Download or read book Commensal Fecal Bacteria written by Vasanta Lakshmi Chivukula and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Water treatment facilities have been relying on indicator bacteria to assess the quality of water for decades. The purpose of this group of studies is to investigate the predictive capabilities of conventional and alternative indicators for pathogenic microorganisms in disinfection processes and treated wastewater effluents. In addition, the possibility that diversity of indicator bacteria, as well as overall bacterial diversity, correlate with fecal contamination in water bodies has been investigated. Indicator organisms (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, enterococci, C. perfringens, and coliphages) as well as pathogens (enteroviruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium) were enumerated from six wastewater treatment facilities at various stages of treatment. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine if the indicator organisms (individually or as a set) could predict the presence or absence of pathogens. Single indicator organism analysis failed to correlate with the occurrence pathogens, thus monitoring a suite of indicator organisms may be a better measure to predict the presence of pathogens. The product of chlorine residual concentration and contact time (CT) was identified as a factor for determining the log10 reduction of enteric viruses in wastewater treatment facilities that used chloramines for disinfection. Samples were also collected from river waters and sediments in watersheds with different human population densities to identify the impact of anthropogenic activities on bacterial diversity. 16S rRNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), ribotyping, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were used to determine total coliform, Escherichia coli, and bacterial community population structures, respectively. The concentrations of indicator organisms were significantly different among the river sites in sediments, but not in water column. The population diversity measurements were not significantly different among the river sites; while the indicator population and bacterial community structures were dissimilar in water column vs. associated sediment samples. Accumulation curves demonstrated that greater than 20 isolates must be sampled at most of the sites to represent the dominant populations. A better understanding of the relationship between the indicator organisms and pathogens as well as knowledge of the ecology of indicator organisms in pristine and anthropogenically impacted waters may contribute to water quality restoration and public health protection.
Download or read book GI Microbiota and Regulation of the Immune System written by Gary B. Huffnagle and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-21 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers current trends in the investigation of GI microbiota. It examines the relationship between the microbiota and the immune system from a variety of angles.
Download or read book DNA Markers written by Gustavo Caetano-Anollés and published by Wiley-Liss. This book was released on 1997-09-16 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the four decades since the discovery of DNA, molecular genetics and biotechnology have undergone a revolution in the research and application of genetic testing techniques. As a result, these fields have witnessed an explosion of both information and controversy, and the focus of public awareness of the significance of molecular biotechnology in everyday life has leaped from journal abstracts to front-page news. Molecular biotechnology provides important tools for the identification of specific nucleic acid sequences, some of them linked to important traits such as those conferring resistance to disease. Such DNA markers are used commonly in genetic research and in other applications, such as DNA fingerprinting. Researchers can use DNA markers to follow individual traits in different environments and hosts, increasing our understanding of the constitution, diversity, and evolution of genetic material. DNA Markers: Protocols, Applications, and Overviews offers valuable new information on this rapidly growing field. This compendium of research highlights the most recently discovered DNA markers and their application to the analyses of genomes of low and high complexity, with a focus on recently developed DNA marker systems as tools for DNA fingerprinting, genome analysis, molecular systematics, taxonomy, and phylogenetic analysis. The Protocols section of the book contains detailed, step-by-step instructions on how to perform selected DNA marker experiments, providing a useful laboratory tool. Subjects covered by top specialists include: Designed as a bench-top reference for the laboratory as well as a complete guide to the latest research, DNA Markers: Protocols, Applications, and Overviews is a vital resource for both novices and experienced practitioners involved in research in molecular genetics or biotechnology. A global overview of DNA markers * Molecular hybridization * RAPD, AP-PCR, DAF and AFLP analysis * Microbial Genomic fingerprinting * Simple sequence repeat DNA markers * Genetic BIT analysis * Differential display of RNA * The status of DNA fingerprinting: population databases * Arbitrarily amplified DNA in ecology and evolution
