Download or read book Optimization Based Models for Measuring and Hedging Risk in Fixed Income Markets written by Johan Hagenbjörk and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-12-09 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global fixed income market is an enormous financial market whose value by far exceeds that of the public stock markets. The interbank market consists of interest rate derivatives, whose primary purpose is to manage interest rate risk. The credit market primarily consists of the bond market, which links investors to companies, institutions, and governments with borrowing needs. This dissertation takes an optimization perspective upon modeling both these areas of the fixed-income market. Legislators on the national markets require financial actors to value their financial assets in accordance with market prices. Thus, prices of many assets, which are not publicly traded, must be determined mathematically. The financial quantities needed for pricing are not directly observable but must be measured through solving inverse optimization problems. These measurements are based on the available market prices, which are observed with various degrees of measurement noise. For the interbank market, the relevant financial quantities consist of term structures of interest rates, which are curves displaying the market rates for different maturities. For the bond market, credit risk is an additional factor that can be modeled through default intensity curves and term structures of recovery rates in case of default. By formulating suitable optimization models, the different underlying financial quantities can be measured in accordance with observable market prices, while conditions for economic realism are imposed. Measuring and managing risk is closely connected to the measurement of the underlying financial quantities. Through a data-driven method, we can show that six systematic risk factors can be used to explain almost all variance in the interest rate curves. By modeling the dynamics of these six risk factors, possible outcomes can be simulated in the form of term structure scenarios. For short-term simulation horizons, this results in a representation of the portfolio value distribution that is consistent with the realized outcomes from historically observed term structures. This enables more accurate measurements of interest rate risk, where our proposed method exhibits both lower risk and lower pricing errors compared to traditional models. We propose a method for decomposing changes in portfolio values for an arbitrary portfolio into the risk factors that affect the value of each instrument. By demonstrating the method for the six systematic risk factors identified for the interbank market, we show that almost all changes in portfolio value and portfolio variance can be attributed to these risk factors. Additional risk factors and approximation errors are gathered into two terms, which can be studied to ensure the quality of the performance attribution, and possibly improve it. To eliminate undesired risk within trading books, banks use hedging. Traditional methods do not take transaction costs into account. We, therefore, propose a method for managing the risks in the interbank market through a stochastic optimization model that considers transaction costs. This method is based on a scenario approximation of the optimization problem where the six systematic risk factors are simulated, and the portfolio variance is weighted against the transaction costs. This results in a method that is preferred over the traditional methods for all risk-averse investors. For the credit market, we use data from the bond market in combination with the interbank market to make accurate measurements of the financial quantities. We address the notoriously difficult problem of separating default risk from recovery risk. In addition to the previous identified six systematic risk factors for risk-free interests, we identify four risk factors that explain almost all variance in default intensities, while a single risk factor seems sufficient to model the recovery risk. Overall, this is a higher number of risk factors than is usually found in the literature. Through a simple model, we can measure the variance in bond prices in terms of these systematic risk factors, and through performance attribution, we relate these values to the empirically realized variances from the quoted bond prices. De globala ränte- och kreditmarknaderna är enorma finansiella marknader vars sammanlagda värden vida överstiger de publika aktiemarknadernas. Räntemarknaden består av räntederivat vars främsta användningsområde är hantering av ränterisker. Kreditmarknaden utgörs i första hand av obligationsmarknaden som syftar till att förmedla pengar från investerare till företag, institutioner och stater med upplåningsbehov. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att utifrån ett optimeringsperspektiv modellera både ränte- och obligationsmarknaden. Lagstiftarna på de nationella marknaderna kräver att de finansiella aktörerna värderar sina finansiella tillgångar i enlighet med marknadspriser. Därmed måste priserna på många instrument, som inte handlas publikt, beräknas matematiskt. De finansiella storheter som krävs för denna prissättning är inte direkt observerbara, utan måste mätas genom att lösa inversa optimeringsproblem. Dessa mätningar görs utifrån tillgängliga marknadspriser, som observeras med varierande grad av mätbrus. För räntemarknaden utgörs de relevanta finansiella storheterna av räntekurvor som åskådliggör marknadsräntorna för olika löptider. För obligationsmarknaden utgör kreditrisken en ytterligare faktor som modelleras via fallissemangsintensitetskurvor och kurvor kopplade till förväntat återvunnet kapital vid eventuellt fallissemang. Genom att formulera lämpliga optimeringsmodeller kan de olika underliggande finansiella storheterna mätas i enlighet med observerbara marknadspriser samtidigt som ekonomisk realism eftersträvas. Mätning och hantering av risker är nära kopplat till mätningen av de underliggande finansiella storheterna. Genom en datadriven metod kan vi visa att sex systematiska riskfaktorer kan användas för att förklara nästan all varians i räntekurvorna. Genom att modellera dynamiken i dessa sex riskfaktorer kan tänkbara utfall för räntekurvor simuleras. För kortsiktiga simuleringshorisonter resulterar detta i en representation av fördelningen av portföljvärden som väl överensstämmer med de realiserade utfallen från historiskt observerade räntekurvor. Detta möjliggör noggrannare mätningar av ränterisk där vår föreslagna metod uppvisar såväl lägre risk som mindre prissättningsfel jämfört med traditionella modeller. Vi föreslår en metod för att dekomponera portföljutvecklingen för en godtycklig portfölj till de riskfaktorer som påverkar värdet för respektive instrument. Genom att demonstrera metoden för de sex systematiska riskfaktorerna som identifierats för räntemarknaden visar vi att nästan all portföljutveckling och portföljvarians kan härledas till dessa riskfaktorer. Övriga riskfaktorer och approximationsfel samlas i två termer, vilka kan användas för att säkerställa och eventuellt förbättra kvaliteten i prestationshärledningen. För att eliminera oönskad risk i sina tradingböcker använder banker sig av hedging. Traditionella metoder tar ingen hänsyn till transaktionskostnader. Vi föreslår därför en metod för att hantera riskerna på räntemarknaden genom en stokastisk optimeringsmodell som också tar hänsyn till transaktionskostnader. Denna metod bygger på en scenarioapproximation av optimeringsproblemet där de sex systematiska riskfaktorerna simuleras och portföljvariansen vägs mot transaktionskostnaderna. Detta resulterar i en metod som, för alla riskaverta investerare, är att föredra framför de traditionella metoderna. På kreditmarknaden använder vi data från obligationsmarknaden i kombination räntemarknaden för att göra noggranna mätningar av de finansiella storheterna. Vi angriper det erkänt svåra problemet att separera fallissemangsrisk från återvinningsrisk. Förutom de tidigare sex systematiska riskfaktorerna för riskfri ränta, identifierar vi fyra riskfaktorer som förklarar nästan all varians i fallissemangsintensiteter, medan en enda riskfaktor tycks räcka för att modellera återvinningsrisken. Sammanlagt är detta ett större antal riskfaktorer än vad som brukar användas i litteraturen. Via en enkel modell kan vi mäta variansen i obligationspriser i termer av dessa systematiska riskfaktorer och genom prestationshärledningen relatera dessa värden till de empiriskt realiserade varianserna från kvoterade obligationspriser.

