stereochemistry, including: * Asymmetric and diastereoselective synthesis * Conformational analysis * Properties of enantiomers and racemates * Separation and analysis of enantiomers and diastereoisomers * Developments in spectroscopy (including NMR), chromatography, and molecular mechanics as applied to stereochemistry * Prostereoisomerism * Conceptual foundations of stereochemistry, including terminology and symmetry concepts * Chiroptical properties Written by the leading authorities in the field, the text includes more than 4,000 references, 1,000 illustrations, and a glossary of stereochemical terms.

Download or read book Combinatorial Connectivities in Social Systems written by ATKIN and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a presentation of my recent research work into the theory and applications of mathematical relations between finite sets. The consequent results and concepts are expressed in 'conjunction' with the idea of a union of simplicial complexes and the algorithms and overall methodology have become known as Q-Analysis. The mathematical ideas are essentially comhinatorial and are developed in Section-A of the book, whilst Section-R contains an application to a community study (that of the IJniversity of Rssex). All of the work has been published elsewhere, in the usual form of papers, and a comprehensive introduction to the whole approach will be found in my earlier book, Mathematical Structure in Human Affairs (Heinemann, London 1974). Much of the research work referred to in this present hook would not have been possible without the co-operation of my research team, of whom I would particularly like to thank J.II. Johnson, and its puhlication owes a lot to the secretarial help provided by ~Iary Low. R.H. Atkin IJniversity of Rssex U.K.

Download or read book Research in Science Education Past Present and Future written by Helga Behrendt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-27 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This truly international volume includes a selection of contributions to the Second Conference of the European Science Education Research Association (Kiel, Sept. 1999). It provides a state-of-the-art examination of science education research in Europe, discusses views and visions of science education research, deals with research on scientific literacy, on students' and teachers' conceptions, on conceptual change, and on instructional media and lab work.

Download or read book Overlapping Tendencies in Operations Research Systems Theory and Cybernetics written by BILLETER and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 0.1 Gaps in Optimizing A comparison of the levels of development of Operations Research, Simulation Technique and Optimal Control Theory appears to gain increasing interest. Operations Research Sciences achieved very high mathematical standards and solved a great amount of important optimization problems, mainly at the level of management of private corporation and civil or military government tasks, however, these achievements are seldom incorporated in the mathematical curriculum of modern universities. Nevertheless, Operations Research seems to have failed in solving long range or strategical problems as they arise in any broader social, economical or political context (MUller-Merbach, 1976). Also for the weakest task, namely that of improving theory building, system simulation works as an optimization tool. Simulation models of large complex systems, like socio economical or political ones, failed until now to fit large empirical data bases. This was, in fact, one of the few serious objections against the form in which Forrester solved some problems modelling and simulating urban and world de velopments (Forrester, 1969; Forrester, 1971; IEEE-SCC October 197o; IEEE-SMC April 1972; Mass, 1974; Schroeder, 1975).

Download or read book Drug Design Strategies written by David J Livingstone and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2011-11-04 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together drug design practitioners, all leaders in their field, who are actively advancing the field of quantitative methods to guide drug discovery, from structure-based design to empirical statistical models - from rule-based approaches to toxicology to the fields of bioinformatics and systems biology. The aim of the book is to show how various facets of the drug discovery process can be addressed in a quantitative fashion (ie: numerical analysis to enable robust predictions to be made). Each chapter includes a brief review of the topic showing the historical development of quantitative approaches, a survey/summary of the current state-of-the-art, a selection of well chosen examples with some worked through and an appreciation of what problems remain to be overcome as well as an indication of how the field may develop. After an overview of quantitative approaches to drug design the book describes the development of concepts of "drug-like properties", of quantitative structure-activity relationships and molecular modelling, and in particular, structure-based design approaches to guide lead optimisation. How to manage and describe chemical structures, underpins all quantitative approaches to drug design and these are described in the following chapters. The next chapter covers the value of a quantitative approach, and also the challenge which is to describe the confidence in any prediction, and methods to assess predictive model quality. The later chapters describe the application of quantitative approaches to describing and optimising potency, selectivity, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties and toxicology, and the design of chemical libraries to feed the screening approaches to lead generation that underpin modern drug discovery. Finally the book describes the impact of bioinformatics, current status of predicting ligand affinity direct from the protein structure, and the application of quantitative approaches to predicting environmental risk. The book provides a summary of the current state-of-the-art in quantitative approaches to drug design, and future opportunities, but it also provides inspiration to drug design practitioners to apply careful design, to make best use of the quantitative methods that are available, while continuing to improve them. Drug discovery still relies heavily on random screening and empirical screening cascades to identify leads and drugs and the process has many failures to deliver only a small handful of drugs. With the rapidly escalating costs of drug discovery and development together with spiralling delivery, quantitative approaches hold the promise of shifting the balance of success, to enable drug discovery to maintain its economic viability.

Download or read book Current Catalog written by National Library of Medicine (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on with total page 1728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First multi-year cumulation covers six years: 1965-70.

Download or read book Seriation by Children written by YOUNG and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 1976-01-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A four year old child sits in front of a heap of wooden blocks and tries to stand them in a straight line in order of size. There is no doubt that he understands the task, for he can distinguish between correct and incorrect solutions. Yet no matter how he arranges and rearranges the blocks, they seem obstinately to refuse to be aligned into the desired staircase like pattern. A year later he does much better: he can seriate six blocks differing in length by about an inch. But faced with eight of the blocks, or with six blocks differing by only half an inch, he is again unable to complete the task. He manages to build an ordered line, but leaves out one or two of the blocks: or perhaps he organises the blocks into two distinct lines and then finds himself unable to combine them. A year later still and he is now an accomplished performer. Presented with any seriation task involving the wooden blocks he carries it out smoothly, confidently, and correctly [1].