Download or read book Cisco CallManager Fundamentals written by John Alexander and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Strategies for configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting new Cisco telephony software! First book with specific coverage of Cisco CallManager written by its key developers. Includes specific configuration examples, configuration guidelines, troubleshooting tips, and case studies. Provides detailed information about such complex issues as Cisco CallManager routing and diagnostics. Cisco CallManager Fundamentals provides reference information about Cisco CallManager. This book fully details the innerworkings of Cisco CallManager, which will empower those responsible for designing and maintaining the system with the availability to make intelligent decisions about what, when, and how features within Cisco CallManager can be used. John Alexander is a software development manager for Cisco Systems. John managed the development of the call processing softwares as well as software development tasks. Chris Pearce has been a software engineer in telecommunications for the past nine years. In 1994 he was one of the first four engineers that designed and implemented what would eventually become the Cisco CallManager. Anne Smith is a senior technical writer at Cisco Systems, author of over two-dozen user guides, online help files, and Web-based documentation for various software and telephony companies. Delon Whetten is the technical lead of the Cisco CallManager software group at Cisco Systems. He has been involved in the design and development of message switching, voice messaging, video teleconferencing, and Voice over IP call management systems for the last 24 years.
Download or read book Cisco CallManager Fundamentals written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cisco Callmanger Fundamentals written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides examples and reference information about Cisco® CallManager, the call-processing component of the Cisco IP Communications solution. Cisco CallManager Fundamentals uses examples and architectural descriptions to explain how CallManager processes calls. This book details the inner workings of CallManager so that those responsible for designing and maintaining a Voice over IP (VoIP) solution from Cisco Systems® can understand the role each component plays and how they interrelate.
Download or read book Cisco CallManager Best Practices written by Salvatore Collora and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2013-03-27 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Delivers the proven solutions that make a difference in your Cisco IP Telephony deployment Learn dial plan best practices that help you configure features such as intercom, group speed dials, music on hold, extension mobility, and more Understand how to manage and monitor your system proactively for maximum uptime Use dial plan components to reduce your exposure to toll fraud Take advantage of call detail records for call tracing and accounting, as well as troubleshooting Utilize the many Cisco IP Telephony features to enable branch site deployments Discover the best ways to install, upgrade, patch, and back up CallManager Learn how backing up to remote media provides both configuration recovery and failure survivability IP telephony represents the future of telecommunications: a converged data and voice infrastructure boasting greater flexibility and more cost-effective scalability than traditional telephony. Having access to proven best practices, developed in the field by Cisco� IP Telephony experts, helps you ensure a solid, successful deployment. Cisco CallManager Best Practices offers best practice solutions for CallManager and related IP telephony components such as IP phones, gateways, and applications. Written in short, to-the-point sections, this book lets you explore the tips, tricks, and lessons learned that will help you plan, install, configure, back up, restore, upgrade, patch, and secure Cisco CallManager, the core call processing component in a Cisco IP Telephony deployment. You'll also discover the best ways to use services and parameters, directory integration, call detail records, management and monitoring applications, and more. Customers inspired this book by asking the same questions time after time: How do I configure intercom? What's the best way to use partitions and calling search spaces? How do I deploy CallManager regionally on my WAN? What do all those services really do? How do I know how many calls are active? How do I integrate CallManager with Active Directory? Years of expert experiences condensed for you in this book enable you to run a top-notch system while enhancing the performance and functionality of your IP telephony deployment.