Download or read book Investigation of Immunostimulatory Commensal Bacteria in Health and Immune Mediated Disorders written by Sunaina Khandelwal and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intestinal commensal microbiota has been implicated in the development of numerous human disorders. However, whether the microbiota is directly involved in the disease process and the key bacterial taxa that might initiate or propagate disease, has been difficult to discern. In this thesis we study immune activation against commensal bacteria to investigate bacterial role in disease. In patients with Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we observed significantly higher mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig) responses against fecal commensal bacteria as compared to healthy individuals. These responses correlated with increasing Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) disease activity. Furthermore we identified bacterial taxa that are uniquely immunogenic in CD or UC and others that might be specifically involved in active vs. inactive disease. In contrast to IBD which is a bonafide intestinal inflammatory disorder, we also studied Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which is primarily considered a somatization disorder with potential involvement of the commensal microbiota, an altered gut-brain axis and altered motility. Surprisingly we observed a role for bacterial driven inflammation as there was significantly increased immunoglobulin targeted bacteria in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBSd) patients as compared to controls or Celiac Sprue patients, excluding a generic inflammation driven phenomenon. To model IBS in mice, we utilized a restraint stress paradigm that led to increased diarrheal features, visceral hypersensitivity and increased bacterial-targeted immune activation also observed in IBSd. We show that stress induced microbial dysbiosis drives these features that can be observed a week after stress and that dysbiosis is in fact sufficient in the absence of concurrent stress. Notably, increased immune activation in IBSd also correlates with microbial dysbiosis and somatization severity, a metric to assess undue physiologic stress. Thus, in this work we highlight the role of dysbiotic commensal bacteria in driving exaggerated immune responses and potentially contributing to disease pathogenesis in IBD and IBS patients.
Download or read book Dietary Interventions in Gastrointestinal Diseases written by Ronald Ross Watson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dietary Interventions in Gastrointestinal Diseases: Foods, Nutrients and Dietary Supplements provides valuable insights into the agents that affect metabolism and other health-related conditions in the gastrointestinal system. It provides nutritional treatment options for those suffering from gastrointestinal diseases including Crohn’s Disease, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Ulcerative Colitis and Allergies, among others. Information is presented on a variety of foods, including herbs, fruits, soy and olive oil, thus showing that changes in intake can change antioxidant and disease preventing non-nutrients and affect gastrointestinal health and/or disease promotion. This book serves as a valuable resource for biomedical researchers who focus on identifying the causes of gastrointestinal diseases and food scientists targeting health-related product development. Provides information on agents that affect metabolism and other health-related conditions in the gastrointestinal tract Explores the impact of composition, including differences based on country of origin and processing techniques to highlight compositional differences and their effect on the gastrointestinal tract Addresses the most positive results from dietary interventions using bioactive foods to impact gastrointestinal diseases, including reduction of inflammation and improved function of organs
Download or read book Volatiles and Metabolites of Microbes written by Ajay Kumar and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volatiles and Metabolites of Microbes compiles the latest research and advancement in the field of volatiles, metabolites synthesized from the microbial strains such as actinomycetes, bacteria, cyanobacteria, and fungal species and their potential applications in the field of healthcare issue and sustainable agriculture. There is an urgent need to explore new and advanced biological methods for health industries and sustainable agriculture and to protect the environment from environmental pollution or contaminates, global warming, and also control the health of human beings from the side effects of various pharmaceuticals products. Focusing all these factors, Volatiles and Metabolites of Microbes explores new aspects of microorganism in terms of volatiles, enzymes, bioactive compounds synthesized from the microbes and their potential applications in the field of sustainable agriculture and health-related issues Provides a broad aspect about volatiles, bioactive compounds, and secondary metabolites of microbes compiled in one cover Gives the latest research and advancement in the field of volatiles, secondary metabolites, and bioactive compounds synthesized from the different microbial strains Responds to new developments in the detection of the complex compound structures of volatiles Offers insight to a very broad audience in Biotechnology, Applied Microbiology, Agronomy, and Pathology
Download or read book Viral Gastroenteritis written by Shunzo Chiba and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, rapid developments have occurred in the field of viral gastroenteritis. This book is an update of fundamental and practical aspects of viral gastroenteritis. Among the various agents that cause viral gastroenteritis, group A rotaviruses and caliciviruses are the focus of this volume because of their clinical impact and the significance of new findings about them.
