Download or read book Combination Not Competition of Railroads written by Lee Blewett and published by Wentworth Press. This book was released on 2019-03-10 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Download or read book Combination Not Competition of Railroads Classic Reprint written by Blewett Lee and published by . This book was released on 2015-07-18 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Combination, Not Competition of Railroads In the course of the taking of evidence before what is generally called the Newlands Committee, appointed by Congress to investigate conditions relating to interstate and foreign commerce, it was very interesting to observe the personality of the different members of the Committee, as indicated by the questions which they asked of the various expert witnesses who were brought before them. The keen intellect of the Senior Senator from Iowa has continually played about the problem, how the revenues of the weak lines can be increased without at the same time increasing those of the strong ones. Assuming that some of the lines are already earning enough, but some are not, how shall the poor lines be made prosperous without increasing the earnings of their strong competitors? Shall the Government guarantee the earnings of the weak lines? If so, how will it ever get its money back? Can the strong lines be made to shoulder the weak ones, so to speak, or dilute their own prosperity by spreading it over the adversity of their weaker brethren? On more than one occasion the Senator has declared this problem to be insoluble. What is to be done? It may be remarked at the outset that the idea that the earnings of the strong lines must be kept down at all events, is far from comforting to people who have invested their money in the railroad business, and most discouraging to those who are invited to invest new money in it. In one of the recent Treasury Decisions, Honorable David A. Gates had occasion to remark that unless a public utility like a railroad company earned eight per cent upon its investment, its stock could not be kept at par - a conclusion which was reached from an examination of many income tax schedules. In an investigation made in connection with the Fifteen Per Cent. Rate Case, the Illinois Central Railroad Company discovered that in the unusually prosperous year ending June 30, 1916, it had in fact received a return on its investment in road and equipment of only 4.3%. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book Combination Not Competition of Railroads written by Blewett Lee and published by Palala Press. This book was released on 2016-05-25 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Download or read book For the Railroads Classic Reprint written by Harry Turner Newcomb and published by . This book was released on 2016-06-21 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from For the Railroads No agency of Government can translate commercial needs in terms of railway rates which will foster industrial progress as does the free operation of the natural laws of business. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book The Government and the Railroads Classic Reprint written by Otto H. Kahn and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2015-07-05 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Government and the Railroads The system as it has evolved itself in America, though it is resented by some of the Bourbons as far too advanced and as an indefensible interference with the rights of property, and by some of the Ultra-Radicals as not going far enough, seems to me in theory an almost ideal one. But the best of theories is futile if its practical application is at fault; and I know of few more flagrant instances of the unwise and unsound application of a wise and sound theory than in the case of our railroad legislation. Indeed, the structure of federal and state laws under which American railroads are compelled to carry on their business at present is little short of a legislative monstrosity. Writing on the subject of control and regulation of corporations, Colonel Roosevelt in a recently published article expresses himself as follows: ...When we control business in the public interest we are also bound to encourage it in the public interest, or it will be a bad thing for everybody and worst of all for those on whose behalf the control is nominally exercised... This object cannot be accomplished by a chaos of forty-eight states working at cross-purposes in the development of our interstate and international industrial fabric... So much of the regulation attempted in our country in the past has been done by demagogues or by heedless politicians interested only in their own momentary political success that the very name Regulation has become an offense and an abomination to many honest business men. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book The Importance of Competition Between Railways Classic Reprint written by Edward Dudley Kenna and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-08-19 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Importance of Competition Between Railways F one will trace the course of a public pol icy that has failed he can usually find the forks at which the wrong turn was taken; therefore, when a public policy becomes in effective, change should be preceded by a search for the causes of failure. To com prehend the conditions which required the Government to commandeer the railways in December, 1917, it is necessary to go back to the beginning of our railways. In that beginning when the railed way was an experiment our Governments, State and Federal, were eager and Willing that private capital should incur all the hazards of its development; and, when its utility was demonstrated, these Governments, being poor, induced investors to build the railways conformably to a public policy under which such investors, incorporated, were not only to build, and, to own, but, also to operatethe railways. Inconsistently, these privately owned and operated railways were declared to be highways. This incongruous arrange ment sprang from the assumption that the rail thoroughfares were to be a substitute for the common highways, which experience had shown might be owned by private corpora tions. Therefore, early railway legislation developed on the general lines prescribed for turnpikes and toll-roads, ignoring that it is not feasible for every person who may own a locomotive and a car to use a rail way in common with other like users. The seriousness of this mistake - which was soon corrected in practice - lies in the erroneous public view of the railway it induced without correcting: the public failed to see that the State was creating a private monopoly. The owners, of course, realized that every one was to have the right to ship and travel over their railways, and the public were aware that they must pay for the exercise of such right; but where men must use a thing controlled by a private monopoly, such as water, light, or a public highway, an nu ending struggle between owners and usersis inevitable. This affords, perhaps, a strong, yet not necessarily a controlling argument, in favor of ownership by the State of all public utilities. However, the need for rail ways grew so fast that their builders were everywhere welcomed as benefactors, and he, who prior to 1870 would have assaulted the basis of their credit would have been re garded as a public enemy. But when almost every town had its railway and earlier needs were satisfied and forgotten, the owners be came as unpopular as absentee landlords. \vhy this happened and to what extent the owners themselves were responsible for the change is not pertinent to the subject we are discussing, which is a study of causes, not an inquiry into the responsibility for their oc currence. