Download or read book Chemical Sound Absorption in Sea Water Low Frequency Relaxation Mechanism written by Robert H. Mellen and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resonator measurements measurements indicate that the principal B(OH)-3 absorption mechanism in sea water is an exchange between the B(OH)3/B(OH)-4 and HCO-3/CO3-2 equilibria in which coupling to the Ca2+ ion-pairing equilibria provides most of the molal volume change. If either Ca or CO2 are omitted, B(OH)3 absorption is an order of magnitude too low. T-jump measurements indicate a two-step B(OH)3 ionization process in H2O. In sea water, both relaxations occur and are coupled. Present theory shows that pH and absorption may have different relaxation frequencies as experimental data indicates. The empirical pH-dependent absorption formula derived from ocean measurements gives predictions that are consistent with the exchange relaxation model.
Download or read book Low Frequency Sound Absorption in Sea Water A New Chemical Relaxation Mechanism written by D. G. Browning and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document presented the oral and visual presentation entitled 'Low Frequency Sound Absorption in Sea Water: A New Chemical Relaxation Mechanism?, ' presented at the 101st Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, 18-22 May 1981, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Excess sound absorption in sea water arises mainly from chemical relaxations involving MgS04 and B(OH)3. The high-frequency (100 kHz) MgS04 relaxation has been identified as a multistep ion-pair process. The low frequency (1 kHz) and B(OH)3 relaxation apparently involves more complex interactions with other constituents. To investigate B(OH)3 interactions in a simpler system, we measured absorption in NH3 solution using the resonator method. We have found alpha max to be proportional to the product of NH(+) and B(OH)4( - ) concentrations; however, the magnitude is much too large to be caused by the ion pair. The mechanism, probably similar to that in sea water, resembles catalysis, the absorption being governed by the large volume change of the faster NH3/NH4(+) equilibrium and the relaxation frequency by the slower B(OH)3/B(OH)4( - ) equilibrium. (Author).
Download or read book Attenuation of Low Frequency Sound in the Sea written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Review of Some Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting the Attenuation of Low Frequency Sound in Seawater written by Daniel J. Whelan and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An attempt has been made to trace the contributions of various physical and chemical factors which effect the low frequency attenuation of sound observed in deep ocean channels and to establish that chemical relaxational processes do in fact contribute to the overall attenuation of this sound. The available evidence indicates that below 0.5 kHz, attenuation is affected predominantly by diffraction and diffusive scattering, but in the range 0.5 to 2.5 kHz, it is the effects of chemical relaxation processes, involving boric acid/borate and magnesium/carbonate equilibria, which dominate the sound absorption phenomenon.
Download or read book Global Model for Sound Absorption in Sea Water written by R. H. Mellen and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigations of the 1 KHZ Sound Absorption in Sea Water written by Vernon Pitkin Simmons and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a combination of sound absorption data from a large spherical resonator and relaxation frequency data from the temperature jump technique, it has been demonstrated that there is an increased sound absorption in sea water below approximately 1 kHz. The absorption mechanism has been traced to a chemical relaxation of boric acid. Observed and calculated data are in general agreement when a two step, three state boric acid ionization reaction is postulated. The observed sound absorption is attributed to the unimolecular second step of this reaction, with the faster bimolecular first step being of low sound absorption step being of low sound absorption magnitude and under diffusion control. The magnitude of the observed sound absorption is approximately nine times greater than the absorption calculated by considering only the contribution from the high frequency magnesium sulfate effect. There is an effect of bicarbonate on the low frequency absorption presumably through the buffering effect on the hydroxyl ion.
Download or read book Handbook of Elastic Properties of Solids Liquids and Gases Four Volume Set written by Moises Levy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2000-10-23 with total page 2513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sound waves propagate through galactic space, through two-dimensional solids, through biological systems, through normal and dense stars, and through everything that surrounds us; the earth, the sea, and the air. We use sound to locate objects, to identify objects, to understand processes going on in nature, to communicate, and to entertain. The elastic properties of materials determine the velocity of sound in them and tell us about their response to stresses something which is very important when we are trying to construct, manufacture, or create something with any material. The Handbook of Elastic Properties of Materials will provide these characteristics for almost everything whose elastic properties has ever been measured or deduced in a concise and approachable manner. Leading experts will explain the significance of the elastic properties as they relate to intrinsic microscopic behavior, to manufacturing, to construction, or to diagnosis. They will discuss the propagation of sound in newly discovered or created materials, and in common materials which are being investigated with a fresh outlook. The Handbook will provide the reader with the elastic properties of the common and mundane, the novel and unique, the immense and the microscopic, and the exhorbitantly dense and the ephemeral.. You will also find the measurement. And theoretical techniques that have been developed and invented in order to extract these properties from a reluctant nature and recalcitrant systems. Key Features * Solids, liquids and gases covered in one handbook * Articles by experts describing insights developed over long and Illustrious careers * Properties of esoteric substances, such as normal and dense stars, superfluid helium three, fullerness, two dimensional solids, extraterrestial substances, gems and planetary atmospheres * Properties of common materials such as food, wood used for musical instruments, paper, cement, and cork * Modern dynamic elastic properties measurement techniques
Download or read book Origin of the Low Frequency Sound Absorption in Sea Water written by Ernest Yeager and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Temperature-jump measurements in sea water over the time domain 0.00001 to 0.01 sec reveal a single relaxation of 0.00015 sec at 9.7C, which appears to correspond to the approximately 1 kHz relaxation found from long range sound propagation. Laboratory measurements indicate the relaxation to originate from boron with the B(OH)3 - B(OH)4 - equilibrium the likely relaxing process. (Author).