Download or read book Hedging Derivatives written by Thorsten Rheinlander and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Valuation and hedging of financial derivatives are intrinsically linked concepts. Choosing appropriate hedging techniques depends on both the type of derivative and assumptions placed on the underlying stochastic process. This volume provides a systematic treatment of hedging in incomplete markets. Mean-variance hedging under the risk-neutral measure is applied in the framework of exponential L(r)vy processes and for derivatives written on defaultable assets. It is discussed how to complete markets based upon stochastic volatility models via trading in both stocks and vanilla options. Exponential utility indifference pricing is explored via a duality with entropy minimization. Backward stochastic differential equations offer an alternative approach and are moreover applied to study markets with trading constraints including basis risk. A range of optimal martingale measures are discussed including the entropy, Esscher and minimal martingale measures. Quasi-symmetry properties of stochastic processes are deployed in the semi-static hedging of barrier options. This book is directed towards both graduate students and researchers in mathematical finance, and will also provide an orientation to applied mathematicians, financial economists and practitioners wishing to explore recent progress in this field."

Download or read book Mathematical Systems Theory in Biology Communications Computation and Finance written by Joachim Rosenthal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains survey and research articles by some of the leading researchers in mathematical systems theory - a vibrant research area in its own right. Many authors have taken special care that their articles are self-contained and accessible also to non-specialists.