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book The Railroads and the Commerce Clause Classic Reprint written by Francis Cope Hartshorne and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Railroads and the Commerce Clause So much attention having been attracted to the subject of railroad legislation by the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act, and the litigation it has given rise to, and by the active steps taken in many States toward the regulation of railroads, it occurred to the author that the time was ripe for a work on the constitutional relations of the rail roads to the National government, especially as those relations grow out of and are defined by the Commerce Clause. In investigating this subject the author soon came to the conclusion, that this work would be incomplete if it did not also contain a consideration of the reciprocal effects of the National and State powers over railroads. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book National Consolidation of the Railways of the United States Classic Reprint written by George Henry Lewis and published by . This book was released on 2017-09-17 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Working of the Railroads Classic Reprint written by Logan G. McPherson and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-12 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Working of the Railroads The contents of this book are constituted, with some modifications, of the lectures delivered by the author in the Course on Transportation at Johns Hopkins University in the Spring of 1906. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book The Relation of the Railroads to the Public Interests written by Joseph Nimmo Jr. and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Relation of the Railroads to the Public Interests: Being Part 2 of the Report on the Internal Commerce of the United States; Submitted December 1, 1879 The following chapters in regard to direct trade over connecting lines, competition, the apportionment of traffic, the cost of transportation, uniformity of railroad accounts, the publicity of the acts and doings of railroad companies, discriminations, and the governmental regulations of railroads, have a direct bearing upon the relation of the railroads to the public interests. The main object in view in the preparation of these statements has been to describe the evils which have Sprung up in the Course of the development of the railroad system, and the measures which have been proposed or adopted for the correction of such evils. The topics treated of embrace the more important features of what is known as the railroad problem. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book RAILROADS written by American Geographical Society of N York and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-03-09 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Railroads: Statements and Reflections Thereon: Particularly With Reference to the Proposed Railroad Without a Tunnel, and the Competition for the Line Between London and Brighton Of the three propositions before the Committee of the House of Commons, viz. Sir John Rennie's, Mr. Stephenson's, and Mr. Cundy's, it is irrefragable that the first is inferior to the other two, on account of the great length of its tunnels, and the dangerous steepness of its inclined planes. Including Shoreham, it is 55 9 miles in length, and has no fewer than five tunnels delightful specimens of Tartarus, by way of preparing visitors for the Elysium of Brighton. It presents, besides, 22 undulating inclined planes, of which 6 rise 20 feet per mile, for the distance of 22 miles and 23 chains, and require the power of 1 7 lbs. Per ton to work them 15 miles per hour, or 89 minutes. Another of these planes is 1 mile 60 chains, with a rise of 47 feet per mile, and will require a station engine and a power of 29 lbs. Per ton, to work it 9 miles per hour, or 18% minutes: the whole together making 24 miles 3 chains, or 107% minutes. The remaining 31 miles 37 chains may he travelled at the average of 30 miles an hour, or 634; minutes. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book Railroads and the Citizen written by Charles David Trueman and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-29 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Railroads and the Citizen: Their Relation This is the comparative measurement in a rough way, of the sum distributed annually by the railroads among holders of their securities; - the sum which goes out into the general circulation of the country through the medium of more than 61 per cent of our citizenship, and when it is remembered that the securities upon which this sum is paid out into the channels of circulation represent more than thirty-one per ecnt of the asset of life insur ance companies, and almost ten per cent of the total deposits in all banks throughout the land, the economic value and social effect of railroad earnings, in so far as the public is most directly con cerned, becomes more clearly, yet not fully apparent;-not fully because there are not included within the more than sixty-one per cent of interested persons heretofore referred to, the holders of fire and accident insurance whose issuing companies have be come important holders also, of such securities. The exact ex tent to which their asset is so invested I do not know, but there is before me sufficient data from Harraman's American Invest ments to pretty clearly indicate that contraction of railroad earnings, would affect, if not jeopardize, a part at least of the asset back of much insurance of that character. Beyond these features of the public direct interest in the mat ter, the employment of labor to produce those things essential to the operation of railroads is a factor of great proportions also. Oi the two billion and seven hundred million dollars of ninety-six per cent of the railroads which were defi nitely analyzed last year or per cent, was paid out for coal alone, to be burned at shops, power stations, stations and in locomotives in the process of operating the roads, for the production of which not less than sixty per cent of the purchase price paid by the roads, or went to the labor eu gaged at the time in producing itg - and it is here in order to say that this estimate of wage proportions is low, being made so by the writer for purpose of conservatism, and that in the district with which I am most familiar the miner receives sixty-seven and six-sevenths (676-7) cents for digging from its bed of deposit one ton of the coal used by railroads, (i. E., run of mine coal), after which it passes through numerous other hands in going from the miner's pick to the railroad cars or locomotives, each of whom receive a daily wage of from down to by whichit is found that in reality about eighty per cent of the cost to ra1lroads of their fuel coal goes to the labor engaged in producing and making it ready for the road's consumption. