Download or read book Civil Government in Warlord China written by Ronald Stanley Suleski and published by Peter Lang Incorporated, International Academic Publishers. This book was released on 2002 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From 1916 to 1928 powerful warlords unleashed their armies in search of territory and political power and China seemed on the verge of total collapse. Instead, a surprising amount of economic growth and modernization took place as new businesses were established, telegraph and telephone lines constructed, commercial highways and railroads built, currency reforms put in place and chambers of commerce organized to bolster local merchants. In the northeast provinces of Manchuria the warlord Zhang Zuolin was confronted by Fengtian Civil Governor Wang Yongjiang, who brought a vitality to the region that was the envy of the rest of China. Wang was motivated by the traditional ethic that civil officials had a responsibility toward local society. However, long-established values did not preclude the introduction of new-style institutions or economic organization. The resultant combination of tradition and modernization allowed China to overcome the disruptions of warlord depredations and to experience regional economic growth and periods of surprising social stability.
Download or read book Warlord Politics in China 1916 1928 written by and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 1976-06 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive analytical treatment of warlordism in twentieth-century China, this book approaches regional militarism as a generic phenomenon of Chinese politics in the most complex and chaotic era of recent Chinese history. After describing the emergence of militarist regimes after the death of Yuan Shih-k'ai in 1916, the author analyzes their membership, goals, capabilities, and sources of cohesion, in the process presenting new information on their organization, methods of recruitment, quality of training, types of weapons, tactical and strategic concepts, and means of financing. On the strength of this information, he offers a convincing explanation I balance-of-power terms for the baffling advances, retreats, clashes, and changes of allegiance that have puzzled students of the era. His analysis makes clear how the leading warlords viewed the state, themselves, and each other. A concluding chapter presents an explanation based on systems theory for the Kuomintang's triumph over the warlords who had sought to confine its domain to Kwangtung. Included as appendixes are a chronology of events and lists of national leaders and provincial military authorities from 1916 to 1928.
Download or read book China s Warlords written by David Bonavia and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The warlord period - from 1912 until roughly the beginning of the Second World War - is one of the most extraordinary and colourful in the whole of Chinese history. Yet most English-language studies of the period have focused on either individual warlords or on warlords as a socio-political phenomenon. This book profiles all the prominent warlords of the period, retelling their most notorious exploits and attempting an analysis of their longevity and motivations. Included here are Yuan Shikai, who shared leadership of the Republic with Sun Yatsen before attempting to establish a new dynasty with himself as emperor; the `Christian warlord' Feng Yuxiang, who stands out for his recognition of the benefits to morale of more humane treatment of his troops; and a host of others from throughout the country. Illustrated with photographs of each of the primary characters discussed, China's Warlords will bring the period alive both to new readers and experienced scholars of Chinese history.
Download or read book Chinese Warlord Armies 1911 30 written by Philip Jowett and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2012-02-20 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Defeated in the Sino-Japanese War 1894–95 and the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, Imperial China collapsed into revolution and a republic was proclaimed in 1912. From the death of the first president in 1916 to the rise of the Nationalist Kuomintang government in 1926, the differing regions of this vast country were ruled by endlessly forming, breaking and re-forming alliances of regional generals who ruled as 'warlords'. These warlords acted essentially as local kings and much like Sengoku-period Japan, fewer, larger power-blocks emerged, fielding armies hundreds of thousands strong. In the midto late 1920s some of these regional warlords. This book will reveal each great warlord as well as the organization of their forces which acquired much and very varied weaponry from the west including the latest French air force bombers. They were also joined by Japanese, White Russian and some Western soldiers of fortune which adds even more colour to a fascinating and oft-forgotten period.