Download or read book Pricing in In Complete Markets written by Angelika Esser and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-27 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the authors investigate structural aspects of no arbitrage pricing of contingent claims and applications of the general pricing theory in the context of incomplete markets. A quasi-closed form pricing equation in terms of artificial probabilities is derived for arbitrary payoff structures. Moreover, a comparison between continuous and discrete models is presented, highlighting the major similarities and key differences. As applications, two sources of market incompleteness are considered, namely stochastic volatility and stochastic liquidity. Firstly, the general theory discussed before is applied to the pricing of power options in a stochastic volatility model. Secondly, the issue of liquidity risk is considered by focusing on the aspect of how asset price dynamics are affected by the trading strategy of a large investor.

Download or read book SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization written by Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Swing Pricing and Fragility in Open end Mutual Funds written by Dunhong Jin and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-11-01 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to prevent runs on open-end mutual funds? In recent years, markets have observed an innovation that changed the way open-end funds are priced. Alternative pricing rules (known as swing pricing) adjust funds’ net asset values to pass on funds’ trading costs to transacting shareholders. Using unique data on investor transactions in U.K. corporate bond funds, we show that swing pricing eliminates the first-mover advantage arising from the traditional pricing rule and significantly reduces redemptions during stress periods. The positive impact of alternative pricing rules on fund flows reverses in calm periods when costs associated with higher tracking error dominate the pricing effect.

Download or read book Handbook of Risk Management in Energy Production and Trading written by Raimund M. Kovacevic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an overview of the risks involved in modern electricity production, delivery and trading, including technical risk in production, transportation and delivery, operational risk for the system operators, market risks for traders, and political and other long term risks in strategic management. Using decision making under uncertainty as a methodological background, the book is divided into four parts, with Part I focusing on energy markets, particularly electricity markets. Topics include a nontechnical overview of energy markets and their main properties, basic price models for energy commodity prices, and modeling approaches for electricity price processes. Part II looks at optimal decisions in managing energy systems, including hydropower dispatch models, cutting plane algorithms and approximative dynamic programming; hydro-thermal production; renewable; stochastic investments and operational optimization models for natural gas transport; decision making in operating electricity networks; and investment in extending energy production systems. Part III explores pricing, including electricity swing options and the pricing of derivatives with volume control. Part IV looks at long-term and political risks, including energy systems under aspects of climate change, and catastrophic operational risks, particularly risks from terrorist attacks.

Download or read book Advances in Financial Risk Management written by Jonathan A. Batten and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-04 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest research on measuring, managing and pricing financial risk. Three broad perspectives are considered: financial risk in non-financial corporations; in financial intermediaries such as banks; and finally within the context of a portfolio of securities of different credit quality and marketability.

Download or read book Real Options Analysis written by Johnathan Mun and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-07-02 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Mun demystifies real options analysis and delivers a powerful, pragmatic guide for decision-makers and practitioners alike. Finally, there is a book that equips professionals to easily recognize, value, and seize real options in the world around them." --Jim Schreckengast, Senior VP, R&D Strategy, Gemplus International SA, France Completely revised and updated to meet the challenges of today's dynamic business environment, Real Options Analysis, Second Edition offers you a fresh look at evaluating capital investment strategies by taking the strategic decision-making process into consideration. This comprehensive guide provides both a qualitative and quantitative description of real options; the methods used in solving real options; why and when they are used; and the applicability of these methods in decision making.

Download or read book Employee Stock Options Exercise Timing Hedging And Valuation written by Tim Siu-tang Leung and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-07-29 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Employee stock options (ESOs) are an integral component of compensation in the US. In fact, almost all S&P 500 companies grant options to their top executives, and the total value accounts for almost half of the total pay for their CEOs. In view of the extensive use and significant cost of ESOs to firms, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has mandated expensing ESOs since 2004. This gives rise to the need to create a reasonable valuation method for these options for most firms that grant ESOs to their employees. The valuation of ESOs involves a number of challenging issues, and is thus an important active research area in Accounting, Corporate Finance, and Financial Mathematics.In this exciting book, the author discusses the practical and challenging problems surrounding ESOs from a financial mathematician's perspective. This book provides a systematic overview of the contractual features of ESOs and thoughtful discussions of different valuation approaches, with emphasis on three major aspects: (i) hedging strategies; (ii) exercise timing; and (iii) valuation methodologies. In addition to addressing each of these categories, this book also highlights their connections and combined effects of the cost of ESOs to firms, as well as examines the implications to modeling and valuation approaches. The book features a unique approach that combines stochastic modeling and control techniques with option pricing theory, and provides formulas and numerical schemes for fast implementation and clear illustration.