Download or read book Cisco TelePresence Fundamentals written by Tim Szigeti and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2009-05-26 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cisco TelePresenceTM Systems (CTS) create live, face-to-face meeting experiences, providing a breakthrough virtual conferencing and collaboration experience that transcends anything previously achievable by videoconferencing. Although the business case for deploying CTS is compelling, implementing it requires advanced knowledge of the latest networking technologies, an attention to detail, and thorough planning. In this book, four leading CTS technical experts cover everything you need to know to successfully design and deploy CTS in your environment. The authors cover every element of a working CTS solution: video, audio, signaling protocols and call processing, LAN and WAN design, multipoint, security, inter-company connectivity, and much more. They deliver start-to-finish coverage of CTS design for superior availability, QoS support, and security in converged networks. They also present the first chapter-length design guide of it’s kind detailing the room requirements and recommendations for lighting, acoustics, and ambience within various types of TelePresence rooms. Cisco Telepresence Fundamentals is an indispensable resource for all technical professionals tasked with deploying CTS, including netadmins, sysadmins, audio/video specialists, VoIP specialists, and operations staff. This is the only book that: Introduces every component of a complete CTS solution and shows how they work together Walks through connecting CTS in real-world environments Demonstrates how to secure virtual meetings using Cisco firewalls and security protocols Includes a full chapter on effective TelePresence room design Walks through every aspect of SIP call signaling design, including both single-cluster and intercluster examples for use in a TelePresence environment Provides prequalification, room, and network path assessment considerations to help you anticipate and avoid problems Tim Szigeti, CCIE® No. 9794, technical leader within the Cisco® Enterprise Systems Engineering team, is responsible for defining Cisco TelePresence network deployment best practices. He also coauthored the Cisco Press book End-to-End QoS Network Design. Kevin McMenamy, senior manager of technical marketing in the Cisco TelePresence Systems Business Unit, has spent the past nine years at Cisco supporting IP videoconferencing, video telephony, and unified communications. Roland Saville, technical leader for the Cisco Enterprise Systems Engineering team, tests and develops best-practice design guides for Cisco TelePresence enterprise deployments. Alan Glowacki is a Cisco technical marketing engineer responsible for supporting Cisco TelePresence customers and sales teams. Use Cisco TelePresence Systems (CTS) to enhance global teamwork and collaboration, both within your own enterprise and with your customers, partners, and vendors Understand how the various components of the Cisco TelePresence Solution connect and work together Integrate CTS into existing LAN, enterprise, and service provider networks Successfully design and deploy a global TelePresence network Understand the importance of room dimensions, acoustics, lighting, and ambience and how to properly design the physical room environment Provide the high levels of network availability CTS requires Leverage the Cisco quality of service (QoS) tools most relevant to CTS network provisioning and deployment Systematically secure CTS using TLS, dTLS, sRTP, SSH, and Cisco firewalls This book is part of the Cisco Press® Fundamentals Series. Books in this series introduce networking professionals to new networking technologies, covering network topologies, sample deployment concepts, protocols, and management techniques. Category: IP Communications Covers: Cisco TelePresence Systems
Download or read book Cisco Unity Fundamentals written by Brian Edward Morgan and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: bull; Understand how Cisco Unity supports both IP telephony and traditional telephony systems bull; Master the support of Cisco Unity features for CallManager, Contact Centre, and Personal Assistant bull; Review Case Studies for design recommendations and troubleshooting suggestions bull; Learn about the common pitfalls of existing systems integration and how to avoid downtime
Download or read book Troubleshooting Cisco IP Telephony written by Paul Giralt and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 1018 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Implosion of Capitalism world-renowned political economist Samir Amin connects the key events of our times - financial crisis, Eurozone implosion, the emerging BRIC nations and the rise of political Islam - identifying them as symptoms of a profound systemic crisis.In light of these major crises and tensions, Amin updates and modifies the classical definitions of social classes, political parties, social movements and ideology. In doing so he exposes the reality of monopoly capitalism in its contemporary global form.In a bravura conclusion, Amin argues that the current capitalist system is not viable and that implosion is unavoidable. The Implosion of Capitalism makes clear the stark choices facing humanity - and the urgent need for a more humane global order.
Download or read book Cisco Unity Fundamentals written by Brian Morgan and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2004-07-06 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive introduction to deploying, configuring, and maintaining Cisco Unity Discover the various Cisco Unity integration and deployment solutions, as well as the environmental differences between PBX and IP telephony-based telephone systems Learn the pitfalls of existing systems integration and how to avoid downtime Maintain a Cisco unified messaging solution by using the book's examples, including setups, additions, message sourcing applications, and error reporting Perform the proper installation, upgrade, and back up of Cisco Unity systems Monitor performance and troubleshoot a Cisco Unity system using the proper tools and utilities that help you ensure high availability Choose the proper Cisco Unity networking features to deliver messages to other voice-messaging systems Cisco Unity is the official unified messaging solution for the Cisco Architecture for Voice, Video, and Integrated Data (AVVID) and complements the full range of Cisco IP-based voice solutions, including Cisco CallManager and Cisco Personal Assistant. Cisco Unity Fundamentals provides design and administration goals for migrating from PBX to Cisco IP Telephony, as well as working in a mixed PBX/Cisco IP Telephony environment. You will learn about the transition from the traditional model, with separate architectures for voice-mail and e-mail systems, to supporting unified messaging: e-mail, voice, and fax messages delivered to a single inbox. You will also discover common troubleshooting solutions, such as performance monitoring and the importance of data collection for predicting future system requirements. Cisco Unity Fundamentals begins by introducing the engineering aspects of Cisco Unity and then moves quickly into the hardware and software platforms. Part I focuses on the administration of Cisco Unity, describing the features, general setup, and global settings. Part II describes installation and discusses various types of integration with Cisco CallManager and other telephone systems, including Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) proxy. Part II also delves into networking with other voice-messaging systems. After reading Cisco Unity Fundamentals, you will understand the system, configuration, and on-going maintenance issues associated with a successful Cisco Unity deployment. This book is part of the Cisco Press Fundamentals Series. Books in this series introduce networking professionals to new networking technologies, covering network topologies, example deployment concepts, protocols, and management techniques.
