Download or read book Cold Start and Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Ethanol gasoline Mixtures written by Benjamin David Waters and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the use of ethanol as a future fuel for spark ignition engines. The finite availability of oil coupled with concerns about global warming and CO2 emissions has led to an increase in the use of ethanol which is produced from biomass. Generally ethanol is blended with gasoline to make an automotive fuel with the most common blend being E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline by volume), which is used in Sweden and in the USA. Unlike gasoline, ethanol is a single component fuel which has a low volatility especially at low temperatures which means that cold-starting a spark ignition engine with ethanol-gasoline fuel blends is more difficult. In Europe cold-starting emission testing must be completed at ambient temperature and -7°C. During cold-starting tests with ethanol-gasoline blends high fuelling levels are required to form a combustible mixture and start the engine which results in high hydrocarbon emissions. This study investigates the start performance of a range of ethanol-gasoline blends in a port fuel injected spark ignition engine. Tests are completed at both ambient temperature at -rc and the start performance is characterised by the fuelling levels required to start the engine, the emissions of hydrocarbons and the fuel unaccounted for during the test. The optimum first start fuelling level is highly dependent on the proportion of ethanol in the fuel. The lower volatility of the ethanol fuel blends meant that it is harder to form a combustible mixture without injecting high levels of fuel. The high fuel injection rates result in high levels of liquid fuel being inducted into the cylinder which causes high HC emissions and fuel unaccounted for during the start. Under ambient temperature starts E 10 and E25 offer start performance benefits over gasoline, whilst E50 and in some aspects E75 are comparable to gasoline. E85 fuel results in considerably higher emissions of HCs and fuel unaccounted for than gasoline during ambient temperature starts. At -rc the start performance with ethanol suffers compared to gasoline. When using E10 and E25 the start performance is comparable to gasoline, but with E50 and the higher proportion ethanol fuel blends the start performance becomes far poorer. With E85 the mass of fuel emitted from the engine as un-burnt HCs during a -rc start is seven times the quantity with gasoline. Hardware modifications were made to the engine in order to try to improve the start performance of -rc E85 starts. Of the modifications tested heating the fuel within the fuel rail produced the biggest start improvement followed by heating the intake air. An extended cranking period prior to the start of the test only produced a small improvement in start performance and is not worthwhile compared to the energy needed to crank the engine. With both fuel rail and intake air heating the start fuelling level can be 40.5% below the baseline E85 level and peak HC emissions are reduced by 30.5%. The low volatility of E85 meant that even when incorporating the hardware modifications, the start performance of the engine is still not comparable to the standard engine running on gasoline due to high emissions of HCs. When cold-starting, especially at low temperatures, the use of high proportion ethanol-gasoline fuel blends is not suitable if low emissions of HCs are a priority. Longer duration tests were also completed with different ethanol-gasoline fuel blends in order to investigate their influence on engine warm-up characteristics. Larger proportions of ethanol within the fuel resulted in higher engine work output and lower heat rejection to the coolant and oil. With E 100 it takes 7.2% longer for the thermostat to open compared to gasoline. The warm-up tests also showed that the exhaust gas temperature is lower with ethanol in the fuel, which will result in a longer period before the catalyst lights-off. A higher proportion of ethanol in the fuel results in lower NOx emissions due to reduced peak temperatures within the engine.