Download or read book The Military gentry Coalition written by Jerome Chʼên and published by University of Toronto-York University, Joint Centre on Modern East Asia. This book was released on 1979 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Armies of Warlord China 1911 1928 written by Philip S. Jowett and published by Schiffer Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China in the 1910s and 1920s was dominated by a succession of military strongmen who fought with each other for the control of the country. Weak central government meant that provincial governors or Warlords and their personal armies were left to fight over the country. The wars that resulted cost millions of civilian deaths and the death of hundreds of thousands of ordinary soldiers. In total a staggering 500 wars were fought over a seventeen year period from 1911 to 1928 starting with the fall of the Qing Dynasty and ending with the victory of the Nationalists in 1928. Some of these conflicts involved a few hundred men on each side, while the larger wars involved up to one million men with tanks, armored trains, and aircraft. This book will, for the first time, show in detail the history of the Armies of Warlord China featuring over 600 rare photographs and illustrations. The book also includes color sections on the uniforms, aircraft and awards and medals of the Chinese Warlord Armies.
Download or read book War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria written by Chi Man Kwong and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2017-03-06 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria Kwong Chi Man revisits the civil wars in China (1925-1928) from the perspective of the often-overlooked "warlords," who fought against the joint forces of the Nationalist and Communist parties. In particular, this work focuses on Zhang Zuolin, the leader of the "Fengian Clique" who was sometimes seen as the representative of the Japanese interest in Manchuria. Using primary and secondary sources from China, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, this work tries to revisit the wars during the period from international, political, military, and economic-financial perspectives. It sheds new light on Zhang Zuolin's decision to fight against the Nationalists and the Communists and offers an alternative explanation to the Nationalists (temporary) victory by revealing the central importance of geopolitics in the civil wars in China during the interwar period.
Download or read book The Chinese Warlord System 1916 to 1928 written by Hsi-sheng Chi and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Zhang Zuolin s Rule of Manchuria written by Wesley Barnhardt Gabbard and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Warlord Politics written by Lucia W. Pye and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Civil War in China written by Suzanne Pepper and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1978 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many books have tried to analyze the reasons for the Chinese communist success in China's 1945-1949 civil war, but Suzanne Pepper's seminal work was the first and remains the only comprehensive analysis of how the ruling Nationalists lost that war--not just militarily, but by alienating the civilian population through corruption and incompetence. Now available in a new edition, this authoritative investigation of Kuomintang failure and communist success explores the new research and archival resources available for assessing this pivotal period in contemporary Chinese history.
Download or read book The Power of the Gun written by Edward Allen McCord and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed study offers a new interpretation of the emergence of warlordism in early twentieth-century China. Focusing on the provinces of Hunan and Hubei, Edward McCord shows how the repeated use of the military to settle disputes over the structure and allocation of political power in the early Republic ultimately thwarted the consolidation of civil authority. Warlordism flourished as military commanders took advantage of the growing militarization of politics to establish their dominance over early Republican government. McCord's study brings into sharp focus the social and political context of warlordism and is an essential bridge completing the narrative of events between two revolutionary eras. With the role of the military in modern Chinese politics receiving renewed attention today, this work is especially timely. This detailed study offers a new interpretation of the emergence of warlordism in early twentieth-century China. Focusing on the provinces of Hunan and Hubei, Edward McCord shows how the repeated use of the military to settle disputes over the structure and allocation of political power in the early Republic ultimately thwarted the consolidation of civil authority. Warlordism flourished as military commanders took advantage of the growing militarization of politics to establish their dominance over early Republican government. McCord's study brings into sharp focus the social and political context of warlordism and is an essential bridge completing the narrative of events between two revolutionary eras. With the role of the military in modern Chinese politics receiving renewed attention today, this work is especially timely.