Download or read book Approaches to a Quantitative Analytical Description of Low Frequency Sound Absorption in Sea Water written by Daniel J. Whelan and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The absorption of sound in sea water at low frequency (1-100 kHz) and intermediate frequency (50-500 kHz) ranges can be defined by a series of relaxation phenomena, each of which can be described mathematically by a Debye relationship. Below 5 kHz, the principal absorption mechanism is attributed to borate and magnesium/carbonate interactions, while in the range 5 to 50 kHz the absorption arises from magnesium sulphate ion pair formation in sea water. The dependence of the various relaxation modes on oceanographic variables is outlined in quantitative terms based on results from deep ocean sound channel experiments and laboratory experiments.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 964 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of the 1 KHz Sound Absorption in Sea Water written by Vernon Pitkin Simmons and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing written by L. Bjørnø and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The comprehensive research activity around the World in the fields of Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing being strongly supported by new experimental technique and equipment and by the parallel fast developments in computer technology and solid state devices, which has led to a rapidly reducing cost of digital processing thus enabling more complex processing to be carried out economically, emphasize how necessary it is at intervals of a few years through a NATO Advanced Study Institute (NATO ASI) and guided by leading experts to study the conquests in the fields of Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing. This need of study is moreover stressed by the interdisciplina rity of Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing, where a strong impact from other branches of science, - Geophysics, Radioastronomy, Bioengineering, Telecommunication, Seismology, Space Research etc. - is taking place, which makes it an extre mely difficult task for scientists to follow-up the development in all its phases and to preserve the general view of its rapid ly increasing number of possibilities. The present Proceedings of the NATO ASI held in Copenhagen during August 1980 join the series of proceedings of NATO summer schools on Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing held during the past 20 years. The equality and the fusion of the individual research fields of Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing and the separate introduction of advanced research results from other scientific areas related to underwater acoustics such as transducers characterize the subject matter of this NATO ASI.
Download or read book Investigation of the 1 KHz Sound Absorption in Sea Water written by Vernon Pitkin Simmons and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Global Model for Sound Absorption in Sea Water written by R. H. Mellen and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The attenuation term in the sonar equation for propagation loss can be taken to include all losses that are proportional to range. Absorption in the medium is usually the dominant mechanism; however, interface scattering, volume scattering and diffraction can also become important components under certain conditions. Sound absorption in sea water is an order of magnitude greater than in fresh water at sonar frequencies. Resonator experiments in the 1950's identified the mechanism as an ionic relaxation of magnesium sulfate in the 100 kHz range. Sea experiments in the 1960's showed another anomaly in the 1 kHz range. T-jump measurements in the 1970's showed that boric acid is involved. Details of the mechanism were investigated using the resonator method in the 1980's. Other relaxations were also discovered but the only one of these that plays a significant role in sea water is the magnesium-carbonate relaxation. A three-relaxation model of sea water absorption was developed based on both laboratory and sea experiments. The main feature of the new model is the pH dependence of two components: boric acid and magnesium carbonate. In the nominal sea-water pH range 7.7-8.3, the low-frequency absorption changes by nearly a factor of 4. Model tests, using available sea data and archival pH values, show good agreement. Error analysis indicates that predictions can be expected to be accurate to within + or - 15%, providing that local pH is known to within + or - 0.05 units. Variability of pH with depth is usually much larger than this.
Download or read book Scientific and Engineering Studies written by Naval Underwater Systems Center (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 838 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation Fifth Edition written by Paul C. Etter and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-03-15 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This newest edition adds new material to all chapters, especially in mathematical propagation models and special applications and inverse techniques. It has updated environmental-acoustic data in companion tables and core summary tables with the latest underwater acoustic propagation, noise, reverberation, and sonar performance models. Additionally, the text discusses new applications including underwater acoustic networks and channel models, marine-hydrokinetic energy devices, and simulation of anthropogenic sound sources. It further includes instructive case studies to demonstrate applications in sonar simulation.
Download or read book Shallow Water Acoustics written by Boris G. Katsnelson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-05-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this book is to present the main theoretical approaches and models in shallow water acoustics as well as different experimental results. The focus is primarily concentrated on physical results describing the sound field in wave length. The authors show dynamic phenomena (tides, internal waves) from the perspective of acoustic influence as well as the scattering of sound over the macroscopic body in shallow water waveguide. The method of acoustic probing can be used by physicists, geophysicists, geologists and oceanographers.