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book American Railways Under Government Operation and the Financial Outlook Classic Reprint written by Charles E. Mitchell and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-09 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from American Railways Under Government Operation and the Financial Outlook In the first stage, the energy of private, venture some capital extended rail lines into every corner of our great country, gradually enabling each State to attach itself to and become a part of the political andeconomic life. Railroads were eagerly sought for by every community and subsidies represented by land grants, partial payment of cost and relief from taxa tion, as enticements to private venture, were so extreme as often to lead to overbuilding, resulting in trans ference of liquid capital to permanent investment at such rapid rates as to form the bases for the panics of 1873 and 1893. During this stage the opening of the way to subsidies and the extreme desire for favorable treatment after construction, prompted rail road owners and managers to control, as far as they might, the politics in the territories in which they were interested. Thus, the so-called railroad interests became to such an extent powers in political life that in many States it became impossible to elect a candi date to public office who had not their approval. This political control by railroad interests led to many abuses and developed an anti-railroad attitude among the people, which as fostered by political leaders generally who sought preferment on that platform. This fact, combined with the high finance that was madly practiced in the flotation of new and often spec ulative railroad enterprises, brought to an end the great construction or development stage of railroad history, and ushered in the period of State and Govern ment regulation. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book The People s Freight Railway Co Classic Reprint written by and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-11-09 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The People's Freight Railway Co It is founded upon the further theory that any new railroad between the West and the East, under private corporate control, will furnish no material element in solving the problem of cheap transportation, unless it be provided with some certain protection against the' con trol and influence of such great railroad corporations as the Pennsylvania and the New York Central. And upon the further theory, that a new railroad be tween the East and the West can be made to carry freight as cheaply, if not more cheaply, than can be done by water transportation, if it be honestly constructed, for the ready cash, in the most judiciously economical manner, of the three feet gauge, with double tracks and low grades; provided the railroad company owns the road-bed and tracks, and individuals and firms who wish to become common carriers own and operate the trains, paying the railroad company prescribed tolls, the trains being moved at a uniform speed of, say ten miles per hour, and there being full business for the capacity of the road thus managed. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book National Ownership of Railways Classic Reprint written by Charles H. Vail and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-17 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from National Ownership of Railways The Railways are Public Highways and as such, be ing necessary to transportation as a means of exchange, they should be owned and operated lay Society in the interest of Society. Highways are not private but public institutions, and when government lets out the construction of its highways, giving to corporate bodies the privilege of taxing those who use them, there is always retained a superintending power, a right to regulate the charges imposed upon the public. That the government has a right to prescribe rates has been so well established by judicial decisions that it is no longer a question for discussion. It is the duty of the State to provide inter-communication, and the chartering of a railroad by a private company is for the purpose of performing said duty for the State. Says Chief Justice Black A railway is a public highway for the public benefit, and the right of the corporation to exact a uniform, reasonable, stipulated tell from those who pass over it, does not make its main use a private one. The public have an interest in such a road when it belongs to a corporation as clearly as they would 1f it were free, or if the tolls were payable to the State. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book Railroads written by William Z. Ripley and published by . This book was released on 2016-06-27 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Railroads: Rates and Regulation It is this helpless and unorganized general public, always in need of an advocate, which, perhaps, most strongly appeals to the academic mind. If there be lack of judicial poise in this regard, it is, at all events, palliated by free confession in advance. Nor is the history of the assumption by public authority Of its inherent right to control railroads, as narrow an interest as it at first appears. Transportation, as a service, is the commodity produced by common carriers. The manner in which the price of this commodity has been brought under governmental regulation has a direct bearing upon another problem just beginning to open up; namely that of the con trol by the state of the prices of other things. It is not unlikely, in my judgment, that the final solution1 of the so called Trust Problem in the United States, Whether for good or ill, may ultimately contain as one important feature, the determination by governmental authority Of reasonable prices for such prime necessities of life as milk, ice, coal, sugar and Oil, when produced under monopolistic conditions. This view is shared by my colleague Professor Taussig in his Principles of Economics. It is also distinctly set forth by President Van Hise Of the University Of Wisconsin, in his recent Con centration and Control. When the seed Of such an industrial policy is planted, as I believe it possible in time, the soil will have been richly prepared for its reception by our experience in the determination of reasonable charges for the services of railroads and other public utilities. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book Legal Possibilities of Federal Railroad Incorporation Classic Reprint written by William Wilson Cook and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Legal Possibilities of Federal Railroad Incorporation Fifty years have not sufficed to work out a remedy for transportation ailments. Meantime the patient is dying. The railroads have got to have money to keep up with the growth of the nation in population and commerce, but money they cannot get. The investor is afraid of regulation. This is the crux of the trouble. Mr. Prouty, the veteran Interstate Com merce Commissioner, says. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