Download or read book The Fecal Bacteria written by Michael J. Sadowsky and published by American Society for Microbiology Press. This book was released on 2010-11-19 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique, holistic approach to understanding fecal bacteria. • Offers a balanced, integrated discussion of fecal bacteria and their presence and ecology in the intestinal tract of mammals, in the environment, and in the food supply. • Covers the use of fecal bacteria to examine and assess water quality to offer protection from illnesses related to swimming in or ingesting contaminated water, in addition to discussing their use in engineering considerations of water quality, modeling, monitoring, and regulations. • Includes perspectives from an internationally recognized group of experts that integrates medicine, public health, environmental, and microbiological topics. • Serves as a resource for microbiologists, clinicians, animal scientists, engineers, environmental scientists, food safety experts, water quality managers, and students.
Download or read book Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals written by Vijai Kumar Gupta and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-12-26 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Showcases the recent advances in microbial functional food applications across food science, microbiology, biotechnology, and chemical engineering Microbial technology plays a key role in the improvement of biotechnology, cosmeceuticals, and biopharmaceutical applications. It has turned into a subject of expanding significance because new microbes and their related biomolecules are distinguished for their biological activity and health benefits. Encompassing both biotechnology and chemical engineering, Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals brings together microbiology, bacteria, and food processing/mechanization, which have applications for a variety of audiences. Pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, and medical device development all employ microbial food technology. The book addresses the recent advances in microbial functional foods and associated applications, providing an important reference work for graduates and researchers. It also provides up-to-date information on novel nutraceutical compounds and their mechanisms of action—catering to the needs of researchers and academics in food science and technology, microbiology, chemical engineering, and other disciplines who are dealing with microbial functional foods and related areas. Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals is: Ground-breaking: Includes the latest developments and research in the area of microbial functional foods and nutraceuticals Multidisciplinary: Applicable across food science and technology, microbiology, biotechnology, chemical engineering, and other important research fields Practical and academic: An important area of both academic research and new product development in the food and pharmaceutical industries Microbial Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals is an ideal resource of information for biologists, microbiologists, bioengineers, biochemists, biotechnologists, food technologists, enzymologists, and nutritionists.
Download or read book Trace Metals and Infectious Diseases written by Jerome O. Nriagu and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2024-06-11 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts explore the influence of trace metals on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Many parts of the world in which common infectious diseases are endemic also have the highest prevalence of trace metal deficiencies or rising rates of trace metal pollution. Infectious diseases can increase human susceptibility to adverse effects of metal exposure (at suboptimal or toxic levels), and metal excess or deficiency can increase the incidence or severity of infectious diseases. The co-clustering of major infectious diseases with trace metal deficiency or toxicity has created a complex web of interactions with serious but poorly understood health repercussions, yet has been largely overlooked in animal and human studies. This book focuses on the distribution, trafficking, fate, and effects of trace metals in biological systems. Its goal is to enhance our understanding of the relationships between homeostatic mechanisms of trace metals and the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Drawing on expertise from a range of fields, the book offers a comprehensive review of current knowledge on vertebrate metal-withholding mechanisms and the strategies employed by different microbes to avoid starvation (or poisoning). Chapters summarize current, state-of-the-art techniques for investigating pathogen-metal interactions and highlight open question to guide future research. The book makes clear that improving knowledge in this area will be