Download or read book Voice Over IP Fundamentals written by Jonathan Davidson and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous ed. by Jonathan Davidson, James Peters, 2000.
Download or read book Implementing Cisco Unified Communications Manager Part 1 CIPT1 Foundation Learning Guide written by Joshua Samuel Finke and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2011-08-09 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Implementing Cisco Unified Communications Manager, Part 1 (CIPT1) Foundation Learning Guide Second Edition Josh Finke, CCIE® No. 25707 Dennis Hartmann, CCIE® No. 15651 Foundation Learning for the CCNP Voice CIPT1 642-447 exam Implementing Cisco Unified Communications Manager, Part 1 (CIPT1), Second Edition is a Cisco®-authorized, self-paced learning tool for CCNP Voice® foundation learning. This book provides the knowledge necessary to implement a Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CUCM) solution at a single-site environment. By reading this book, you will learn how to perform post-installation tasks, configure CUCM, implement Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) and H.323 gateways, and build dial plans to place On-Net and Off-Net phone calls. You will also implement media resources, IP Phone Services, Cisco Unified Communications Manager native presence, and Cisco Unified Mobility. This book focuses primarily on CUCM version 8.x, which is the call routing and signaling component for the Cisco Unified Communications solution. This book has been fully updated with new coverage of CUCM phone services, Cisco Unified Manager Assistant, Cisco Unified Mobility, and H.323 gateways. Whether you are preparing for CCNP Voice certification or simply want to gain a better understanding of Cisco Unified Communications Manager fundamentals, you will benefit from the foundation information presented in this book. Implementing Cisco Unified Communications Manager, Part 1 (CIPT1), Second Edition, is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining. n Understand Cisco Unified Communications Manager architecture and components n Evaluate CUCM deployment models n Set up and configure CUCM services n Implement and harden IP phones n Manage user accounts n Configure Catalyst® switches for power over Ethernet and voice VLAN requirements n Deploy MGCP and H.323 gateways n Configure call routing and digit manipulation n Set up calling privileges and call coverage n Deploy various media resources, features, and applications n Establish Presence-enabled speed dials and lists n Implement Cisco Unified Manager Assistant and Cisco Unified Mobile This volume is in the Foundation Learning Guide Series offered by Cisco Press®. These guides are developed together with Cisco as the only authorized, self-paced learning tools that help networking professionals build their understanding of networking concepts and prepare for Cisco certification exams.
Download or read book 802 11 Wireless LAN Fundamentals written by Pejman Roshan and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master the basics in designing, building, and managing a Cisco Aironet WLAN. Master the basics of Wireless LANs with this concise design and deployment guide.
Download or read book Cisco Unified Presence Fundamentals written by Brian Morgan and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2010-06-15 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cisco® Unified Presence offers companies powerful opportunities to improve productivity. Building on the migration to IP telephony and the deployment of Cisco Unified Communications environments, it helps people find each other faster, solve problems more quickly, pursue opportunities with more agility, and increase customer satisfaction. Written by three leading Cisco experts, Cisco Unified Presence Fundamentals explains the concepts behind Unified Presence, the technologies involved, their interdependencies, and how to troubleshoot them. The authors support their discussions of concepts and techniques with many sample applications, guiding network professionals to real-world mastery even if they have never used presence technologies. This book will be an indispensable resource for all Cisco partners and system integrators who need to understand Unified Presence and build solutions, and for all IT and networking professionals who must work with or support those solutions. This is the only book that Walks readers step by step through configuring Cisco Unified Presence Presents practical sample applications that encourage readers to explore and innovate in their own organizations Thoroughly covers the technical aspects of deploying Presence and explains how it can be used within key vertical markets Presents troubleshooting techniques from both server- and client-side perspectives Plan, install, configure, support, and profit from Cisco Unified Presence Understand the components of a Cisco Unified Presence solution and how they fit together Gain valuable insight into how Cisco Unified Presence can increase productivity, scheduling capabilities, and interactivity for evolving industries Understand crucial interdependencies that impact Cisco Unified Presence design, functionality, and behavior Configure Cisco Unified Presence for Federation Understand how to resolve Unified Presence issues with built-in tools and diagnostic utilities This book is part of the Cisco Press® Fundamentals Series. Books in this series introduce networking professionals to new networking technologies, covering network topologies, sample deployment concepts, passwords, and management techniques.