Download or read book Control Strategy for Hydrocarbon Emissions in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines During Cold start written by Kevin David Cedrone and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gasoline consumption and pollutant emissions from transportation are costly and have serious, demonstrated environmental and health impacts. Downsized, turbocharged direct-injection spark ignition (DISI) gasoline engines consume less fuel and achieve superior performance compared with conventional port fuel injected spark ignition (PFI-SI) engines. Although more efficient, turbocharged DISI engines have new emissions challenges during cold start. DISI fuel injection delivers more liquid fuel into the combustion chamber, increasing the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. The turbocharger slows down activation (warm-up) of the catalytic exhaust after-treatment system. The objective of this research is to find a control strategy that: 1. Accelerates warm-up of the catalyst, and 2. Maintains low emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (UBHCs) during the catalyst warm-up process. This research includes a broad experimental survey of engine behaviour and emission response for a modern turbocharged DISI engine. The study focuses on the idle period during cold-start for which DISI engine emissions are worst. Engine experiments and simulations show that late and slow combustion lead to high exhaust gas temperatures and mass flow rate for fast warm-up. However, late and slow combustion increase the risk of partial-burn misfire. At the misfire limit for each parameter, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Late ignition timing is the most effective way to increase exhaust enthalpy flow rate for fast catalyst warm-up. 2. By creating a favourable spatial fuel-air mixture stratification, split fuel injection can simultaneously retard and stabilize combustion to improve emissions and prevent partial-burn misfire. 3. Excessive trapped residuals from long valve overlap limit the potential for valve timing to reduce cold-start emissions. 4. Despite their more challenging evaporation characteristics, fuel blends with high ethanol content showed reasonable emissions behaviour and greater tolerance to late combustion than neat gasoline. 5. Higher exhaust back-pressure leads to high exhaust temperature during the exhaust stroke, leading to significantly more post-flame oxidation. 6. Post-flame oxidation in the combustion chamber and exhaust system play a critical role in decreasing the quantity of catalyst-in emissions due to hydrocarbons that escape primary (flame) combustion. A cold start strategy combining late ignition, 15% excess air, and high exhaust backpressure yielded the lowest cumulative hydrocarbon emissions during cold start.
Download or read book Reduction of Hydrocarbons in the Cold Start in an Alcohol Burning Internal Combustion Engine written by Ryan Kyle Gehmlich and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol fuels offer a potential alternative to gasoline in modern spark ignition engines. Benefits include reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, lesser dependence on foreign oil assets, and increased thermal efficiency. However, due to their large latent heats of vaporization and low vapor pressures, it can be difficult to produce a flammable vapor composition during the cold start transient. Various methods have been introduced to compensate for this deficiency when running engines on pure or highly concentrated alcohol fuels. One proposed method is the addition of a hydrogen-rich gas to the intake during the cold start transient to open the flammability limits of the mixture to a wider and more stable range. While several studies have investigated cold start performance and reliability using alcohol fuels, few have measured and reported on the actual engine-out cold start hydrocarbon emissions of systems using alcohol fuels enhanced by hydrogen. A 2-cylinder, 0.745 L 4-stroke engine was modified to run with hydrogen fumigation into a custom mixing chamber and intake manifold. The study compares cold start hydrocarbon emissions performance using ethanol and methanol fuels with and without hydrogen enrichment during the cold start transient. The hydrogen flow rate used for fumigation was 15 SLPM. Using moderately lean cold start calibrations, an average of 36% reductions in hydrocarbon emissions was measured for ethanol and 16% reduction for methanol. Furthermore, nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 34% for ethanol and 32% for methanol. Carbon monoxide emissions, however, increased by 100% and 21%, respectively. Further leaning of the cold start calibration was found to be possible, which would further reduce both hydrocarbon emissions and carbon monoxide emissions for the alcohol fuels.
Download or read book Reducing Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emissions from Port Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engines with Improved Management of Hardware Controls written by Kevin R. Lang and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) By timing split injection such that the second injection event hits the overlap back flow, a small mixture preparation and emissions benefit was achieved. Earlier IVO results in a longer back flow period, however the impact on mixture preparation is small. The observed reduction in HC emissions resulted from a higher residual gas fraction due to early IVO, which yielded later combustion phasing, which in turn yielded increased post-flame oxidation. Under steady-state cold coolant conditions, operation of a 4-cylinder engine with three cylinders running rich and the fourth used to pump air into the exhaust manifold resulted in near total oxidation of CO and HC at sufficiently retarded spark timing. Exhaust gas temperatures and enthalpy flow rates were significantly higher than for the conventional engine configuration at fast idle. Using this strategy to perform real cold starts proved challenging without the additional hardware needed for sufficient control over air flow to the engine.