instrumental to the development of novel therapeutic measures against infectious diseases. Contributors M. Leigh Ackland, Vahid Fa Andisi, Angele L. Arrieta, Michael A. Bachman, J. Sabine Becker, Robert E. Black, Julia Bornhorst, Sascha Brunke, Joseph A. Caruso, Jennifer S. Cavet, Anson C. K. Chan, Christopher H. Contag, Heran Darwin, George V. Dedoussis, Rodney R. Dietert, Victor J. DiRita, Carol A. Fierke, Tamara Garcia-Barrera, David P. Giedroc, Peter-Leon Hagedoorn, James A. Imlay, Marek J. Kobylarz, Joseph Lemire, Wenwen Liu, Slade A. Loutet, Wolfgang Maret, Andreas Matusch, Trevor F. Moraes, Michael E. P. Murphy, Maribel Navarro, Jerome O. Nriagu, Ana-Maria Oros-Peusquens, Elisabeth G. Pacyna, Jozef M. Pacyna, Robert D. Perry, John M. Pettifor, Stephanie Pfaffen, Dieter Rehder, Lothar Rink, Anthony B. Schryvers, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Eric P. Skaar, Miguel C. P. Soares, Kyrre Sundseth, Dennis J. Thiele, Richard B. Thompson, Meghan M. Verstraete, Gonzalo Visbal, Fudi Wang, Mian Wang, Thomas J. Webster, Jeffrey N. Weiser, Günter Weiss, Inga Wessels, Bin Ye, Judith T. Zelikoff, Lihong Zhang
Download or read book Selective Immune Recognition of Gut Commensal Bacteria by Immunoglobulin A written by Sindhuja Rao and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The roles of innate and adaptive immune components are not firmly established for the generation of gut commensal bacteria-specific IgA during homeostasis. To address this, we used flow cytometric sorting of IgA bound in situ to fecal bacteria, a technique that we refined and modified in the lab. In work detailed here, we report that the presence of T cells increased the repertoire of IgA bound bacteria, although a substantial fraction of IgA appears T-independent. Consistent with this, the IgA response was not markedly affected by individual deficiencies in innate pathways upstream of T cell responses such as TLR2, and MyD88, nor the BATF3-dependent CD11b−CD103+ dendritic cell subset. However, lack of TLR4 signaling resulted in diminished IgA to Verrucomicrobiaceae and Lactobacillaceae families, which are known to be associated with anti-inflammatory states. Moreover, mice with dendritic cell-specific deletion of Notch2, which are deficient in the CD11b+CD103+ subset, showed decreased generation of IgA to Bacteroidaceae and Paraprevotellaceae families, but an increase in the IgA bound to pathobionts. Finally, we found that TCR transgenic cells specific to commensal bacteria could induce IgA to bacterial cell-surface antigens upon transfer, and contrary to previous results, we did not observe a strict requirement for the Th17 helper cell subset for IgA induction. Thus, these data support the notion that a specific subset of commensal bacteria can induce T-dependent and T-independent IgA responses that can be modulated by discrete innate immune components.
Download or read book Metagenomics for Microbiology written by Jacques Izard and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-11-07 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concisely discussing the application of high throughput analysis to move forward our understanding of microbial principles, Metagenomics for Microbiology provides a solid base for the design and analysis of omics studies for the characterization of microbial consortia. The intended audience includes clinical and environmental microbiologists, molecular biologists, infectious disease experts, statisticians, biostatisticians, and public health scientists. This book focuses on the technological underpinnings of metagenomic approaches and their conceptual and practical applications. With the next-generation genomic sequencing revolution increasingly permitting researchers to decipher the coding information of the microbes living with us, we now have a unique capacity to compare multiple sites within individuals and at higher resolution and greater throughput than hitherto possible. The recent articulation of this paradigm points to unique possibilities for investigation of our dynamic relationship with these cellular communities, and excitingly the probing of their therapeutic potential in disease prevention or treatment of the future. Expertly describes the latest metagenomic methodologies and best-practices, from sample collection to data analysis for taxonomic, whole shotgun metagenomic, and metatranscriptomic studies Includes clear-headed pointers and quick starts to direct research efforts and increase study efficacy, eschewing ponderous prose Presented topics include sample collection and preparation, data generation and quality control, third generation sequencing, advances in computational analyses of shotgun metagenomic sequence data, taxonomic profiling of shotgun data, hypothesis testing, and mathematical and computational analysis of longitudinal data and time series. Past-examples and prospects are provided to contextualize the applications.