Download or read book Implementing Cisco Collaboration Applications CAPPS Foundation Learning Guide CCNP Collaboration Exam 300 085 CAPPS written by Chris Olsen and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2015-12-22 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now fully updated for the new Cisco CAPPS 300-085 exam, Implementing Cisco Collaboration Applications (CAPPS) Foundation Learning Guide is your Cisco® authorized learning tool for CCNP® Collaboration preparation. Part of the Cisco Press Foundation Learning Series, it teaches advanced skills for designing, deploying, configuring, and troubleshooting Cisco Collaboration and Unified Communications applications, devices, and networks. Author Chris Olsen shows how to effectively use Cisco Unity Connection, Cisco Unity Express, Cisco Instant Message and Presence, Cisco TelePresence Video Communication Server, and Cisco TelePresence Management Suite in production environments. He begins by introducing the server platforms and overlays that are the basis for all Cisco Unity Connection design and integration. Next, he presents in-depth coverage of a wide range of essential tasks–from user configuration to voicemail redundancy, configuring Cisco Jabber Mobile, to provisioning Cisco Prime Collaboration. Each chapter opens with a list of topics that clearly identifies its focus. Each chapter ends with a summary of key concepts for quick study, as well as review questions to assess and reinforce your understanding. Throughout, configuration examples and sample verification outputs illustrate critical issues in network operation and troubleshooting. Whether you are preparing for the CCNP Collaboration certification exams or you are just interested in learning about how to deploy and operate Cisco collaboration applications, you will find this book to be an invaluable resource. Shows how to integrate Cisco Unity Connection with Cisco Unified Communications Manager or other PBXs Covers configuring Cisco Unity Connection users, templates, service classes, distribution lists, security, LDAP, dial plans, and call management Walks through Unified Messaging single Inbox configuration Shows how to design, integrate, and configure feature-rich branch office messaging solutions with Cisco Unity Express Explains Cisco Unified IM and Presence components, design, integration, deployment, and feature configuration Covers Cisco Jabber and Cisco Jabber Mobile configuration Guides you through deploying Cisco Collaboration Systems Applications with Cisco Prime Collaboration Introduces Cisco TelePresence Management Suite (Cisco TMS) capabilities and scheduling options This book is in the Foundation Learning Guide Series. These guides are developed together with Cisco® as the only authorized, self-paced learning tools that help networking professionals build their understanding of networking concepts and prepare for Cisco certification exams.
Download or read book Deploying Cisco Voice Over IP Solutions written by Jonathan Davidson and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by Cisco "RM" CCIEs "TM, " Technical Marketing Engineers, and Systems Engineers who have real-life experience with Cisco "RM" VoIP networks, this guide includes coverage of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), admission control, security, fax and modem traffic, and unified messaging. Learn from real-world scenarios.