Download or read book Cold start Emissions of an SI Engine Using Ethanol gasoline Blended Fuel written by Rong-Horng Chen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Particulate Matter Emissions from a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Under Cold fast idle Conditions for Ethanol gasoline Blends written by Iason Dimou and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an effort to build internal combustion engines with both reduced brake-specific fuel consumption and better emission control, engineers developed the Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine. DISI engines combine the specific higher output of the spark ignition engine, with the better efficiency of the compression ignition engine at part load. Despite their benefits, DISI engines still suffer from high hydrocarbon, NO2 and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Until recently, PM emissions have received relatively little attention, despite their severe effects on human health, related mostly to their size. Previous research indicates that almost 80% of the PM is emitted during the first few minutes of the engine's operation (cold-start-fast-idling period). A proposed solution for PM emission reduction is the use of fuel blends with ethanol. The present research experimentally measures the effect of ethanol content in fuel on PM formation in the combustion chamber of a DISI engine during the cold-start period. A novel sampling system has been designed and combined with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) system, in order to measure the particulate matter number (PN) concentration 15 cm downstream from the exhaust valves of a DISI engine, for a temperature range between 0 and 40"C, under low load operation. Seven gasohol fuels have been tested with the ethanol content varying from 0% (EO) up to 85% (E85). For E10 to E85, PN modestly increases when the engine coolant temperature (ECT) is lowered. The PN distributions, however, are insensitive to the ethanol content of the fuel. The total PN for EQ is substantially higher than for the gasohol fuels, at ECT below 20'C. However, for ECT higher than 20'C, the total PN values (obtained from integrating the PN distribution from 15 to 350 nm) are approximately the same for all fuels. This sharp change in PN from EQ to E10 is confirmed by running the tests with E2.5 and E5; the midpoint of the transition occurs at approximately E5. Because the fuels' evaporating properties do not change substantially from EQ to E10, the significant change in PN is attributed to the particulate matter formation chemistry.
Download or read book Air Pollution from Ground Transportation written by Roger Gorham and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a growing awareness of the role of the transport sector in efforts aimed at achieving sustainable development. Transport poses a dilemma in that it is necessary for economic and social development, yet it accounts for about 25 per cent of total commercial energy consumed worldwide, and is associated with greenhouse gas emissions, noise pollution and land use impacts. Demand for transport services is expected to grow considerably as economic growth occurs in developing countries and the trend toward urbanisation and globalisation in world trade continues. This report was prepared as part of the activities of the joint United Nations/World Bank project entitled Global Initiatives on Transport Emissions (GITE), and seeks to provide guidance to policy makers on sustainable transport development in both developed and developing countries.
Download or read book Using Additive to Improve Cold Start in Ethanol fuelled Vehicles written by Nelson Ricardo Silva and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fabrication and Testing of an Enhanced Ignition System to Reduce Cold start Emissions in an Ethanol E85 Light duty Truck Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes an experimental investigation of the potential for an enhanced ignition system to lower the cold-start emissions of a light-duty vehicle engine using fuel ethanol (commonly referred to as E85). Plasma jet ignition and conventional inductive ignition were compared for a General Motors 4-cylinder, alcohol-compatible engine. Emission and combustion stability measurements were made over a range of air/fuel ratios and spark timing settings using a steady-state, cold-idle experimental technique in which the engine coolant was maintained at 25 C to simulate cold-running conditions. These tests were aimed at identifying the degree to which calibration strategies such as mixture enleanment and retarded spark timing could lower engine-out hydrocarbon emissions and raise exhaust temperatures, as well as determining how such calibration changes would affect the combustion stability of the engine (as quantified by the coefficient of variation, or COV, of indicated mean effective pressure calculated from successive cylinder pressure measurements). 44 refs., 39 figs.