Download or read book Nutritional Triggers for Health and in Disease written by Artemis P. Simopoulos and published by S. Karger AG (Switzerland). This book was released on 1992 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume consists of four reviews on subjects basic to nutrition and dietetics that are interrelated in terms of taste, malnutrition, immunology, milk-feeding models, and rickets, a disease which is viewed not simply as a nutritional disorder but as a specific complex disease of the tropics. in the management of food intake and food selection, while the second paper provides a complete evaluation of the piglet as a model for infant feeding. The third paper discusses the role of nutrients to enhance the complement system in order to induce resistance to infection in malnutrition. Finally, rickets is reviewed in terms of epidemiologic, metabolic, genetic and religious factors, and in relation to vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency and thalassemia.
Download or read book Intestinal Lipid Metabolism written by Charles M. Mansbach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-11-30 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was stimulated by the enthusiasm shown by attendees at the meetings in Saxon River, VT, sponsored by the Federation ofAmerican Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), on the subject of the intestinal processing of lipids. When these meetings were first started in 1990, the original organizers, two of whom are editors ofthis volume (CMM and PT), had two major goals. The first was to bring together a diverse group ofinvestiga tors who had the common goal of gaining a better understanding of how the intestine ab sorbs lipids. The second was to stimulate the interest of younger individuals whom we wished to recruit into what we believed was an exciting and fruitful area ofresearch. Since that time, the field has opened up considerably with new questions being asked and new an swers obtained, suggesting that our original goals for the meetings were being met. In the same spirit, it occurred to us that there has not been a recentbook that draws to gethermuch ofthe informationavailableconcerninghow the intestineprocesses lipids. This book is intended to reach investigators with an interest in this area and their pre- and post doctoral students. The chapters are written by individuals who have a long-term interest in the areas about which they write, and many have been speakers at the subsequent FASEB conferences that have followed on the first.
Download or read book Prebiotics and Probiotics written by and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Probiotic bacteria are found in the intestinal microbiota of the host and favor multiple metabolic reactions. Prebiotics provide food for probiotic bacteria and have an effect on their own performance in favor of host health. Numerous metabolic and immunological mechanisms are involved in its effects. Probiotics have been studied for several decades and their use for human consumption is still unclear. However, new types of molecules with prebiotic functions and components of probiotic bacteria with therapeutic potential are still being studied. The versatility of these molecules makes their incorporation into human food and animal diets feasible. This book is a compendium of recent scientific information on the use of probiotics and prebiotics for the benefit of human and animal health.
Download or read book Milk Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome Impact on the Neonate written by P.L. Ogra and published by S. Karger. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considerable advances have been made in science in order to understand the varied mixture of bioactive components in human milk. The 94th Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop was designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest findings in human milk research and its potential to modulate mucosal immunity, the microbiome, and its impact on the neonate. The publication provides a balanced state-of-the-art update on the current knowledge about milk, mucosal immunity, and the microbiome as well as their impact on breastfeeding in mammalian neonates. The first part reviews data on the immunology of milk and lactation from a historical perspective to the latest scientific findings. The second part discusses the microbiology of human milk and lactation in detail, with a focus on premature infants and necrotizing enterocolitis. And finally, in the third part, light is shed on the protective factors in human milk and their role in influencing the neonate’s immune system. Important new insights will provide great scientific support for all people seeking a deeper understanding of human milk and its immunological properties and will enlarge the knowledge of those who have already specialized in human milk research.
Download or read book Meet Your Bacteria written by Catherine Whitlock and published by Cassell. This book was released on 2018-08-05 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meet Your Bacteria introduces you to all of your tiny tenants, and reveals the fascinating inner workings of your body, and the importance of these usually helpful (but sometimes harmful) microbes. Highly topical and accessible, this book: - Explores the different bacteria that live on and in various parts of your body (not just in the gut) - Explains what they do, and why some are beneficial and some harmful - Offers practical advice for promoting the good and inhibiting the bad bacteria - Examines the latest thinking on good and bad dirt, and the links between bacteria and disease Including in-depth profiles on each of the most important families of bacteria living in the human body, and helpful advice on how you can look after your own health through greater knowledge of your microbial friends, this is a wide-ranging introduction to the secret world inside your own body.