Download or read book The Northern Expedition written by Donald A. Jordan and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2019-03-31 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chinese state of the 1920s was one of disunified parts, ruled by warlords too strong for civilians to oust and too weak to resist the demands and bribes of foreign powers. China's treaty ports were crucibles of change in which congregated the educated elite, exposed to modern ways, who felt the need for a national revolution to revitalize their country and to provide her with a new, more integrated political system. Nationwide in their origins and representing varying political ideologies, this elite formed a loose coalition to achieve a common goal. In 1926 the first step in the military campaign known as the Northern Expedition was launched to conquer the armed forces of the warlords, the greatest obstacle in the path toward reunification of China. Until now, historians have ascribed much of the success of the Northern Expedition, culminating in the capture of Peking, to the Communist-led mass organizations who were reported to have won over the populace in the territory ahead of the National Revolutionary Army. Dr. Jordan's research, especially in Communist materials, has uncovered evidence indicating that, although the mass organizations did aid the army at particular points in 1925 and 1926, there had also been a side to the mass movement that was disruptive to the goal of reunification. Of additional import, some of the key participants in the later governments of Taiwan and Peking—among them Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-tung, Chou En-lai, and Lin Piao—received their basic political training in the National Revolution.
Download or read book Chinese Government Leaders in Manchukuo 1931 1937 written by Jianda Yuan and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-04-21 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on historiography of the Japanese occupation in the Chinese, Japanese, and English languages, this book examines the politics of the Manchukuo puppet state from the angle of notable Chinese who cooperated with the Japanese military and headed its government institutions. The war in Asia between 1931 and 1945, and particularly the early years of the conflict from 1931 to 1937, is a topic of world history that is often glossed over or misinterpreted. Much of the research and public opinion on this period in China, Japan, and the West deem these Chinese figures to be traitors, particles of Japanese colonialism, and collaborators under occupation. In contrast, this book highlights the importance of analyzing the national ideas of Manchukuo’s Chinese government leaders as a method of understanding Manchukuo’s operating mechanisms, Sino-Japanese interactions, and China’s turbulent history in the early twentieth century. Chinese Government Leaders in Manchukuo, 1931-1937 fills a gap in this research and is an ideal resource for scholars studying wartime Asia and Europe, as well as non-specialist readers who are interested in collaboration in general.
Download or read book Warlord Soldiers written by Diana Lary and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-02-25 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Armies are made up of a small number of officers and a large number of ordinary soldiers, recruited from the working class or peasantry. When the military dominates a society, as it did in Warlord China, it is these ordinary soldiers who become the direct agents of oppression and terror. Asking who these men were, and why they turned on their own society, this book looks at the origins, training and behaviour of the soldiers of Warlord China. It thus provides a case study of the misery inflicted by military regimes on civilian societies. Military control in China was long drawn out, and fragmented. The Warlord period, in the first years of Republican China, has been designated as the darkest of Modern Chinese history. The soldiers who served in the warlord armies were considered to be the lowest of the low, and have not for that reason been a subject for study, but their impact on their society was enormous. Their parallels in other, contemporary societies are equally influential. Diana Lary's book includes in translation documents of the period to illuminate the human side of her theme.
Download or read book Warlord Politics in China 1916 1928 written by Hsi-sheng Chi and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State written by Justin M. Jacobs and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2016-04-18 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State views modern Chinese political history from the perspective of Han officials who were tasked with governing Xinjiang. This region, inhabited by Uighurs, Kazaks, Hui, Mongols, Kirgiz, and Tajiks, is also the last significant “colony” of the former Qing empire to remain under continuous Chinese rule throughout the twentieth century. By foregrounding the responses of Chinese and other imperial elites to the growing threat of national determination across Eurasia, Justin Jacobs argues for a reconceptualization of the modern Chinese state as a “national empire.” He shows how strategies for administering this region in the late Qing, Republican, and Communist eras were molded by, and shaped in response to, the rival platforms of ethnic difference characterized by Soviet and other geopolitical competitors across Inner and East Asia. This riveting narrative tracks Xinjiang political history through the Bolshevik revolution, the warlord years, Chinese civil war, and the large-scale Han immigration in the People’s Republic of China, as well as the efforts of the exiled Xinjiang government in Taiwan after 1949 to claim the loyalty of Xinjiang refugees.