Download or read book Mathematical Reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Equity Linked Life Insurance written by Alexander Melnikov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-07 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the application of the partial hedging approach from modern math finance to equity-linked life insurance contracts. It provides an accessible, up-to-date introduction to quantifying financial and insurance risks. The book also explains how to price innovative financial and insurance products from partial hedging perspectives. Each chapter presents the problem, the mathematical formulation, theoretical results, derivation details, numerical illustrations, and references to further reading.

Download or read book Advances in Mathematics of Finance written by Łukasz Stettner and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This volume contains 15 papers contributed by the participands of the 2nd General AMaMeF conference and Banach Center converence 'Advances in mathematics of finance' organized in Bȩdlewo, Poland from 30th April till 5th May, 2007. AMaMeF (Advances Mathematical Methods of Finance) is a scientific programme of the European Science Foundation for 2005-2010"--Preface (p. 5).

Download or read book CIMA Official Exam Practice Kit Performance Strategy written by Stephen Foster and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-07-29 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HELPING YOU PREPARE WITH CONFIDENCE, AVOID PITFALLS AND PASS FIRST TIME CIMA's Exam Practice Kits contain a wealth of practice exam questions and answers, focusing purely on applying what has been learned to pass the exam. Fully updated to meet the demands of the new 2010 syllabus, the range of questions covers every aspect of the course to prepare you for any exam scenario. Each solution provides an in-depth analysis of the correct answer to give a full understanding of the assessments and valuable insight on how to score top marks. - The only exam practice kits to be officially endorsed by CIMA - Written by leading CIMA examiners, markers and tutors - a source you can trust - Maps to CIMA's Learning Systems and CIMA's Learning Outcomes to enable you to study efficiently - Exam level questions with type and weightings matching the format of the exam - Fully worked model answers to facilitate learning and compare against your own practice answers - Includes summaries of key theory to strengthen understanding

Download or read book QFinance written by and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2009-10-13 with total page 2218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compiled by more than 300 of the world's leading professionals, visionaries, writers and educators, this is THE first-stop reference resource and knowledge base for finance. QFINANCE covers an extensive range of finance topics with unique insight, authoritative information, practical guidance and thought-provoking widsom. Unmatched for in-depth content, QFINANCE contains more than 2 million words of text, data analysis, critical summaries and bonus online content. Created by Bloomsbury Publishing in association with the Qatar Financial Centre (QFC) Authority, QFINANCE is the expert reference resource for finance professionals, academics, students, journalists and writers. QFINANCE: The Ultimate Resource Special Features: Best Practice and Viewpoint Essays – Finance leaders, experts and educators address how to resolve the most crucial issues and challenges facing business today. Finance Checklists – Step-by-step guides offer problem-solving solutions including hedging interest-rate risk, governance practices, project appraisal, estimating enterprise value and managing credit ratings. Calculations and Ratios – Essential mathematical tools include how to calculate return on investment, return on shareholders’ equity, working capital productivity, EVA, risk-adjusted rate of return, CAPM, etc. Finance Thinkers and Leaders – Illuminating biographies of 50 of the leading figures in modern finance including Joseph De La Vega, Louis Bachelier, Franco Modigliani, Paul Samuelson, and Myron Scholes Finance Library digests –Summaries of more than 130 key works ranging from “Against the Gods” to “Portfolio Theory & Capital Markets” and “The Great Crash”. Country and Sector Profiles – In-depth analysis of 102 countries and 26 sectors providing essential primary research resource for direct or indirect investment. Finance Information Sources – A select list of the best resources for further information on finance and accounting worldwide, both in print and online, including books, journal articles, magazines, internet, and organizations Finance Dictionary – A comprehensive jargon-free, easy-to-use dictionary of more than 9,000 finance and banking terms used globally. Quotations – More than 2,000 business relevant quotations. Free access to QFinance Online Resources (www.qfinance.com): Get daily content updates, podcasts, online events and use our fully searchable database.

Download or read book Continuous Time Arbitrage Approached as a Problem in Constrained Hedging written by James Andre Demopolos and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Risk Neutral Valuation written by Nicholas H. Bingham and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition - completely up to date with new exercises - provides a comprehensive and self-contained treatment of the probabilistic theory behind the risk-neutral valuation principle and its application to the pricing and hedging of financial derivatives. On the probabilistic side, both discrete- and continuous-time stochastic processes are treated, with special emphasis on martingale theory, stochastic integration and change-of-measure techniques. Based on firm probabilistic foundations, general properties of discrete- and continuous-time financial market models are discussed.