Download or read book Implementing Cisco Unified Communications Manager Part 1 CIPT1 Authorized Self Study Guide written by Dennis Hartmann and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2008-06-23 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foundation learning for CIPT1 exam 642-446 Dennis Hartmann, CCIE® No. 15651 Implementing Cisco Unified Communications Manager, Part 1 (CIPT1), is a Cisco®-authorized, self-paced learning tool for CCVP® foundation learning. This book provides the knowledge necessary to install, configure, and deploy a Cisco Unified Communications solution based on Cisco Unified Communications Manager, the call routing and signaling component of the Cisco Unified Communications solution. By reading this book, you will gain an understanding of deploying a Cisco Unified Communications Manager to support single site, centralized, distributed, and hybrid call processing models. This book focuses on Cisco Unified Communications Manager Release 6.x. You will learn how to install and configure Cisco Unified Communications Manager, power over Ethernet switches, and gateways using MGCP. You will also learn how to build a scalable dial plan for on-net and off-net calls. The dial plan chapters of the book cover call routing, call coverage, digit manipulation, class of service, and call coverage components. This book will teach you how to implement media resources, LDAP directory integration, and various endpoints including Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Cisco Unified Video Advantag endpoint configuration is covered, in addition to, Cisco Unity® voice mail integration and basic voice mail box creation. Various user features are discussed including Presence. Whether you are preparing for CCVP certification or simply want to gain a better understanding of Cisco Unified Communications Manager fundamentals, you will benefit from the foundation information presented in this book. Implementing Cisco Unified Communications Manager, Part 1 (CIPT1), is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining. Dennis J. Hartmann, CCIE® No. 15651 is a lead Unified Communications instructor at Global Knowledge. Dennis has been working with CallManager since CallManager 2.0. Dennis has various technical certifications: CCIE No. 15651, CCVP, CCSI, CCNP®, CCIP®, and MCSE. Dennis has worked with various Fortune 500 companies including AT&T, Sprint, Merrill Lynch, KPMG, and Cabletron Systems. Understand Cisco Unified Communications Manager architecture and components Evaluate Cisco Unified Communications Manager deployment models Install, upgrade, and administer Cisco Unified Communications Manager Apply network configuration, NTP, and DHCP configuration options Configure and manage user accounts Deploy various Cisco Unified IP Phones Configure Catalyst® switches for power over Ethernet and voice VLAN requirements Harden IP Phones to mitigate security risks Configure Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) gateways Configure dial plans, call routing, and digit manipulation Deploy various media resources and user features Integrate Cisco Unity Voicemail with Cisco Unified Communications Manager Configure video-enabled IP Phones This volume is in the Certification Self-Study Series offered by Cisco Press®. Books in this series provide officially developed self-study solutions to help networking professionals understand technology implementations and prepare for the Cisco Career Certifications examinations. Category: Cisco Unified Communications Manager 6 Covers: CIPT1 exam 642-446 $65.00 USA / $72.00 CAN
Download or read book Cisco Multiservice Switching Networks written by Carlos Pignataro and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn theory framework and configuration of multiservice switching and design guidelines in this workbook that includes a case study with MPLS and PNNI within or utilizing all the platforms.
Download or read book Cisco Voice Over Frame Relay ATM and IP written by Steve McQuerry and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authorized self-study guide for voice over data network foundation learning This book will help you to: Configure Voice over Frame Relay, ATM, or IP using Cisco IOS(r) software Analyze existing voice hardware/software, and select the Cisco multiservice access devices that best serve your needs Analyze existing branch and regional office voice networks and services, and choose the optimum transmission method for voice traffic: Frame Relay, ATM, or IP Learn the fundamentals of VoFR, VoATM, and VoIP standards, protocols, and the Cisco hardware that supports these services Learn the basics of the Architecture for Voice, Video, and Integrated Data (AVVID) including CallManager, Cisco IP Phones, and related voice gateway equipment Design, configure, integrate, and optimize an enterprise network in remote branch and regional offices by using integrated access technology that combines voice and data transmission over Frame Relay, ATM, and IP connections, access devices, and CIPT client hardware Learn the fundamentals of PBXs, and apply the principles and concepts to develop a process for integrating Cisco equipment with PBXs and for replacing PBXs Cisco Voice over Frame Relay, ATM, and IPteaches you the Cisco solutions for voice technology (VoIP, VoFR, VoATM). This complete solutions guide helps you analyze existing voice hardware and software and select the Cisco multiservice access devices that best serve the needs of your network environment. In addition to learning how to design, configure, integrate, and optimize networks in remote branch and regional offices, this book also provides you with a fundamental understanding of PBXs, enabling you to develop a process for integrating Cisco equipment with or replacing PBXs. Cisco Voice over Frame Relay, ATM, and IPprepares you for voice and data integration by teaching you how to install and configure Cisco voice and data network routers; how to configure Cisco voice-enabled equipment for Voice over Frame Relay, ATM, and IP; how to configure voice ports, dial peers, and special commands to enable voice transmission over a data network; and how to perform voice traffic analysis to determine how to improve the quality of service (QoS) for delay-sensitive voice traffic. This book features actual router output and configuration examples to aid in the discussion of the configuration of these technologies. At the end of each chapter your comprehension is tested by review questions. Cisco Voice over Frame Relay, ATM, and IP has all of the tools you need to vastly improve your understanding of the Cisco solution to voice networking needs. Cisco Voice over Frame Relay, ATM, and IPis part of a recommended self-study program from Cisco Systems(r) that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners, and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners, please visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining. This volume is in the Certification Self-Study Series offered by Cisco Press(r). Books in this series provide officially developed self-study solutions to help networking professionals understand technology implementations and prepare for the Cisco Career Certifications examinations.