Download or read book Particulate Matter Emissions from a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Under Cold Fast Idle Conditions for Ethanol Gasoline Blends written by Iason Dimou and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hydrocarbon Emissions in a Homogeneous Direct injection Spark Engine written by Ronald S. Tharp and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to better understand the effects on hydrocarbon emissions of loading, engine temperature, fuel type, and injection timing, a series of experiments was performed. The effect of loading was observed by running the engine at a higher temperature and more open throttle than would typically be observed at fast idle or low load driving. The effects of coolant temperature, the charge motion control valve, spark timing and rail pressure were tested through holding all other variables constant and sweeping through different injection timing to observe the effect on emissions and power output. A new fuel system was designed to allow for the quick testing of different ethanol blends. The system allowed for comparison testing of an 85% ethanol blend to UTG 91 as a function of coolant temperature and injection timing. Measurement of cylinder pressure and hydrocarbon emissions near the exhaust valve allowed for a better understanding of engine operation and the effect of using high ethanol content fuels. Initial testing was also done on 15% and 40% ethanol blends. The results revealed that engine emissions decrease as a function of reduced loading and higher engine temperatures. Sweeps of injection timings for all fuels demonstrated high hydrocarbon emissions for earlier injection timings which fell as injection timing was retarded. A secondary peak was observed in hydrocarbon emissions for an injection timing of approximately 150 CAD aTDC intake. Analysis of rate of fuel injection vs. indicated power revealed a steady decrease in indicated efficiency as injection timing was retarded up to 120 CAD aTDC Intake and then a slow rise in efficiency as the timing was further retarded. The exact causes of the decrease in engine efficiency are unknown; however, possible explanations involve increased heat transfer from the cylinder and piston, fuel loss, and inefficient combustion due to impingement on cold surfaces.
Download or read book Fabrication and Testing of an Enhanced Ignition System to Reduce Cold start Emissions in an Ethanol E85 Light duty Truck Engine written by D. P. Gardiner and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book In cylinder Fuel Storage and Hydrocarbon Emissions During the Cold Operation of a Spark Ignition Engine written by Aun Ming Lim and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook on Bioethanol written by Charles Wyman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-02 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioethanol is a versatile transportation fuel and fuel additive that offers excellent performance and reduced air pollution compared to conventional fuels. Its production and use adds little, if any, net release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, dramatically reducing the potential for global climate change. Through a sustained research program and an emerging economic competitiveness, the technology for bioethanol production is poised for immediate widespread commercial applications. Written by engineers and scientists providing a technical focus, this handbook provides the up-to-date information needed by managers, engineers, and scientists to evaluate the technology, market, and economics of this fuel, while examining the development of production required to support its commercial use.
Download or read book Fuel Component Effects on Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Spark ignition Engine written by Helen Liu and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-06-03 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Various combinations of commercially available technologies could greatly reduce fuel consumption in passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and other light-duty vehicles without compromising vehicle performance or safety. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy estimates the potential fuel savings and costs to consumers of available technology combinations for three types of engines: spark-ignition gasoline, compression-ignition diesel, and hybrid. According to its estimates, adopting the full combination of improved technologies in medium and large cars and pickup trucks with spark-ignition engines could reduce fuel consumption by 29 percent at an additional cost of $2,200 to the consumer. Replacing spark-ignition engines with diesel engines and components would yield fuel savings of about 37 percent at an added cost of approximately $5,900 per vehicle, and replacing spark-ignition engines with hybrid engines and components would reduce fuel consumption by 43 percent at an increase of $6,000 per vehicle. The book focuses on fuel consumption-the amount of fuel consumed in a given driving distance-because energy savings are directly related to the amount of fuel used. In contrast, fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will travel with a gallon of fuel. Because fuel consumption data indicate money saved on fuel purchases and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, the book finds that vehicle stickers should provide consumers with fuel consumption data in addition to fuel economy information.
Download or read book Effect of Fuel Composition on Exhaust Emissions from a Spark ignition Engine written by Ralph David Fleming and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
